Fluoride Mouthwash Research Articles

Combined Effect of Fluoride Mouthwash and Sub-ablative Er:YAG Laser for Prevention of White Spot Lesions around Orthodontic Brackets

Background: Development of white spot lesions (WSLs) around orthodontic brackets compromises esthetics and necessitates additional dental treatments. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of fluoride mouthwash combined with Er:YAG laser irradiation for the prevention of WSLs around orthodontic brackets. Methods: Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 50 bovine incisors. The entire tooth surface was coated with acid-resistant varnish except for a margin around the brackets. The microhardness of the teeth was measured at the respective area using the Vickers hardness test. The teeth were then randomly divided into five groups (n=10) of control (Gc), Orthokin fluoride mouthwash (Gf), 100 mJ/cm2 Er:YAG laser (Gl), laser + mouthwash (Glf), and mouthwash + laser (Gfl). Then, the teeth underwent pH cycling according to the standard protocol for demineralization. The microhardness of the teeth was measured again, and the percentage of change in microhardness was calculated. The amount of calcium released during pH cycling was quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Calcium release (indicative of demineralization) in the Gf, Gfl, and Glf groups was significantly lower than that in the Gc and Gl groups (P<0.05). The reduction in surface microhardness was also the same in the five groups with no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: Fluoride mouthwash combined with Er:YAG laser or Er:YAG laser alone cannot decrease the incidence of WSLs around orthodontic brackets compared to fluoride mouthwash alone.

Preventive Effect of Professional Fluoride Supplements on Enamel Demineralization in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The current study aimed to systematically review the randomized clinical trials assessing the preventive effect of professional fluoride interventions on enamel demineralization in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. The electronic search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane library in September 2021. No restriction was set on the publication date. Randomized clinical trials assessing the preventive effect of fluoride varnish, gel, mouthwash, and high-fluoride toothpaste on white spot lesions compared to the control group by clinical or radiographic methods in more than 10 patients were included. A total of 7 articles consisting of 1418 participants were included. In 4 articles, fluoride varnish (contained a range of 1000-50 000 ppm fluoride) was applied multiple times (4-20 times) in test groups. Their results indicated that the test groups significantly had lesser new white spot lesions or advanced white spot lesions. One study used fluoride varnish only once at the beginning of treatment and reported no significant difference in white spot lesions compared to the control group. Application of high-fluoride toothpaste as well as fluoride mouthwash, also, showed significantly lower white spot lesions. Three studies were included in the meta-analysis and revealed that the relative risk of white spot lesions was 0.64 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.89; P < .01) in favor of fluoride varnish. Multiple applications (4-20 times) of fluoride varnish or daily use of fluoride mouthwash or high-fluoride toothpaste seem to reduce white spot lesions in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. However, single use of fluoride varnish was not effective. Further research is needed to establish the required number of fluoride applications for the prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment.

Effect of Fluoride Content of Mouthwashes on Superelastic Properties of NiTi Orthodontic Archwires.

The influence of sodium fluoride (NaF) concentration in mouthwashes on the properties of superelastic NiTi orthodontic wires has been studied. In this work, 55.8%Ni and 44.2%Ti (in weight) wires were introduced in commercial mouthwashes with different NaF contents (0, 130, 200 and 380 ppm). The release of Ni2+ and Ti4+ ions was by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days. Superelastic orthodontic wires present at oral temperature the austenitic phase which is transformed into a plastic phase (martensite) by cooling. The temperatures at which this occurs are influenced by the chemical composition. The release of ions from the wire will produce variations in the temperatures and stresses of the stress-induced martensitic transformation. Ms, Mf, As, Af were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The transformation stresses (austenite to stress induce martensite) were determined with a servo-hydraulic testing machine at 37 °C. The surfaces for the different times and mouthwash were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The release of Ni2+ in mouthwashes with 380 ppm NaF concentrations reaches 230,000 ppb in 14 days and for Ti4+ 175,000 ppb. When NaF concentrations are lower than 200 ppm the release of Ni and Ti ions is around 1500 ppb after 14 days. This variation in compositions leads to variations in Ms from 27 °C to 43.5 °C in the case of higher NaF concentration. The increasing immersion time and NaF concentrations produce a decrease of Ni in the wires, increasing Ms which exceed 37 °C with the loss of superelasticity. In the same way, the stresses (tooth position corrective) decrease from 270 MPa to 0 MPa due to the martensitic phase. The degradation can produce the growth of precipitates rich in Ti (Ti2Ni). These results are of great interest in the orthodontic clinic in order to avoid the loss of the therapeutic properties of superelastic NiTi due to long immersion in fluoride mouthwashes.

