Fluorescent Orange Research Articles

High visibility colored fabrics for normal trichromats and individuals with color vision defects in a sunset-simulated environment.

This study aimed to investigate the visibility of colors in congenitally color vision defect people using general and fluorescent colors in an environment simulating sunset to examine the standards for high-visibility safety clothing for general users. Twenty participants with normal trichromats, seven protanopes, and five deuteranopes were included, with mean ages (± standard deviation) of 21.0±1.0, 46,7±16.1, and 56.6±6.9 years, respectively. Dyed fabrics were used to evaluate visibility. We evaluated brightness and conspicuousness sensitivity by combining red, yellow-red, yellow, green, red-purple, blue, white, black, fluorescent yellow, and fluorescent orange. For brightness sensitivity, the combination of fluorescent yellow and white/yellow stripes was highly visible and significantly different from all other samples (p < 0.05). For conspicuousness sensitivity, the combinations of black/fluorescent yellow, black/yellow, black/white, black/yellow-red, and white/red-purple stripes were highly visible and significantly different from all the other samples (p < 0.05). Yellow light is most visible and even better when fluorescent. They are based on specific spectral sensitivity, and yellow is the most visible, even for congenitally colorblind individuals. Furthermore, with regard to color combinations, it was found that the contrast between two distinct light or dark colors, such as black, yellow, black, and white, is perceived to be equally noticeable by congenital color vision defect individuals. This suggests the possible further applications of safety clothing.

Alkali-stable solid state fluorescent pyrazolo/pyrrolinone disperse dyes: Synthesis and application for dyeing polyester fabric

Six novel fluorescent disperse dyes were synthesized by diazo-coupling reaction. As dye intermediates, two diazo components having 5-amino-4-arylazo-3-methyl-1H-pyrazoles moieties were initially prepared, diazotized and coupled with three pyrrolinone esters (PES) derivatives to give azo-hydrazone pyrazolo/pyrrolinone derivatives. The dye structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The absorption spectra of the prepared dyes and its solvatochromic behavior were investigated. These dyes displayed significant emission spectra in polycrystalline (powder) form, but no fluorescence observed in solution. The dyes were applied on polyester fabric using conventional high temperature exhaustion dyeing method, exhibited high tinctorial strength and bright fluorescent orange to reddish violet colors on polyester fabric with dyeing stability under acidic, neutral and alkaline pH. The relationship among different dyeing pH and color difference effects for dyed fabrics were studied. It was found that disperse dyes containing phenylazo-pyrazolone structure showed better dyeing performance and alkali-stable dyeing properties on polyester fabrics than those containing nitrophenol derivatives. The color fastness to washing, perspiration, sublimation and light fastness were also investigated.

Nuclear war, climate change, and medical activism

Nuclear war, climate change, and medical activism

Apoptotic with Double-Staining Test, P53, and Cyclooxygenase-2 to Proliferation Colon Cancer Cell (WiDr) of Dolichol in Three Mangrove Leaves

BACKGROUND: Mangroves secondary metabolites are mostly consisting of sterols, ubiquinones, isoprenoids, and polyisoprenoids. Polyisoprenoid is divided into two types, namely, polyprenol and dolichol, which has been reported to have biological and pharmacological activities.&#x0D; AIM: This research was aimed to analyze apoptosis 48 h with double staining and immunocytochemistry (ICC) 48 h of P53 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression from chemical constituents of dolichol in three mangrove leaves of Ceriops tagal, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata.&#x0D; METHODS: Apoptosis with the double-staining method was employed to analyze the genes expression in growth and development of cancer cells, P53, and COX-2 with ICC and flow cytometry method. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA parametric statistical analysis followed by Duncan’s test.&#x0D; RESULTS: The result revealed that the increased apoptosis of samples C. tagal was 70% fluorescence orange, while N. fruticans and R. mucronata were 35% and 30% fluorescence orange, respectively. However, it was compared with the positive control; it produced orange fluorescent as much as 75%, suggesting that C. tagal have a position similar to 5-FU. Predominance dolichol in N. fruticans and C. tagal leaves led the expression gene of p53 to have 1.57% M1 phase, indicating the domination in G0-G1 phase (70–80%). Inhibit the expression for 48 h in p53 and COX-2 showing that n-hexane extract of C. tagal had the most percentage (80.733 ± 0.11%) to upregulate the p53 and less percentage (20.16 ± 1.19%) to downregulate the COX-2, indicating positive extract belong to N. fruticans and R. mucronata leaves.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the pharmacological properties of dolichol from three mangrove leaves as an anticancer of tumor suppressor genes and significantly proliferated of cancer cell growth from mangrove leaves.

