Objective: To assess the suitability and usability of a patient education booklet on fall prevention exercises for older lower limb prosthesis (LLP) users. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from February 2024 to March 2025. A fall prevention exercise booklet was developed based on literature and clinical guidelines. The booklet covered the following domains: falls and fall prevention in older adults, benefits of exercises, exercise principles and precautions, and exercise descriptions. Healthcare professionals who care for LLP users assessed the educational booklet’s suitability using the Suitability Assessment of Material (SAM) tool. Based on their feedback, the font size was increased from 12 to 14 points. Thereafter, older LLP users (over 60) assessed the educational booklet’s usability using the Consumer Information Rating Form (CIRF). Results: Suitability was assessed by 43 evaluators (30 prosthetists, six physical therapists, four nurses and three rehabilitation physicians). The median (IQR) SAM score was 88.1 (81.0; 95.2). Usability was assessed by 69 participants. The median (IQR) CIRF score was 86.9 (80.8; 90.9). Conclusion: The results of the suitability and usability assessments indicate that the developed fall prevention exercise booklet is appropriate for educating older LLP users. The booklet provides a practical tool that enables LLP users to perform exercises safely at home and review educational content at their own pace.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of visual and information characteristics of presentation slides, including font size, background–font contrast, and screen height, on students’ attention and visual fatigue in teaching scenarios, as well as to provide evidence-based recommendations for optimizing presentation design in educational settings. With the increasing reliance on electronic presentation slides in contemporary teaching, prolonged visual exposure has raised concerns regarding visual discomfort and reduced learning attention among students. Using a controlled teaching context, this study examined how variations in slide design influence visual fatigue symptoms and sustained attention during instructional sessions. The findings indicate that optimizing presentation slides with a font size of at least 28 points, light-absorbing backgrounds such as blue or green combined with light-emitting fonts such as white or yellow, and a screen height of 150 cm effectively reduces visual fatigue while maintaining stable levels of student attention in teaching scenarios. In addition, the integration of brief inter-class eye and musculoskeletal exercises further enhances the effectiveness of optimized slide design by alleviating cumulative visual and postural strain. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate visual design characteristics, when combined with simple physical interventions, play a significant role in promoting students’ visual comfort and attentional stability. These findings provide practical and evidence-based guidelines for educators and institutions to improve visual health, learning sustainability, and overall teaching efficiency in digitally mediated educational environments.

This study aimed to assess the understanding, perceptions, and preferences of different front-of-pack labeling (FOPL) formats among Thai consumers. We conducted a mixed-methods study comprising a cross-sectional online survey and semi-structured interviews between February -March 2022. The survey assessed comprehension and preferences for six FOPL formats (Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA), Healthier Choice logo (HCL), Warning Labels (WLs), Nutri-Score, Health Star Rating (HSR), and Traffic Light labels (TLL)). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Bangkok and metropolitan areas. Thai residents aged 12-78 years (n=410). While awareness of existing labels was high (GDA: 95.4%, HCL: 82.4%), only 23.9% regularly read GDA labels. WLs and Nutri-Score were the most effective at providing information to consumers in a format that translated into choosing healthier products. WLs demonstrated the highest effectiveness in guiding healthier choices. HCL received the highest agreement across multiple attributes, including packaging inclusion preference (59.8%), visibility (58.5%), and visual appeal (57.3%), although effectiveness was not tested. Qualitative findings revealed preferences for color-coded systems but identified barriers including time constraints, small font sizes, and difficulty interpreting numerical information. While interpretive labels, particularly warning labels, are most effective for guiding consumers to healthier choices, successful implementation requires consideration of both consumer preferences and real-world usage constraints. Findings support replacing the current GDA system with an interpretive design, accompanied by comprehensive public education campaigns. These results provide evidence-based recommendations for FOPL policy development in Thailand.