Clinical Prospective Assessment of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Fluoride Toothpaste and Mouthwash in Buccal Mucosal Cells.

Background: Fluorides are an essential component of oral hygiene products used to prevent dental decay. Therefore, a question arises about the potential harms of joint use of fluoridated toothpaste and mouthwashes regarding the increased amount of fluoride in the oral mucosa. Methods: This prospective, double-blinded parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted using a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay). Forty-one participants were randomly assigned to the two groups. All participants used the same kinds of toothpaste for 12 weeks, designed explicitly for this study (non-fluoride, 1050 ppm F, and 1450 ppm F each for 4 weeks). Simultaneously, during the 3 months of the research, one group used mouthwash with fluoride (450 ppm) and another without fluoride. The buccal mucosal sampling was taken before using the tested products and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of their use. Results: The frequency of micronuclei and the majority of other scored endpoints from the BMCyt assay showed no statistically significant differences within and between the studied groups. Comparing two groups, only statistically significant increases in the number of cells with nuclear buds (p = 0.048) and karyorrhexis (p = 0.020) at four weeks of usage were observed in the group that used mouthwash with fluoride. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that simultaneous application of fluoridated toothpaste and fluoride mouthwash does not lead to cytogenetic damage in buccal mucosal cells.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Probiotic Mouthwashes in Reducing Dental Plaque in Primary and Permanent Teeth: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Due to the disadvantages of chemical mouthwashes, the search for an effective and safe anti-plaque agent has led to the emergence of probiotics.Aim: To compare the effectiveness of nonchemical mouthwashes (probiotic) with chemical mouthwashes (fluoride) on plaque accumulation in orphan children after seven, 14, and 30 days of use.Materials and methods: The present study was a triple-blind randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups (A and B), which included 30 healthy children. Each group included 15 children aged between eight and 10 years from Dar Al-Rahma Orphanage in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic. Group A used 10 ml of probiotic mouthwash (ProbioClean) and group B used 10 ml of fluoride mouthwash (Colgate) for 60 seconds for 30 days. Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein (TMQH) plaque index was used in this study to record the values of plaque accumulation on days seven, 14, and 30.Results: Mann-Whitney U test showed statistical significance between probiotics and fluoride mouthwashes on days 14 (p < 0.001) and 30 (p = 0.001), and there was no statistical significance on day seven (p = 0.934).Conclusion: According to the results of this study, probiotic mouthwashes are considered an effective solution for maintaining oral health. However, probiotics are more effective in reducing plaque accumulation after a month of use.

Effect of Fluoridated Mouthwashes on Corrosion Property of Orthodontic Appliances: A Narrative Review

To analyze the effects of various fluoride agents on metallic orthodontic materials. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched using keyword combinations such as fluoride mouthwash and orthodontic appliance and corrosion, fluoride and fixed appliance, and metal degradation. Of 315 articles, 20 were selected for inclusion in the review. All types of fluoride agents, especially the acidulated form of fluoride, seemed to influence the corrosion of orthodontic metallic appliances. Since most of the studies reported suggest that fluoride ions are capable of causing corrosion of metallic orthodontic appliances, attention should be paid while prescribing fluoride agents for orthodontic patients. The degree of corrosion seems to be directly correlated with the acidity of the medium and the concentration of fluoride ions. Co-Cr brackets are resistant to corrosion by fluoride while stainless steel and Ti brackets are susceptible. It allows making the right choice while choosing the orthodontic brackets in relation to their susceptibility to corrosion by fluoride ions.

Effects of Two Fluoride Mouthwashes on Surface Topography and Frictional Resistance of Orthodontic Wires.

