Hyperplasia Of Follicles Research Articles

Transcriptomic and developmental effects of persistent organic pollutants in sentinel fishes collected near an arctic formerly used defense site

Alaska contains over 600 formerly used defense (FUD) sites, many of which serve as point sources of pollution. These sites are often co-located with rural communities that depend upon traditional subsistence foods, especially lipid-rich animals that bioaccumulate and biomagnify persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Many POPs are carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting compounds that are associated with adverse health outcomes. Therefore, elevated exposure to POPs from point sources of pollution may contribute to disproportionate incidence of disease in arctic communities. We investigated PCB concentrations and the health implications of POP exposure in sentinel fishes collected near the Northeast Cape FUD site on Sivuqaq (St. Lawrence Island), Alaska. Sivuqaq residents are almost exclusively Yupik and rely on subsistence foods. At the request of the Sivuqaq community, we examined differential gene expression and developmental pathologies associated with exposure to POPs originating at the Northeast Cape FUD site. We found significantly higher levels of PCBs in Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) collected from contaminated sites downstream of the FUD site compared to fish collected from upstream reference sites. We compared transcriptomic profiles and histopathologies of these same blackfish. Blackfish from contaminated sites overexpressed genes involved in ribosomal and FoxO signaling pathways compared to blackfish from reference sites. Contaminated blackfish also had significantly fewer thyroid follicles and smaller pigmented macrophage aggregates. Conversely, we found that ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) from contaminated sites exhibited thyroid follicle hyperplasia. Despite our previous research reporting transcriptomic and endocrine differences in stickleback from contaminated vs. reference sites, we did not find significant differences in kidney or gonadal histomorphologies. Our results demonstrate that contaminants from the Northeast Cape FUD site are associated with altered gene expression and thyroid development in native fishes. These results are consistent with our prior work demonstrating disruption of the thyroid hormone axis in Sivuqaq residents.

Oxidative Stress and Immunopathological Alterations of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (BTX)

This study’s goal was to assess the catfish’s response to exposure to monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene) and its recovery after exposure using oxidative stress, histopathological, and immunological changes as biomarkers. Four groups: one as control and other three exposed to benzene (0.762 ng/L), toluene (26.614 ng/L), and xylene (89.403 ng/L), respectively, for 30 days and then recovery period for 30 days. The levels of the cortisol, lipid peroxidation, and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) increased significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to benzene and xylene compared to control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and acetylcholinstease (Ach) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in fishes exposed to benzene only compared to control group. While glutathione-S-transferase (GST) did not show any change in different treatment groups compared to control group. The histopathological signs of liver exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene displayed aggregation of melanomacrophages, congestion of sinusoids, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, necrotic area with inflammatory cell infiltration, and thrombus of central vein. Kidney exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene showed dilatation of Bowman’s space with atrophy of glomerular tuft, lyses of RBCs with mononuclear cell infiltration, multifocal area of hemopoietic tissue necrosis, organized thrombus with perivascular hemorrhage, focal inflammatory cellular reaction, renal tubular necrosis, and thrombus of blood vessels. Spleen exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene showed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in white pulp in a mild degree. These lesions appeared to a mild degree or disappeared completely after recovery period to BTX except spleen. In conclusion, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX) are hazardous to fish and the toxicity level was as benzene > xylene > toluene even though after recovery period.

A Case of Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Gallbladder Extending to the Bile Duct.

A 72-year-old woman was referred for the examination of wall thickening of the bile duct and a polyp-like lesion on the gallbladder. The bile duct and gallbladder lesions were observed to be continuous on abdominal ultrasonography. We performed a bile duct biopsy, and pathological findings showed hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles without malignancy. We considered these two lesions to be the same lesion, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed to make a definite diagnosis. The pathological examination of the resected gallbladder also showed hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles. We diagnosed the patient with lymphoid hyperplasia of the gallbladder extending to the bile duct.

Curcumin and cinnamon mitigates lead acetate-induced oxidative damage in the spleen of rats.