Bakery food labels are essential tools for conveying ingredient information, yet poor readability and inconsistent design practices limit their effectiveness. Issues such as small fonts, low colour contrast and cramped layouts make ingredient information difficult to interpret, particularly for health-conscious consumers. This study explores design experts’ insights on how to optimise communication and readability in bakery food labelling, focusing on practical design elements and innovative solutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten design experts with over 20 years of professional experience in graphic design, packaging and visual communication. Experts emphasised the importance of clear background, text contrast, minimum font size standards, adequate spacing and simplified layouts. Recommendations included the integration of QR codes and Front-of-Pack labelling systems to enhance accessibility, especially for parents managing children’s dietary needs. However, spatial and financial constraints remain barriers for many bakery manufacturers. Experts’ perspectives highlight the critical role of user-centred design in optimising bakery food labelling. Prioritising readability through appropriate typography, colour contrast and digital innovations ensures more effective communication of ingredient information, supporting safer and healthier consumer choices.

In May 1650, a dissertation by Jan (Ioannes) Marquart titled Dissertatio iuridica De damno iniuriae was published in the academic printing house in Vilnius. From the information presented on the title page of the dissertation, we can surmise that it was the basis for awarding the author a doctorate. Jan Marquart was sometimes mentioned as one of the first graduates of the Faculty of Law of the Vilnius Academy from the early period of its functioning, namely 1644–1655. For the author of De damno iniuriæ, the Latin paremia Salus populi suprema lex esto was to be the keynote of the dissertation, the guideline for further considerations. Its uniqueness for Jan Marquart can be evidenced by the way it is cited in the dissertation and the special font size used to highlight it. The paremia was also intended to justify the need for a synthetic discussion of regulations regarding the protection of the state and its interests, for which the author of De damno iniuriæ devoted several editorial units bearing the Roman numerals: I through VI. Jan Marquart recognized that Justinian I the Great, in codifying the law and adapting it to changing socio-economic relations, was guided in his codification endeavor by the principle that the welfare of the republic is the supreme law. On the other hand, it is surprising that the author of De damno iniuriæ cited the Law of the Twelve Tables, without specifying a particular table, as an indication of the origin of this fundamental principle, which is a guarantor of the proper exercise of power. It is difficult to say whether he consciously overlooked the fact that several centuries later, in Cicero’s De legibus, we can find this paremia as an indication of the duties of citizens to the state. Perhaps Jan Marquart’s reference precisely to the Law of the Twelve Tables was intended to raise the profile of the cited maxim and indicate its statutory, fundamental nature.

Purpose of the Article. This study aims to substantiate the principles of interface design based on cognitive load theory, with a focus on balancing the reduction of excessive perceptual complexity and providing users with control capabilities in situations of uncertainty or conflicting outcomes. Research Methods. The methodological foundation is cognitive load theory, which distinguishes between intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load. The study employs comparative analysis of scientific publications, international accessibility standards (particularly WCAG 2.2), and modern software solutions oriented toward inclusive and adaptive design. Scientific Novelty. For the first time, practices for reducing cognitive load in web application interfaces are systematized from the perspective of combining extraneous load minimization with the integration of user control tools. Recommendations are proposed for designers and developers regarding the implementation of inclusive interface adaptation mechanisms, including tools based on artificial intelligence. Conclusions. Influence on intrinsic cognitive load is primarily achievable through the optimization of system messages, button texts, and hints, whereas user-generated content remains beyond the designer’s control. Excessive cognitive load can be reduced by adhering to standards for font size, line spacing, contrast, and clear visual structure. At the same time, parameters such as font choice or color scheme yield contradictory results and largely depend on users’ individual cognitive characteristics and prior experience. The optimal approach involves implementing personalization and adaptability mechanisms, allowing each user to set a comfortable level of complexity and find a balance between simplicity and functionality.