Objectives: This study compared the effects of fluoride mouthwashes on surface topography of orthodontic wires, and static and kinetic frictional forces between the stainless steel (SS) orthodontic brackets and SS and nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, study evaluated 240 standard SS maxillary central incisor brackets and 0.018, and 0.025×0.019 inch NiTi and SS archwires. The wire-bracket sets (different combinations of wire diameters and types) were exposed to artificial saliva (control), 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) for 1 minute daily, or 0.2% NaF for 1 minute, weekly (37°C) for 3 months. The wires were pulled in bracket slots by 5 mm in a universal testing machine (10 mm/minute). The static and kinetic forces were measured. The surface topography of wires was inspected under a scanning electron microscope (SEM; x500). Data were analyzed by SPSS 25. Results: The mean static and kinetic frictional forces of 0.025×0.019 inch NiTi wire in 0.05% NaF group were significantly greater than SS wire (P=0.000). The mean kinetic frictional force in 0.05% NaF was significantly greater than 0.2% NaF and artificial saliva for all wires (P=0.001). The mean static and kinetic forces in 0.2% NaF were significantly greater than in artificial saliva (P=0.025). In all groups, larger wires showed higher mean frictional forces (P=0.000). SEM results revealed higher wire surface roughness in 0.05% NaF followed by 0.2% NaF group. Conclusion: Weekly use of 0.2% NaF mouthwash is recommended during sliding mechanics to minimize frictional forces between the SS and NiTi wires and SS brackets.

Is High Fluoride Toothpaste or Fluoride Mouthwash More Effective in Enhancing Cariostatic Activity among Patients of Orthodontic treatment?

Objective: The objective of current study was to compare the effect of fluoride containing toothpaste and fluoride containing mouthwash during orthodontic treatment. Method: This randomized control trial was conducted in dental hospital of Lahore in the department of orthodontics for 6 months. Sample of 45 patients was taken in the study. Group A received treatment along with regular use of fluoride toothpaste whereas Group B received treatment along with regular use of fluoride mouth wash. Group C received treatment along with regular use of regular toothpaste. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 25. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for gender and mean ± std. deviation was calculated for age. Chi-square test was used to explore the effect of fluoride containing toothpaste and fluoride containing mouthwash during orthodontic treatment Results: The results of chi-square test revealed a significant difference in the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste, fluoride mouthwash and regular toothpaste in terms of dental caries prevention during orthodontic treatment (X2=17.23, P=.002). Conclusion: Fluoride containing toothpastes are more effective in preventing dental caries among patients undergo orthodontic treatment as compared to fluoride containing mouthwash. Keywords: Mouthwash, Toothpaste, Fluoride, Dental caries

Effect of personalized caries treatment protocol versus standard of care on salivary flow rate of high caries risk patients

Objective: this study was carried out to assess the effect of different caries prevention protocols on salivary flow in high caries risk patients. Materials and methods: 66 participants were involved in the study (n=22). All of them were considered as high-risk participants. They were randomly divided into three groups according to a proposed caries management system. Group one (I1) received personalized caries management system. Group two (I2) received a combined therapy of chlorhexidine and fluoride mouthwash. Group three (I0) received standard preventive measures (control group). Results: Chi-square test showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the saliva score at baseline between all groups (p&gt;0.05). After one year Chi-square test also showed no statistically significant difference between all groups (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: No measurable effect was observed for any of the study groups on the salivary flow rate.

Vickers micro-hardness study of the effect of fluoride mouthwash on two types of CAD/CAM ceramic materials erosion

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of fluoride mouthwash on the surface micro-hardness of two types of CAD/CAM ceramics after exposure to acidic solutions.Methods40 samples (5 × 5 × 3 mm3) were prepared from two different ceramics: Vitabloc Mark II CAD, and IPS e.max CAD. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups in each ceramic (n = 8) immersed in different solutions: Gs: saliva: GGA: gastric acid, GAA: acetic acid, GFGA: sodium fluoride + gastric acid, GFAA: sodium fluoride + acetic acid. The microhardness of samples was measured before and after immersion in different solutions by Vickers microhardness tester. By subtracting the microhardness values after and before immersion, the microhardness changes of the samples were obtained. Data were analyzed by Two-way analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey test (α = 0.05).ResultsImmersion in different solutions reduced the microhardness. Microhardness loss was significantly affected in G FAA and G FGA groups in both types of ceramics (P < 0.05). For Vitabloc Mark II groups, the microhardness loss was significantly higher in GFAA and GFGA compared to IPS e.max CAD P < 0.001).ConclusionFluoride mouthwash in conjunction with acidic solutions may adversely affect microhardness of Vitabloc Mark II CAD, and IPS e.max CAD that may consequently compromise the clinical service. Vitabloc Mark II CAD was significantly more affected than IPS e.max CAD.

