Food Contact Packaging Materials Research Articles

Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of sulfated cellulose nanocrystals for food-related applications using in vivo and in vitro strategies.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a next-generation cellulose product with many unique properties including applications in the food industry as a food additive, food coating, and in food-contact packaging material. While CNC is anticipated to be safe due to its similarity to the many forms of cellulose currently used as food additives, special consideration is given to it as it is the first manufactured form of cellulose that is nanoscale in both length and width. A proactive approach to safety has been adopted by manufacturers to demonstrate CNC safety toward responsible commercialization. As part of the safety demonstration, in vivo and in vitro testing strategies were commissioned side-by-side with conventional cellulose, which has been safely used in food for decades. Testing included a 90-day rodent feeding study as well as additional physical, chemical, and biological studies in vitro that follow European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance to demonstrate the safe use of novel food ingredients. The strategy includes assessment of neat materials side-by-side with simulated digestion, mimicking conditions that occur along the gastrointestinal tract as well as intracellularly. An intestinal co-culture model examined any potential toxicological effects from exposure to either pristine or digested forms of CNC including cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, membrane permeability, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory responses. None of the studies demonstrated any toxicity via oral or simulated oral exposure. These studies demonstrate that CNC produced by InnoTech Alberta is similarly safe by ingestion as conventional cellulose with a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2085.3 (males) and 2682.8 (females) mg/kg/day.

Polylactic Acid as a Potential Alternatives of Traditional Plastic Packagings in Food Industry

Huge quantity of synthetic polymers is used as packaging materials in different fields of food industries. A significant part of these polymers applied as a primary, direct food contact construction. The scoped application area is the sweet industry. In this field Polystyrol (PS), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have used but during the last fifteen years the usage of PET has been grown. In one hand the price of this material is efficient, form other hand the PET is the one of the most safe (for food industrial applications) petrol chemical plastic that can be used as primary or secondary food contact packaging material. To maximize the customer safety and minimize the environmental impact of traditional PET, a new bio-sourced and bio-degradable alternative polymer aimed to be used in this special food industrial segment. One of the potential alternatives is the Polylactic acid (PLA) that would be a possible substitute as it is compostable and produced from renewable sources and has good physical and mechanical properties [1].

Polylactic Acid as a Potential Alternatives of Traditional Plastic Packagings in Food Industry

Huge quantity of synthetic polymers is used as packaging materials in different fields of food industries. A significant part of these polymers applied as a primary, direct food contact construction. The scoped application area is the sweet industry. In this field Polystyrol (PS), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have used but during the last fifteen years the usage of PET has been grown. In one hand the price of this material is efficient, form other hand the PET is the one of the most safe (for food industrial applications) petrol chemical plastic that can be used as primary or secondary food contact packaging material. To maximize the customer safety and minimize the environmental impact of traditional PET, a new bio-sourced and bio-degradable alternative polymer aimed to be used in this special food industrial segment. One of the potential alternatives is the Polylactic acid (PLA) that would be a possible substitute as it is compostable and produced from renewable sources and has good physical and mechanical properties [1].

3-MONOKLORO-1,2-PROPANDIOL PADA KEMASAN KERTAS DUPLEKS SERTA MIGRASINYA KE DALAM SIMULAN PANGAN

3-Monochloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) is a carcinogenic food contaminant. 3-MCPD is formed during food processing, and can also be derived from food contact packaging materials, including paper. Wet-strength resin is often added into paper food packaging to provide moisture resistance and thus enhancing food shelf-life and consumer usage. The wet-strength resins which are manufactured from epichlorohydrin-based starting materials, are known to initiate the formation of 3-MCPD. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to validate an analytical method for the analysis 3-MCPD in duplex paper packaging, 2) to analyze3-MCPD content in duplex paper, and 3) to analyze 3-MCPD migration from duplex paper packaging into food simulants. 3-MCPD content in duplex paper was analyzed by a validated GC-MS method with linearity value (R2) of 0.993, limit of detection (LOD) of 6.65 ppb, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 22.15 ppb, and recovery range of 83.00–114.13%. The 3-MCPD content of five sample duplex papers obtained from different packaging paper manufacturers were ranging from 753.43 to 825.36 ppb, and there was no significant differences between the samples. Direct contact between food simulants and duplex paper for 24 hours at 40°C generated migration of 3-MCPD at levels of 40.55 to 57.61%.