This research study intends to assess the current developed independent learning materials (ILM) and to suggest improvement in the process of developing the independent learning materials for mathematics courses. This study used the descriptive research design and involved 365 randomly selected college students who were enrolled in the course Mathematics in the Modern World in the first semester of academic year 2020-2021. Based on various studies, a 22-item researcher-made questionnaire was constructed to gather the students’ feedback regarding the independent learning material’s content, quality of teaching and learning, learner support, assessment, and feedback. Results of the study revealed that module content was relevant to the students’ degree program and it contain updated information that enable the students to learn the most important and recent information about the subject matter. In terms of module teaching and learning, the study also discloses that the instructors/professors were good at explaining things related to the module, have made the subject matter interesting and engaging to increase students’ drive for learning. Furthermore, the study shows that in terms of module support, the instructors/professors can easily be contacted when students have concerns or clarifications on the lesson. Likewise, for the module assessment and feedback, the provided assessment requirements and marking criteria were clear and understandable to the students. Generally, the respondents are satisfied on the quality of the developed module assuring that every aspect of learners’ needs and chances for academic progress were given attention and consideration. The main strengths of the independent learning material (ILM) are the organized pattern of lessons, accuracy of the indicated contents and even the feedback and assessments were served its purpose. However, it was found out that the weaknesses are limited number of provided examples for each given topic, as well as the font style and size used in the ILM need to be considered upon revising.

Background and Objectives: Patient package inserts (PPIs) are the accessible source of drug information which is expcted to contribute with the safe and efficient use of medicines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of pharmacists in Tabriz with the quality of Iranian and foreign PPIs. Methods: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of 170 pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Tabriz, who completed a validated questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity. The questionnaire included items regarding the scientific quality of Iranian and foreign PPIs. The study data were presented and analyzed using means, percentages, and frequencies. Results: Pharmacists were satisfied with the size of the PPIs, font size and font type of the Iranian PPIs (42.4%) and the foreign PPIs (72.3%). With respect to the amount and method of drug use information in PPIs, satisfaction was higher for foreign PPIs than for Iranian PPIs (P=0.017). Satisfaction with the expression of side effects, contraindications, how to adjust the dose of the drug in the underlying diseases and the necessary warnings for children and the elderly in the PPIs of Iranian medicines was significantly less than foreign medicines (P<0.001). Most of the pharmacists agreed to design specific brochures for medical staff and patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated pharmacists’ dissatisfaction with the scientific quality and the availability of sufficient, up-to-date information in domestic drug brochures for the safe use of medicines. Therefore, standardizing the structure of brochures by utilizing the experiences of other countries, using digital innovations and visual tools, implementing user-friendly tests, and continuous monitoring by Iranian Food and Drug Administration are essential.

Aphasia-friendly modifications generally make texts more accessible. However, because religious texts are often held in a special regard, some aphasia-friendly modifications may not be appropriate for them. The purpose of the current study was to explore aphasia-friendly religious text adaptations within the context of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Five adults with aphasia who consider themselves members of The Church of Jesus Christ participated in the current study. These participants indicated preferences using a 7-point scale between paired samples of religious text formatted using common aphasia-friendly text adaptations. These quantitative data were analyzed for preference trends. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through ethnographic interviews focused on adaptation preferences as well as the effect of aphasia on religious experiences more generally. Transcripts of these interviews were examined using a qualitative descriptive analysis approach. The results show common preferences for larger font size, 1.5 line spacing, and illustrated text, with realistic illustrations preferred over stylized illustrations. Participants were also more likely to prefer adaptations presented on a computer or tablet compared to in print. Qualitative analysis revealed commonalities such as aphasia's impacts on scripture reading, the context dependence of adaptation preferences, and the perceived target audience of certain adaptations. This small exploratory study helped to further knowledge about how adaptations for aphasia can best be applied to religious texts of the Church of Jesus Christ. These findings may prove helpful for clinicians working with people with aphasia in the Church of Jesus Christ who are interested in engaging with religious texts. Because this study included participants from one religious denomination, further research may consider members of other faiths with their respective religious texts. Different types or combinations of aphasia-friendly text adaptations could also be studied.