A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralization after an Erosive Challenge by Two Different Mouthwashes on Surface Roughness

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of a cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE) mouthwash in comparison with that of a fluoridated mouthwash on surface roughness of the enamel surface after subjecting the teeth to two types of energy drink challenge. Materials and Methods: Eighty (80) sound maxillary first premolar were collected and randomly divided into four groups, the teeth in the first and second groups were immersed in a tiger energy drink for 14 days and then one group in a CBHE and another in a fluoride mouth rinses for 7 days. While the remaining teeth in the third and fourth groups were immersed in a red bull energy drink for 14 days and then one group in a CBHE and another in a fluoride mouth rinses for 7 days. Enamel surface was assessed by a profilometer device at a baseline, after erosive challenge and after remineralization with the different treatment materials. Results: In all groups, there was a high statistically significant increase in surface roughness after erosive challenge. Meanwhile, there was a high statistically significant decrease in surface roughness in all groups after remineralization, with no significant differences between energy drinks or remineralization materials. Conclusion: Within the limits of the current study, cocoa bean husk extract and fluoride mouth rinses had an effective remineralizing ability after erosive energy drinks which have a destructive effect on tooth enamel. CBHE mouth wash showed a similar remineralization effect to fluoride groups.

Impact of Fluoride Mouthwash on Nickel ion Release from Orthodontic Brackets: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: In Orthodontic patients, the orthodontic brackets and wires are exposed to the oral fluids for a considerable period of time. Patients use fluoridated mouthwashes to maintain oral hygiene and avoid white spot lesions on their teeth, which can cause release of nickel and chromium from the orthodontic brackets and thus may lead to allergic reactions and cytotoxicity. Aim: To evaluate the amount of nickel ion release from orthodontic brackets on exposure to different fluoride mouthwash. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro experimental study was conducted on seventy-five Orthodontic brackets which were divided into three groups of 25 each and immersed in artificial saliva (group A), Amflor mouthwash (group B) and Zero sense (group C) mouthwash respectively in separate beakers. The temperatures of the solutions in the beakers were maintained at 37 degrees to simulate oral temperatures. The 5 mL of the solutions were drawn from the three breakers at 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours respectively and the Nickel ion release from each solution was measured using Optima 5300 Dual View (DV) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a post hoc test was performed for comparison between the groups and at different time intervals. Results: The highest mean value of nickel release was noted in group C (0.32±0.020156 μg/mL) at the 24 hrs peak time followed by group B (0.24±0.014338 μg/mL). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the two experimental groups at all time periods except 1 hour (p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The amount of nickel ion release did not exceed the permissible limit in any of the study groups. However, it can be inferred that Amflor mouthwash can be prefered over Zero sense mouthwash for Orthodontic patients considering the lower nickel ion release.

Cytotoxicity effect of orthodontic miniscrew-implant in different types of mouthwash: An in-vitro study.

CONTEXT:Orthodontic miniscrew implants (OMIs) are widely used as anchorage alternatives, but recent studies revealed the corrosion behavior of OMIs when they come in contact with mouthwashes. The corrosion materials that are released can cause toxicity, allergy, and mutagenicity.AIMS:This study aims to analyze the cytotoxicity effects of OMIs exposed to different types of mouthwash using human gingival fibroblast (HGFs).SETTINGS AND DESIGN:Experimental laboratory research.METHODS AND MATERIAL:Twenty-eight samples of Ti alloy OMIs immersed separately in four groups of different types of mouthwash (chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% mouthwash (CHX), fluoridated (sodium fluoride 0.2%) mouthwash, chitosan mouthwash 1.5%, and aquadest) for 28 d. Elution of each group and the mouthwash itself were added to the cell culture and incubated for 24 h. Changes in cell viability were performed by MTT Assay.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:Data were tested for normality with Shapiro–Wilk, homogeneity with Levene test, and analyzed using an independent T-test (P < 0.05).RESULTS:The differences between the cytotoxicity of the elution of MIO and the mouthwash solution itself in the group of CHX and Fluoride were statistically significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the group of chitosan and aquadest (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The 1.5% chitosan mouthwash can be offered to patients with Ti alloy-based OMIs rather than the 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwashes.