Chemical Leachates from Food Contact Packaging Materials and Health Risks

Food contact packaging material should be stable and non-reactive with the food that it is in contact with, and must promote the safety of food. However, for a number of years, there has been evidence that indefinitely small amounts of chemicals could migrate or leach from food packaging materials into the foods they hold. The chemistry and toxicity of such leachates are well-known and documented; and there is a growing concern over the matter among the general public. In addition, food regulatory agencies are imposing more stringent regulations on the maximum allowable amounts of known leachates into foods in recent years. The majority of toxicity studies have revealed that trace amounts of leachates pose no immediate health problems in humans. However, studies on the effects of long-term exposure or synergistic/cumulative toxicity are still lacking. The present review provides an overview of the chemical nature and toxicity of certain leachates from various types of food contact packaging materials that are in wide use.

Determination of Compounds from Epoxy Resins in Food Simulants by HPLC-Fluorescence

A fluorimetric-detection RP-HPLC method is developed for the separation and quantification of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), its hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives, and NOGE and BADGE oligomers. This method was applied to test an epoxy resin used as a coating for food contact packaging materials with two different heat treatments in the curing process. Migration of these compounds was evaluated in three food simulants: 3% (w/v) acetic acid, 10% (v/v) ethanol, rectified olive oil and also in acetonitrile. A simple extraction procedure was also applied to obtain olive oil extracts. Quantification was performed by using external calibration, and correlation coefficients were greater than 0,996 and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 mg L−1 for all substances. HPLC-MS method was applied to confirm derivatives and oligomers identity.

DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A DIGLYCIDYL ETHER IN PLASTIC MATERIALS BASED ON EPOXY RESINSDETERMINACIÓN DEL BISFENOL A DIGLICIDIL ÉTER EN ENVASES ALIMENTARIOS ELABORADOS CON RESINAS EPOXIDETERMINACIÓN DO BISFENOL A DIGLICIDIL ÉTER EN ENVASES ALIMENTARIOS ELABORADOS CON RESINAS EPOXI

Two alternative RP-HPLC methods with fluorescence detection have been applied to quantify bisphenoL A diglycidyL ether (BADGE: CAS No. 1675-54-3) in three different types of epoxy resins formulations, based on this monomer, used as a coating for food-contact packaging materials. Chloroform was chosen as a swelling solvent to extract BADGE from the finished product employing two different processes: one by refluxing for 4 hours, and the other at 50°C for two days. Both Isocratic and Gradient chromatographic methods were applied to determine this monomer at very low levels, the detection limit is 1.5 μg/L. The calibration lines had correlation coefficients no smaller than 0.998. Standard deviations obtained in the precision study were less than 9 %. Resumen Se utilizaron dos métodos alternativos basados en RP-HPLC con detección de fluorescencia para cuantificar bisfenol A diglicidil éter (BADGE, No. CAS 1675-54-3) en tres tipos de formulaciones de resinas epoxi elaboradas con este monómero. Estas formulaciones se usan en la industria alimentaria, en alimentos enlatados, revistiendo la cara interna de la lata. Se utilizó cloroformo como solvente para extraer el BADGE del recubrimiento epoxídico de dos maneras: sometiendo el revestimento a reflujo durante 4 horas o calentando el interior de la lata una vez rellena de cloroformo a 50° C durante dos días. Un método cromatográfico utiliza elución en gradiente y el otro usa régimen isocrático, ámbos permiten detectar BADGE hasta niveles muy bajos, el límite de detección es de 1.5 μg/L. Los coeficientes de correlación de las rectas de calibrado son superiores a 0.998 y las desviaciones estándar de las precisiones de los dos métodos están por debajo de 9 %. Palabras clave: HPLC, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, resinas epoxi, envases alimentarios. Resumo Aplicáronse dous métodos alternativos baseados en RP-HPLC con detección de fluorescencia para cuantifica-lo bisfenol A diglicidil éter (BADGE, No. CAS 1675-54-3) en tres tipos de formulacións de resinas epoxi elaboradas con este monómero. Estas formulacións empréganse na industria alimentaria nos alimentos enlatados, revestindo a cara interna da lata. Utilizouse cloroformo como solvente para extrae-lo BADGE do recubrimento epoxídico de dúas maneiras: sometendo ó revestimento a refluxo durante 4 horas ou quentando o interior da lata unha vez rechea de cloroformo a 50° C durante dous días. Un método cromatográfico emprega elución en gradente e o outro usa réxime isocrático, ámbolos dous permiten detectar BADGE ata niveis moi baixos, o límite de detección é de 1.5 μg/L. Os coeficientes de correlación das rectas de calibrado son superiores a 0.998 e as desviacións estándar das precisións dos dous métodos están por debaixo do 9 %. Palabras chave: HPLC, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, resinas epoxi, envases alimentarios.