Shipping containers are vital to the transportation industry due to their cost-effectiveness and compatibility with intermodal systems. With the significant increase in container usage since the mid-20th century, manual tracking at port terminals has become inefficient and prone to errors. Recent advancements in Deep Learning for object detection have introduced Computer Vision as a solution for automating this process. However, challenges such as low-quality images, varying font sizes & illumination, and environmental conditions hinder recognition accuracy. This study explores various architectures and proposes a Container Code Localization Network (CCLN), utilizing ResNet and UNet for code identification, and a Container Code Recognition Network (CCRN), which combines Convolutional Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory to convert the image text into a machine-readable format. By enhancing existing shipping container localization and recognition datasets with additional images, our models exhibited improved generalization capabilities on other datasets, such as Syntext, for text recognition. Experimental results demonstrate that our system achieves 97.93% accuracy at 64.11 frames per second under challenging conditions such as varying font sizes, illumination, tilt, and depth, effectively simulating real port terminal environments. The proposed solution promises to enhance workflow efficiency and productivity in container handling processes, making it highly applicable in modern port operations.

The in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) plays a crucial role in driving safety and operational experience. However, existing designs mainly target young users and fail to fully consider the actual needs of the elderly group. This study takes elderly drivers as the research object, adopts a combined method of Kano model and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to construct an analysis framework for demand identification and priority ranking. After establishing a demand pool through literature review and interviews, the Kano model is used for attribute classification, and AHP is combined to calculate demand weights. The results show that the primary needs of elderly drivers focus on safety-related functions and simplified operation processes, among which functions such as emergency braking assistance, voice correction, and fatigue monitoring have the highest priority; demands such as adjustable font size, haptic feedback, and voice interaction play an important role in reducing cognitive burden and optimizing experience. Based on this, the study proposes core design strategies of "safety first, simple operation, clear presentation, multimodal support, and emotional care". The contribution of this research lies in the first systematic application of the Kano-AHP model in the age-friendly design of in-vehicle HMI, proposing a comprehensive method that combines qualitative and quantitative analysis, and providing empirically based design suggestions. The results not only expand the theoretical dimension of age-friendly design research but also provide practical references for the intelligent automobile industry to address the aging challenge.

Technology adoption has become essential in the digital age as the global population ages. However, many older adults face significant challenges when interacting with digital devices due to small font sizes, poor colour contrast, and limited technological literacy. For individuals with dementia, these challenges are compounded by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired reasoning, which can hinder their ability to adapt to new technologies, ultimately affecting their independence and quality of life. There is a pressing need to develop user-friendly systems specifically tailored for older adults with dementia, emphasizing intuitive design and accessibility. Current technologies often fail to meet the unique needs of this population, highlighting the necessity for improved design strategies. To this end, we design and develop a simple, straightforward, and accessible system to train cognitive memory for older adults with dementia.