The effects of fluoride mouthwash use at school age on oral health and self-management ability after adulthood

The effects of fluoride mouthwash use at school age on oral health and self-management ability after adulthood

Influence of calcium lactate and sodium fluoride solution mouthwashes on enamel microhardness and dentin permeability during in-office bleaching

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of calcium lactate and sodium fluoride mouthwashes on enamelmicrohardness and dentin permeability during in-office bleaching. Material and Methods: For the microhardnessevaluation, enamel blocks were randomly submitted to different treatments associated with in-office bleachingagent using 40% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Boost PF 40%/ Ultradent; 3 sessions x 40-minute each)(n = 10): 1) Control: application of bleaching agent; 2) Calcium lactate: 1-minute immersion before bleachingtreatment; 3) Sodium fluoride: immersion for 1 minute before bleaching treatment; 4) Calcium lactate +sodium fluoride: 1 minute immersion in calcium lactate solution, followed by 1 minute immersion in sodiumfluoride before bleaching treatment. Dentin discs received the same treatment protocols (n = 10) to evaluatepermeability. Knoop microhardness and dentin permeability assessments were performed twice (at baseline and48 hours after the end of bleaching treatment). Results: The generalized linear model considering the design ofrepeated measures over time showed that there was no significant difference between treatments (p = 0.9577)and between assessments (p = 0.3267) regarding Knoop microhardness. Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests showedthat calcium lactate immersion before bleaching treatment provided higher dentin permeability than othergroups (p = 0.0009). Conclusion: The use of sodium fluoride solution and calcium lactate in association within-office bleaching treatment did not influence the microhardness of tooth enamel, although calcium lactatemay increase dentin permeability.KEYWORDSTooth bleaching; Dentin; Sodium fluoride; Calcium lactate; Hardness tests.

Enamel Softening Can Be Reduced by Rinsing with a Fluoride Mouthwash Before Dental Erosion but Not with a Calcium Solution.

This in-situ-study investigated if rinsing the oral cavity with a calcium containing solution or a fluoride containing mouthwash immediately before an erosive attack leads to reduced enamel softening. Bovine enamel samples (n = 240) with measured baseline surface microhardness (KHN) were assigned to five series (S1-5). Twelve participants carried out each series as follows: Four enamel samples of the associated test series were placed in an intraoral appliance and carried in each participants' mouth. After 30 min, the participants either rinsed the oral cavity for 60 s with 30 ml of a solution prepared from a 1,000 mg calcium effervescent tablet dissolved in 100 ml water (S2), an 800 mg calcium containing mineral supplement powder (5 g) dissolved in 200 ml water (S3), a fluoride (500 ppm) mouthwash (S4), a fluoride (500 ppm) and stannous chloride (800 ppm) containing mouthwash (S5), or did not rinse with any test solution before the erosive attack (S1, negative control). The participants subsequently rinsed the oral cavity with 100 ml of a soft drink (Sprite Zero) for 60 s to simulate the erosive attack and immediately afterwards with water to stop the erosive process. As final step, surface microhardness was measured a second time and hardness loss (∆KHN) calculated. Differences of ∆KHN between the series were investigated by fitting a mixed effect model to the data set. The highest loss of microhardness and thus softening of enamel (mean of ∆KHN; lower/upper confidence level) was observed in the negative control (S1: 60.2; 67.6/52.8). While no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) compared to S1 could be found in S2 (50.0; 57.4/42.5) and S3 (54.6; 62.1/47.2), statistically significantly less softening of enamel (P < 0.001) was discovered in S5 (33.8; 41.2/26.4) and S4 (41.8.2; 49.3/34.4). S5 showed the overall lowest values for ∆KHN and thus best protection from enamel softening. Rinsing with a fluoride mouthwash or a fluoride and stannous chloride containing mouthwash immediately before an erosive attack reduces the softening of enamel. None of the investigated calcium-containing solutions was able to reduce erosion induced softening of enamel.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Types of Fluoride on Tensile Properties and Surface Roughness of Different Titanium-Based Archwires: An In vivo Study.