Lead toxicity is a common occupational and environmental health hazard that exerts many toxic effects on animals and humans, including immunotoxicity. Curcumin (CUR) and cinnamon (CIN) are common medicinal herbs with immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effect of curcumin and cinnamon against lead acetate (LA)-induced splenotoxicity in rats via hemato-biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress marker, CYP-2E1 expression, histological, and immunohistological evaluations. Four groups of seven rats each were used: the control group received corn oil as a vehicle; the lead acetate group received (100mg/kg), the CUR + LA group received curcumin (400mg/kg) plus lead acetate, and the CIN + LA group received cinnamon (200mg/kg) plus lead acetate orally for 1 month. LA exposure induced macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Additionally, significant elevations in serum iron, ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation percentage with significant decline of total and unsaturated iron binding capacities (TIBC and UIBC), transferrin, and immunoglobulin G and M levels were recorded. In addition, lead acetate significantly upregulated splenic CYP-2E1 expression, that was evident by significant depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and elevation of malondihyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations in the spleen. Histologically, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, hemosiderin deposition, and disturbance of CD3 and CD68 immuno-expressions were evident in the spleen from the lead acetate group. However, curcumin and cinnamon administration restored the hemato-biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress parameters as well as histological and immunohistological pictures toward normalcy. In conclusion, curcumin and cinnamon can partially ameliorate LA-induced oxidative damage in the spleen, possibly through their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and gene-regulating activities.

Comparative evaluation of gold nanoparticles and Alum as immune enhancers against rabies vaccine and related immune reactivity, physiological, and histopathological alterations: in vivo study.

The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated anti-rabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations.

Developmental exposure to triclosan and benzophenone-2 causes morphological alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) thyroid follicles and eyes

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate a multitude of developmental and metabolic processes, which are responsible for vertebrate development, growth, and maintenance of homeostasis. THs also play a key role in neurogenesis of vertebrates and thus affect eye development, which is vital for foraging efficiency and for effective escape from predation. Currently, there are no validated test guidelines for the assessment of TH system-disrupting chemicals (THSDCs) in fish. Consequently, the present study was designed to demonstrate the suitability of novel thyroid-related endpoints in early life-stages of fish. Embryos of a transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) line expressing the reporter gene tg:mCherry in their thyrocytes were used to investigate the effects of the environmental THSDCs triclosan (TCS, antibacterial agent) and benzophenone-2 (BP-2, UV filter) on thyroid follicle and eye development. Both BP-2 and TCS caused thyroid follicle hyperplasia in transgenic zebrafish, thus confirming their role as THSDCs. The effect intensity on follicle size and fluorescence was comparable with a 1.7-fold increase for BP-2 and 1.6-fold for TCS. Alterations of the cellular structures of the retina indicate an impact of both substances on eye development, with a stronger impact of TCS. With respect to guideline development, results provide further evidence for the suitability of morphological changes in thyroid follicles and the eyes as novel endpoints for the sensitive assessment of THSD-related effects in fish.

Study of ocular manifestations and humoral immune response in eyes of dogs with leishmaniasis.

Ocular manifestations in dogs with leishmaniasis are frequent and complications in affected tissues can lead to blindness. Immune processes play a very important role in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammation. Therefore, the immunology of ocular manifestations in dogs with leishmaniasis remains complex and poorly understood. Estimation and characterisation of ocular and periocular manifestations in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and investigation of the production site of specific anti-Leishmania infantum IgG. The present investigation used 53 confirmed dogs infected with Leishmania infantum, presenting ocular and periocular lesions, and 10 control non-infected dogs. Complete macroscopic ophthalmic examination of eyelids and globes was performed. Both total and anti-Leishmania infantum IgG antibodies were studied in sera and aqueous humour (AH) of all dogs by ELISA technique. A Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (C value) was calculated. The main ophthalmological findings were keratoconjunctivitis (71.7%; 38/53), hyperplasia of conjunctival lymphoid follicles (54.7%; 29/53), blepharitis (50.9%; 27/53) and uveitis (20.7%; 11/53). Ocular production of anti-Leishmania infantum IgG was detected in 73.6% (39/53) of infected dogs. There was no correlation between the antibody levels in AH and sera of the same dog. The mean anti-Leishmania infantum IgG in AH was higher in uveitis, followed by lesions affecting only the adnexa (p < 0.0001). The highest mean C values were observed for uveitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis. Our findings suggest that production of anti-Leishmania IgG in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum with ocular manifestations begin in situ and follows by a transfer of antibodies from the bloodstream to the AH.