BackgroundEmergency departments (EDs) routinely screen for fall risk, but patients are rarely notified of their results or referred to preventive resources. There is a critical need for an intervention that notifies patients when they are at risk for falls and automates referrals to fall prevention programs without increasing clinician workload. Chatbots can be used to provide patient education and community resources in a conversational, friendly manner. We developed and implemented an automated intervention using our health system's electronic health record (EHR) and an artificial intelligence chatbot, Livi, to address this gap in fall prevention across 17 EDs.ObjectiveThis study aimed to share how we developed our fall risk notification and referral intervention and iteratively improved it based on end-user feedback.MethodsWe collaborated with the EHR and ED operations teams to automate patient notification of fall risk and referral. First, we leveraged existing fall risk screening questions in nursing documentation to identify patients at risk for falls. We then developed an EHR workflow that delivers a QR code in the after-visit summary for all high-risk patients at ED discharge. Scanning the QR code launches a conversation with Livi, guiding users to physician-vetted, evidence-based, free or low-cost fall prevention resources in their area. In this workflow, only ED patients who are screened as high risk receive linkage to Livi, and clinicians do not need to manually place referrals or enter specific fall prevention resources at discharge. We conducted rapid, iterative usability testing of the Livi falls chatbot with 93 community members during the development process at 3 community fairs in distinct settings.ResultsRapid iterative testing led to enhancements in the intervention, such as increased font size, an option for Spanish language, additional geographic locations for fall prevention resources, home modification resources, the ability to self-assess for fall risk, fall prevention tips, and the ability for patients to leave feedback on the Livi chatbot. Because all EDs in the health system use the same instance of Epic, the EHR workflow was instantaneously deployed system-wide. The use of a QR code linked to the Livi chatbot also allows for the rapid updating of prevention resources.ConclusionsThis study describes the formative development and system-wide implementation of the intervention. This scalable, EHR-integrated intervention demonstrates a novel and pragmatic approach to improving population health by capitalizing on existing clinical workflows and automating both risk notification and personalized resource referral for older adults without increasing clinician burden. The next steps include conducting a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of the screening and referral tool on recurrent fall-related health care use compared with routine care in the ED. Formal evaluation of the implementation outcomes will be conducted in the planned trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low vision aids (LVAs) in improving both distance and near vision among patients with low vision of various etiologies and to identify the most used low vision devices. This retrospective study reviewed 149 patient files from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2023. Visual acuity assessments included distant visual acuity measured unilaterally and bilaterally at 3 m using the Distance Test Chart (Lea symbols) before and after using LVAs (monocular or binocular telescopes). Near visual acuity was tested using the Lea symbols line test charts progressing from 8.00 M to 0.32 M, measured binocularly at the patient’s preferred distance and then at 25 cm using a +4.00 D reading add. Reading acuity was assessed using printed Arabic texts in different Times New Roman fonts before and after using LVAs (magnifiers, prismatic glasses, etc.). The diagnosis of ocular diseases causing low vision was recorded. ARMD and Macular dystrophies were the most common causes of low vision (18.1% and 17.4% respectively). There was a statistically significant improvement in near and reading visual acuity ( p < .001). The use of LVAs improved reading and near visual acuity by 3.57 ± 1.76 and 2.25 ± 2.79 lines, respectively. The percentage of patients able to read font size 2 increased from 2.7% to 53.0% after using near vision aids. A statistically significant improvement in distance visual acuity was also found ( p < .001), with a mean improvement of 2.40 ± 1.97 lines. As a conclusion; LVAs are an effective means of providing visual rehabilitation for distance, near, and reading vision among patients with low vision.

This study examines the linguistic landscape (LL) of several museums in Bali, with a particular focus on language contestation, underlying linguistic ideologies, and visitor perceptions. It explores how written information is presented, the languages prioritized, and how these linguistic choices reflect identity construction and social functions within museum spaces. The research employs a qualitative design, incorporating photographic documentation, direct observation, and visitor interviews conducted across multiple museums. The findings indicate that multilingual signage is a defining feature of these museums, most commonly combining Indonesian with English or other foreign languages such as Japanese, German, and Dutch. Balinese script is also present, though often used to convey information in Indonesian rather than in the Balinese language. The instrumental function of LL is reflected in the strategic use of foreign languages to accommodate international visitors, while its symbolic or indexical function emerges in the use of Indonesian and Balinese script as markers of national and local identity. Visitor feedback suggests that while much of the written information is clear and useful, issues remain regarding font size, aesthetics, and accessibility. Overall, the study highlights how LL in Bali’s museums embodies both communication practices and broader cultural, ideological, and institutional dynamics.

Finding the limits of the metacognitive illusion: Utility of font size variations in learning.

The goal of this paper is to report the indifference towards the differences on how to deliver a PowerPoint presentation. The “indigestions” due to PowerPoint presentations are the consequence of the lack of respect of the neuropsychological concepts of how the Homo sapiens perceives, recalls, understands and is motivated and moved by information. Avoid entire text block of CAPITAL LETTERS, italic text or bold text which make text difficult to read. When deciding what font size to use in your presentation, make sure it is big enough so that the audience can read it. Remove unnecessary text from bullet points as NO audience enjoys bullet points followed by long runs of text. The background color on the slide should not swallow the letters! The use of laser pointer is a forbidden activity for an audio visual presenter. An image is worth a thousand bullet points. Slides have not been created to become a book to be read. Slides have been created to be understood, and nothing is better than an image that represents the concept to teach in a metaphorical, analogical or symbolic fashion. Use images to evoke specific emotions. Remember that images create emotional responses that do not rely on the intellectual ability to be appreciated. Using images your audience will be more likely to remember your message. Good images, as fragrances, remain in the audience for a long time after the presentation has finished. Do not turn off the lights during the presentation unless you are a spy who wants to keep your identity secret!