Objectives:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of different types of fluoride on tensile properties and surface roughness of titanium based archwires clinically.Materials and methods:Three groups of archwires, namely nickel–titanium (NiTi), heat activated NiTi, and TMA was evaluated clinically. Each group comprised four subgroups, namely as received group, nonfluoride control group, APF gel group (received one application of 1.23% APF gel), and sodium fluoride mouthwash group (patients rinsed twice daily with 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash). All the archwires were removed after 3 weeks of clinical use and evaluated for surface roughness with three dimensional optical profiler. Tensile strength and elongation rate was determined with Instron universal testing machine.Results:NiTi, heat activated NiTi, and TMA archwires with APF gel application showed the highest reduction in tensile strength and elongation rate and highest value for surface roughness, followed by sodium fluoride mouthwash group and finally wires without fluoride application. NiTi wires had the highest reduction in tensile strength with APF gel followed by heat activated NiTi and TMA.Conclusion:APF gel with highest concentration of fluoride caused most degradation in the tensile properties and surface roughness of titanium based arch wires.

The Current Strategies in Controlling Oral Diseases by Herbal and Chemical Materials.

Dental plaque is a biofilm composed of complex microbial communities. It is the main cause of major dental diseases such as caries and periodontal diseases. In a healthy state, there is a delicate balance between the dental biofilm and host tissues. Nevertheless, due to the oral cavity changes, this biofilm can become pathogenic. The pathogenic biofilm shifts the balance from demineralization-remineralization to demineralization and results in dental caries. Dentists should consider caries as a result of biological processes of dental plaque and seek treatments for the etiologic factors, not merely look for the treatment of the outcome caused by biofilm, i.e., dental caries. Caries prevention strategies can be classified into three groups based on the role and responsibility of the individuals doing them: (1) community-based strategy, (2) dental professionals-based strategy, and (3) individual-based strategy. The community-based methods include fluoridation of water, salt, and milk. The dental professionals-based methods include professional tooth cleaning and use of varnish, fluoride gel and foam, fissure sealant, and antimicrobial agents. The individual-based (self-care) methods include the use of fluoride toothpaste, fluoride supplements, fluoride mouthwashes, fluoride gels, chlorhexidine gels and mouthwashes, slow-release fluoride devices, oral hygiene, diet control, and noncariogenic sweeteners such as xylitol. This study aimed to study the research in the recent five years (2015–2020) to identify the characteristics of dental biofilm and its role in dental caries and explore the employed approaches to prevent the related infections.

Practices of oral health maintenance, caries protective factors and caries experience in adults in Sekeloa Region

Introduction: Dental caries is still the most common oral disease experienced in Indonesia. Caries is caused by various factors. Practices in maintaining proper oral health are urgently needed to maintain healthy teeth and mouth to avoid various diseases, including caries. Caries prevention is inseparable from the role of protective factors that maintain the caries balance. This study was aimed at discovering the level of oral health maintenance practices, caries protective factors, as well as caries experience in adults in Sekeloa Region. Methods: The research method was descriptive cross-sectional with purposive sampling technique. The sample consisted of 61 permanent residents aged 35-44 years in South Sekeloa. Data was collected through questionnaire and DMF-T index examination. Discussion: Dental health maintenance practices including frequency, times, duration, techniques, type of brush bristles, use of brushes according to its lifetime, use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, use of interdental cleaning tools, frequency of dental visits, frequency of scaling procedures, and food consumption along with caries protective factors including the consumption of non-cariogenic snacks, xylitol chewing gum, use of chlorhexidine or fluoride mouthwash, pit and fissure sealant and topical fluoride treatments play an important role in preventing caries. Results: This study shows that subjects performed good practices of oral health maintenance (47.54%), adequate (50.82%), bad (1.64%), and good caries protective factors (1.64%), adequate (52.46%), bad (45.90%). The caries experience degree reached 9.13 and was categorized as moderate. Conclusion: The degree of caries experience in adults aged 35-44 years in the Sekeloa Region was moderate, oral health maintenance practices and caries protective factors were adequate.

The Effectiveness Of Amine Fluoride Mouthwash In Preventing White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic Therapy: A Randomized Control Trial

The Effectiveness Of Amine Fluoride Mouthwash In Preventing White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic Therapy: A Randomized Control Trial