Pediatric-Type Indolent B-Cell Lymphomas With Overlapping Clinical, Pathologic, and Genetic Features.

Pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL) and pediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (PNMZL) are rare pediatric-type indolent B-cell lymphomas (PedIBCL) that differ clinicopathologically from their adult counterparts. Accurate diagnosis is important to avoid overtreatment but is often challenging. The mutational landscape of PTFL is known and may aid diagnosis, but the genetic features of PNMZL are not well understood. We analyzed 21 cases of PedIBCL according to their clinicopathologic findings and classified them into PTFL (n=11), PNMZL (n=2), and “mixed type” tumors (n=8) showing ambiguous histology. We also analyzed 2 cases of adult B-cell lymphomas showing features of PedIBCL. Targeted sequencing of 121 lymphoma-related genes was performed. The median age of PedIBCL patients was 16 years (range: 3 to 47), and all but 1 PTFL patient were male. All patients presented with limited-stage disease, and only 1 relapsed. There were no significant differences in clinical features among the 3 PedIBCL groups. The most frequently mutated genes were MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, KMT2C, IRF8, and NOTCH2. The genetic features of all groups were similar to the established mutational landscape of PTFL. The 2 adult B-cell lymphomas cases also had MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, and IRF8 mutations, but the clinical features were not typical of PedIBCL. In summary, this study demonstrated that PTFL and PNMZL are similar diseases with overlapping clinical, pathologic, and genetic features; mixed type tumors can also occur. Atypical adult cases with similar histologic features were also observed. Therefore, the disease spectrum of PedIBCL may be much broader than is currently believed.

MOLECULAR DETECTION AND DERMATO PATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ORF VIRUS INFECTION IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN BASRAH PROVINCE

This study was designed for the molecular diagnosis and assessment of histopathological changes of ORF infection in sheep and goats in Basra governorate in Iraq. The virus was detected by using -polymerase chain reaction. The samples were taken from the skin of the lips of animals infected with contiguous ecthema. Hundred samples taken from the sheep and 100 samples from goats of suspected animals, the results of the molecular diagnosis showed that 76 (76%) of sheep were infected and 71 (71%) of goats were infected by diagnosing the partial of ORFV037 gene (173bp), and ORFV039 (703bp), the sequences were determined and recorded in the NCBI and drawn the phylogenetic tree. The results of histopathological study showed presented various changes in cutaneous tissues in sheep include hyperplasia of hair follicles, sebaceous gland and sweet gland, parakeratosis, hyalinization of keratin Also to a picture of tumores, inflammation appear clearly in dermis also to hyperplasia of epidermis towered dermis. In goat showed prolifration of epidermis layer and papillae projection, Highly proliferation structures spinosum, sebaceous gland, sweet gland, and proliferation hair follicles with thickening it wall, hyperkeratosis of epidermis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and ulceration with necrotizing of epidermis.

The Effect of Early Life Exposure to Triclosan on Thyroid Follicles and Hormone Levels in Zebrafish.