AimThis study aimed to assess the reading speed and font size in pseudophakic eyes following implantation of a spherically neutral monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) aimed at an emmetropic refractive outcome.MethodsThis was a prospective, single-eye study on patients undergoing routine cataract surgery with a spherically neutral monofocal IOL and expected to achieve 20/40 or better-unaided vision. Eyes with surgical complications or co-existing ocular pathology were excluded. At 3–9 months post-surgery, manifest refraction, uncorrected and best-corrected distance (UCDVA and BCDVA), and uncorrected near (UCNVA) LogMAR acuity, spherical equivalent (SEQ) were assessed. Uniocular unaided reading speed and smallest print size were assessed using the Salzburg Reading Desk (SRD) at 40 cm.ResultsMedian UCDVA, BCDVA, UCNVA, and SEQ of 301 patients (301 eyes) with age of 75 years (IQR:70 to 82) were 0.14 LogMAR (IQR = 0.02–0.24), 0 LogMAR (IQR = −0.08 to 0.02), and 0 D (IQR = −0.13 D to −0.07), respectively. The unaided reading speed was 100–150 wpm in 42.8% (129 patients), followed by 151–200 wpm in 26.1% (78 patients). The median unaided reading speed with SRD was 130 wpm (IQR: 101.50 to 165.50). 30.9% (93 patients) read 0.4 to 0.5 LogMAR, followed by 10.8% (33 patients) for 0.3 to 0.4 LogMAR and 7.4% (22 patients) for 0.2 to 0.3 LogMAR. The median smallest font size was 0.48 LogMAR (0.40 to 0.61 LogMAR).ConclusionThis study establishes the baseline data of reading speed and font size with monofocal IOL, which can be used by further studies on extended depth-of-focus or multifocal IOLs for comparison.

Reading difficulties like dyslexia affect millions of people all over the world. It often makes it hard for them to access education content, internet content, and informative information. To help with that problem, the study developed a Python-based application that leverages natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning to present text in a more readable format for persons with dyslexia. The system makes reading easier by allowing people to adjust features like font size, spacing, and addition of text-to-speech functionality. Additionally, multimodal enhancement enables people to get information not just in text, but also in audio and concise summary format, accommodating different needs and modes of learning. While the version built to date can only support English-language inputs and has really not been tried with many real people, the study shows how AI technologies can enhance access to digital content. Future versions of it will help with several languages, go offline, and respond to user feedback. By helping people more easily grasp complex digital information, the app makes technology more inclusive for people with dyslexia and other reading difficulties.

Reading is the process of recognizing a series of symbols and converting them into meaningful words and sentences. Dyslexic and visually impaired people struggle with challenges that limit their reading abilities, which led to the need of having an assistive device to overcome this problem. StyloCam Pen Reader, a smart IoT-based linguistic reading pen, is designed to offer a good reading experience for all people with different abilities. StyloCam Pen starts with enabling the users to take a capture of the text they wish to read, where it will be converted into text through optical character recognition (OCR). Our proposed work demonstrates good performance in terms of character error rate (CER) and word error rate (WER), achieving 0% errors in both metrics when capturing images with different font sizes (14, 12 and 10), while the font size of 8 had a 25.7% CER and a 65.4% WER. Moreover, the OCR system cannot effectively process light colors but is capable of detecting content in various languages. Furthermore, utilizing the multithreading technique in our design results in a 3.9 times acceleration compared to the single-threaded approach.