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in personal care products. Most of the TCS component is discharged and enters the aquatic ecosystem after usage. TCS has a similar structure as thyroid hormones that are synthesized by thyroid follicular epithelial cells, thus TCS has a potential endocrine disrupting effect. It is still not clear how the different levels of the environmental TCS would affect early development in vivo. This study examines the effects of TCS on thyroid hormone secretion and the early development of zebrafish. The fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to TCS at 0 (control), 3, 30, 100, 300, and 900 ng/mL, and the hatching rate and the larvae mortality were inspected within the first 14 days. The total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured at 7, 14, and 120 days post-fertilization (dpf). The histopathological examinations of thyroid follicles were conducted at 120 dpf. TCS exposure at 30-300 ng/mL reduced the hatching rate of larvae to 34.5% to 28.2 % in the first 48 hours and 93.8 .7 % to 86.8 % at 72 h. Extremely high TCS exposure (900 ng/mL) strongly inhibited the hatching rate, and all the larvae died within 1 day. Exposure to TCS from 3 to 300 ng/mL reduced the thyroid hormones production. The mean TT3 and FT3 levels of zebrafish decreased in 300 ng/mL TCS at 14 dpf (300 ng/mL TCS vs. control : TT3 , 0.19 ± 0.08 vs. 0.39 ± 0.06; FT3, 19.21 ± 3.13 vs. 28.53 ± 1.98 pg/mg), and the FT4 decreased at 120 dpf ( 0.09 ± 0.04 vs. 0.20 ± 0.14 pg/mg). At 120 dpf , in the 300 ng/mL TCS exposure group, the nuclear area and the height of thyroid follicular epithelial cells became greater, and the follicle cell layer got thicker. This happened along with follicle hyperplasia, nuclear hypertrophy, and angiogenesis in the thyroid. Our study demonstrated that early life exposure to high TCS levels reduces the rate and speed of embryos hatching, and induces the histopathological change of thyroid follicle, and decreases the TT3, FT3, and FT4 production in zebrafish.

Colonic Lymphoid Follicle Hyperplasia after Gastrectomy in Rats.

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the human colon has been associated with multiple diseases and symptoms. Causes include food allergies, infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunodeficiency, and gastrectomy is not usually considered to be the etiology. Nine rats two weeks after total gastrectomy and 12 control rats were sacrificed and submitted for histological examination. In the gastrectomy group, we found lymphoid hyperplasia throughout the entire colon mucosa. The cross-sectional area of lymphoid follicles was increased to be five-fold larger than that in the rats in the control group (sham surgery). Lymphoid follicles were classified into primary and secondary follicles according to the presence/absence of germinal centers; the gastrectomy group had a significantly larger number of secondary follicles. When T cell and B cell classification of lymphocytes was performed, there was no difference between gastrectomy and control groups at T:B = 40:60. When the lymphoid follicles were classified, the proportion of T lymphocytes increased in the secondary follicle (T:B = 40:60) compared with in the primary follicle (T:B = 20:80). Gastrectomy significantly activated lymphocytic intestinal immunity by altering the intestinal environment, causing colonic NLH. Gastrectomy in rats is a good animal model for the study of NLH in colorectal diseases.

Dynamics of morphological manifestations of the experimental acute aspiration bronchopneumonia development.

Background. Currently, there is a need to create an experimental model for reproducing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-associated lungs damage. The first stage of such a model may be reproducing acute aspiration bronchopneumonia in rats. Objective. Examine the dynamics of morphological changes in the lungs in the development of experimental acute aspiration bronchopneumonia. Methods. The group of laboratory Wistar rats (n=25) in compliance with bioethical norms under typoental anesthesia was carried out operational intervention with the introduction of a sterile capron thread 2.5 cm long and a thickness of 0.2 mm to a depth of 2.5 cm. In the control group included 5 false-controlled animals. At 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days, the animals were derived from the experiment, morphological studies were carried out with the painting serial sections with hematoxylin-eosin. Results. On the 7 day, the morphological picture testified to the development of the acute stage of exudative inflammation with the full-blood of vessels, microtrombosis, dyslectasis, hyperplasia of alveolocytes II type. After 14 days, the proliferative stage was formed with alveolocytes hyperplasia, the epithelium of bronchi, as well as fibroblasts with the formation of sharp peribronchial and alveolar abscesses. After 21 days, the development of the lungs fibrosis with the organization of acute peribronchial and alveolar abscesses was noted, peribronchial and intraalveoli pronounced interstitial edema and the reactive hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles of a mixed nature. After 28 days, bronchopneumonia was organized in the form of fibrosis parenchyma, sections of chronic productive inflammation with the formation of resorbative granuloms; sections of the blood vessels hyalinose. For 56 days, these phenomena were progressed before the development of dense fibrosis (carnification) with sections of chronic abscesses with a formed by a connective tissue capsule, the development of vascular hyalinose. Conclusion. Thus, the model of acute aspiration bronchopneumonia reproduces the dynamics of morphological manifestations of acute lung damage, which is the basis for the development of pathogenetic therapy fields.

Effect of Leishmania major Infection on the Expression of TGF Beta in Murine.

Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease in human beings and animals. The disease is prevalent in tropical and semitropical countries and has great health importance. The present study aimed to identify the histological changes in the organs infected with L. major and to provide a sophisticated diagnostic method for infection through detecting TGF-β cytokine by immunohistochemistry technique(IHC) from October 2020 to January 2021. A total of 40 samples of paraffin blocks were used for different organs including skin, spleen, liver, kidney, and heart of male and female BALB/c mice, aged 6-8 weeks, which were previously infected subcutaneously with L. major promastigotes at a dose of 1×107 promastigotes/moues. The result indicated epidermal hyperplasia with diffuse severe lymphohistiocytic inflammatory cells infiltration in the dermis. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles was observed in infected spleen and scattered polymorphonuclear cells mainly neutrophil masses with a random distribution of microgranulomas foci composed of lymphocytes and macrophages within the liver parenchyma around central veins and portal areas. The infected kidney showed aggregation of perivascular mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) in the renal cortex. Mononuclear lymphocytes and macrophages were observed within the heart parenchyma especially around blood vessels. Additionally, evaluation of TGF-β1 expression was highly strong for skin, spleen, relatively strong for liver, heart, and weak for the kidney. In conclusion, infection was accompanied by clinical and histological changes as well as inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the determination of TGF-β expression level depends on the diagnosis of infection. A clear understanding of immune mechanisms is essential for preventing, treating, and controlling strategies of this infection.

Morphological features of the large intestine in experimental acute generalized peritonitis against the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The work is a fragment of the research project “Pathogenetic features of the allergic and inflammatory processes course and their pharmacocorrection”, conducted by the Department of Pathological Physiology, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University (state registration No. 0116U004503).&#x0D; The aim of the work: to study the morphological features of the colon in the dynamics of the development of experimental acute peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The experiment used 48 white male rats. Diabetes mellitus in experimental animals was simulated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (Sigma) at a rate of 60 mg/kg, acute disseminated peritonitis – the introduction of 0.5 ml of 10 % filtered fecal suspension into the abdominal cavity. A morphological study of the colon in animals removed from the experiment on the first, third and seventh days of acute peritonitis on the background of concomitant diabetes mellitus was performed.&#x0D; Results and Discussion. Morphological examination of the colon of animals on the first day of experimental acute peritonitis in conditions of concomitant streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus revealed an increase in the size of the crypts due to stroma edema and lymphohistiocytic infiltration, slight perivascular edema in the subclavian edema. On the third day, thickening of the mucous membrane of the colon, a sharp increase in the depth of the crypts, uneven blood supply to the vessels in the submucosal layer with a predominance of perivascular edema were verified. On the seventh day, a decrease in the thickness of the mucous membrane due to the expansion of the crypts was visualized. Part of the epitheliocytes was in a phase of increased secretory activity, the other part was dystrophically altered, which stimulated increased lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration.&#x0D; These changes were accompanied by activation of reactive processes and hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles on the first day of peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and as the severity of purulent inflammation – hypoplasia of the lymphoid tissue and a decrease in local reactivity(the third and seventh days of the development of acute peritoneal burning in conditions of combined pathology).

Endoskopik Atrofik Gastrit Görünümünün Histopatolojik Karşılığının Değerlendirilmesi: Sistematik İnceleme

Objective: Atrophic gastritis (AG), which is defined as the loss of gastric glands, can be precancerous. The objective of this study is examination of histopathological correlation of our patients with AG, considered according to endoscopic findings and determination of the other concomitant pathological findings. Material and Methods: Biopsy was performed in the atrophic areas and/or different areas on a total of 201 patients during gastroscopic evaluation due to the pre-diagnosis of AG between 2013 and 2014 in our clinic. Their pathological evaluation was performed and the cases of these patients were examined retrospectively. Endoscopic diagnosis of AG was made based on observation of the gastric mucosa as pale compared to the normal gastric mucosa and the separation of this area from the normal gastric mucosa, which can be defined as an endoscopic atrophic border with the prominence of submucosal thin vascular structures. Diagnosis of AG was pathologically defined as loss of glands. Results: The average age of the total 201 patients, who were 133 (67%) women and 68 (33%) men, was 69 years. Endoscopic and histological AG correlation in the whole group was 63 (31%). Considering the gastric localisation of the cases with confirmed diagnosis of AG in histopathological examination; it was determined that 89% affect the proximal, 9% the distal and 2% the distal and proximal together. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) was accompanied in 68% of cases with chronic active gastritis (21%) and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (NEHD) (14%). Chronic active gastritis was detected in 32% and IM 17% in cases without histopathological AG. While Helicobacter pylori positivity was 6% in those with histopathologically AG, it was 24% in those without AG (p=0.003). When evaluated in terms of accompanying pathological findings, NEHD, IM and lymphoid follicle hyperplasia were found with a higher rate in patients with histopathologically AG, and found statistically significant. Conclusion: Pathological examination must be performed if AG is suspected in endoscopy. While IM and NECH were more commonly concomitantly observed in patients with AG in pathological examination, the rate of H. Pylori was lower compared to the patients who did not have AG.

Probiotic Efficacy of Microencapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Gastrointestinal Tract Integrity in Rats

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic has been prescribed for prophylaxis and treatment of gut infected diseases. This study was designed to assess the effects of encapsulated S. cerevisiae on gastrointestinal tract properties in the animal model. In rats, after 8-week feeding by encapsulated and unencapsulated S. cerevisiae, the mount of the IgA protein was determined by ELISA. Rats were euthanized, and the liver, kidney, and intestinal tract were collected for histological analysis. The consumption of S. cerevisiae could increase IgA levels in comparison with the control group. This increase was significant in the lower parts of the small intestine (p&lt;0.05). In histopathological evaluations; Liver microscopic examination showed fatty change and margination of Kupffer cells as well as their hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which is a mark for liver regeneration in both groups that received microencapsulated and free probiotic. In spleen structure, in both groups, mild inflammation of the spleen tissue in the form of accumulation of red pulp of erythrocytes, hypercellular of this tissue was observed due to hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and hyperplasia and hepaticophyta of retinal cells and macrophages. The lymphatic structure of the spleen showed relatively intense hyperplasia. In the colon structure, in both groups, hyperplasia of goblet calls along with slight infiltration of inflammatory cells was noted. Calcium alginate encapsulation considerably improves the yeast viability in simulated gastric juice and simulated intestine juice situations. Also, S. cerevisiae has positive profits in suitable food absorption and then decreasing diarrhea and other similar gastrointestinal disorders.

Acute Appendicitis Remains a Great Mimicker – The Pitfalls in the Differential Diagnosis and Tactics - A Case Report

Summary Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common non-traumatic abdominal emergency. Despite the improved knowledge, experience, and technological advance, its diagnosis remains a challenge. Herein we report an example of a difficult diagnosis of acute appendicitis and comment on the possible pitfalls in the differential diagnosis and surgical tactics. We present the case of a 41-year-old man who had been admitted to another hospital with an initial diagnosis of acute appendicitis and changed to Crohn’s disease (CD). Because of a pelvic abscess, percutaneous drainage had been performed. Thrombosis of the right femoral vein had been diagnosed and treated accordingly. In an improved condition, he was referred for elective operation with a final diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumour based on cytology. At laparotomy, the appendix was found densely adherent to the right external iliac vein with a well-demarcated tumour (1 cm) at the base. Appendectomy with partial resection of the caecum with a linear stapler was performed. The histological examination revealed acute to chronic appendicitis with lymphoid follicle hyperplasia at the base. The case illustrates the necessity for broad differential diagnosis in AA and the possibility of severe vascular complications in complicated AA. Taking a detailed history and CT are of paramount importance for an accurate preoperative diagnosis, especially of CD. All emergency surgeons should also be familiar with the scenario of unexpected findings at laparotomy, especially with the management of CD and the algorithms for treatment of appendiceal malignancies. The mini-invasive drainage of right iliac fossa abscess allows for optimizing the patient’s condition and may help to avoid unnecessary extensive resections.

Morphological Characteristic Subcapsular Area of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response

Characteristics of the subcapsular region of lymph nodes (LN) with reactive hyperplasia in various types of immunomorphological reactions. The LN were obtained after surgery and diagnostic lymphadenectomy from 50 patients with various types of reactive hyperplasia, and researched. As a control, LN were obtained from 10 almost healthy persons who died from accidental causes (forensic autopsies). The subcapsular regions of LN were investigated with histological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and morphometric methods at different variants of immunomorphological reactions: (1) hyperplasia of the paracortical zone with a high content of T cells; (2) hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles with the presence of reactive centers, a high content of B cells, and plasmatization of the cortical plateau and cords; (3) sinus histiocytosis with an increase in the number of macrophages in the LN; (4) the combination of the first three reactions. The subcapsular region, which includes the subcapsular sinus and the adjoining cortical zone, reacts to antigenic stimulation in any variant of immunomorphological reactions in case of reactive hyperplasia of the LN. The most expressed changes in this area are observed in cases with a predominance of B cell humoral immune response in the LN, which is morphologically represented by hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, high B cell content, and plasmatization of cords. With this pattern of LN in the subcapsular sinus, the total number of CD45(+) lymphocytes, CD20(+) B cells, BLA-36(+) of their activated forms, and CD10(+) immunoblasts increased. Both in the subcapsular sinus and in the adjoining cortical zone, the proliferative activity of cells, determined by Ki-67 expression, increased. It also contained a large number of plasma cells (10.6 ± 1.09%), which significantly exceeded this value, in both the control and other observed groups. Their high antibody-forming ability was confirmed immunohistochemically by detecting the λ- and κ-chains of immunoglobulins, as well as by electron microscopy, which revealed expanded tanks of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of these cells. The subcapsular region of the LN is mainly a B-dependent region that is responsible for the humoral immune response in any type of reactive hyperplasia of LN, as well as a traditional B-dependent zones (lymphoid follicles and cords).

BCL6 BTB-specific inhibition via FX1 treatment reduces Tfh cells and reverses lymphoid follicle hyperplasia in Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

The BTB domain of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) protein was identified as a therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoma. This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) between mice and macaques, as well as evaluating its lymphoid suppressive effect in uninfected macaques with lymphoid hyperplasia. Eight uninfected adult Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used in the study, four animals carrying lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. Plasma FX1 levels were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Lymph node biopsies were used for H&E and immunohistochemistry staining, as well as mononuclear cell isolation for flow cytometry analysis. Inhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain with FX1 led to a reduction in the frequency of GC, Tfh CD4+ , and Tfh precursor cells, as well as resolving lymphoid hyperplasia, in rhesus macaques. B-cell lymphoma 6 inhibition may represent a novel strategy to reduce hyperplastic lymphoid B-cell follicles and decrease Tfh cells.

The ameliorating effect of some immune-stimulants on bursal and tracheal lesions of broiler chickens challenged with ND virus

BackgroundNowadays, immuno-stimulants have great importance in improving the immune system and minimising the effect of infectious diseases in poultry flocks. This study was designed to demonstrate the impact of using different immune-stimulants on the reduction of the harmful implications of virulent ND virus through evaluation of histopathological lesion scores on bursa and trachea of vaccinated and infected broiler chickens with Newcastle disease (ND).ResultsEighty Ross breed broiler chicks at the age of 1 day were randomly divided into four groups, each group formed of 20 birds. Group I was vaccinated against AI, ND and IBD and used as a control. Groups II, III and IV were immunised as group I and also had immuno-stimulant supplement, Imutrix® (oregano oils plus ß-glucan), Evit liquid® (Vitamin E plus selenium) and Immunair 17.5 (Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli lipopolysaccharides), respectively. All groups were experimentally infected with virulent ND virus at the age of 28 days. The morbidity rates for groups I, II, III and IV were 15%, 5%, 5% and 10% respectively. Histopathological examination of bursa revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in group I which became more evident in groups II, III and IV. Group III showed hyperplasia of tracheal epithelium with lymphocytes and heterophils infiltration in lamina propria. CD79A-positive cells were significantly higher in bursa of group III in comparison to other groups during an immunohistochemical examination.ConclusionIt was concluded that Evit liquid® (vitamin E plus selenium) supplementation might have potent immunomodulatory effect in chickens.