Simulation, synthesis, characterisation and dyeing properties of a fluorescent hemicyanine dye

AbstractIn this study, a hemicyanine dye, trans‐4‐(4‐(diethylamino)styryl)‐1‐ethylpyridinium bromide (DYE‐BD), was synthesised and simulated. The maximum absorption wavelength of DYE‐BD was calculated with the same basis set by using the Gaussian 09 software based on different methods, while time‐dependent density functional theory was applied to simulate the maximum emission wavelength of the designed dye. The changes in enthalpy and Gibbs free energy were simulated at the b3lyp/6‐31G(d) level, and energy changes in the luminescence process were assessed using mathematical methods. Furthermore, DYE‐BD was used to colour acrylic fabric following the typical dyeing procedure for cationic dyes. The photostability of the synthesised dye was analysed using quantum theory and mathematical methods. The synthesised dye, analysed using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships class program, had no toxicity to aquatic life, while the acrylic fabrics dyed with DYE‐BD met the fluorescent orange requirements for background and combined performance materials according to the EN ISO 20471:2013 standard.

Connoted hazard and perceived importance of fluorescent, neon, and standard safety colors

ObjectiveThe perceived hazard and rated importance of standard safety, fluorescent, and neon colors are investigated. BackgroundColors are used in warnings to enhance hazard communication. Red has consistently been rated as the highest in perceived hazard. Orange, yellow, and black are the next highest in connoted hazard; however, there is discrepancy in their ordering. Safety standards, such as ANSI Z535.1, also list colors to convey important information, but little research has examined the perceived importance of colors. In addition to standard safety colors, fluorescent colors are more commonly used in warnings. Understanding hazard and importance perceptions of standard safety and fluorescent colors is necessary to create effective warnings. MethodsNinety participants rated and ranked a total of 33 colors on both perceived hazard and perceived importance. ResultsRated highest were the safety red colors from the American National Standard Institute (ANSI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) together with three fluorescent colors (orange, yellow, and yellow-green) from 3 M on both dimensions. Rankings were similar to ratings except that fluorescent orange was the highest on perceived hazard, while fluorescent orange and safety red from the ANSI were ranked as the highest in perceived importance. ConclusionFluorescent colors convey hazard and importance levels as high as the standard safety red colors. ApplicationImplications for conveying hazard and importance in warnings through color are discussed.

Lysosomes appear as the auto-fluorescent vacuoles in Dictyostelium discoideum cells

Abstract Dictyostelium discoideum cells contain auto-fluorescent vacuoles. To determine the identity of these vacuoles, the fluorescent dye 4-nitro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ) was used to stain the lysosomes in D. discoideum cells. Neither the auto-fluorescent vacuoles nor lysosomes were observed in D. discoideum cells immediately after they arose from spores or in stationary phase cells. However, both the auto-fluorescent vacuoles and lysosomes were visible in cells that had entered growth phase. Auto-fluorescent vacuoles and lysosomes were also observed in stationary phase cells incubated with chloroquine. When the cells were allowed to phagocytose BioParticles Fluorescent Bacteria (orange fluorescence) for 1 h, orange phagosomes and blue auto-fluorescent vacuoles were observed as independent moieties. However, after an additional 2 h of incubation, we observed vacuoles with mixed fluorescence (orange and blue) in the cells, suggestive of secondary lysosomes. These results suggest that the auto-fluorescent vacuoles in D. discoideum cells are lysosomes.

Degradation of fluorescent high-visibility colors used in safety garments for the Australian railway industry

IntroductionThis study investigated the compliance of four fluorescent orange high-visibility garment substrates that are predominantly used in the Australian railway industry. While Special Purpose Orange (SPO), a shade of the Fluorescent orange (Fl-orange) is recommended by most Australian states as the high-visibility background color of a safety garment, there appear to be variations in the background color of clothing used by line-workers and rail contractors. The color of the garment was assessed for compliance with the Australian Standard AS/NZS 1906.2.2010 for high-visibility materials for safety garments. The results were also compared with ANSI Z535.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards. MethodPhotometric and colorimetric assessments of the background color of the garment substrates were performed using a spectrophotometer and were evaluated for compliance with the Standards after washing and exposure to UV. ResultsThe spectrophotometry measurements showed that Fl-orange background color for all samples except one complied with the AS/NZS 1906.2 Standard for daytime high-visibility garments after 20 washes but failed to comply after exposure to UV. It was also found that the chromaticity coordinates of the corners of the Fl-orange color space, specified in the AS/NZS 1906.4.2010 Standard are much wider and yellower when compared with the ANSI Z535.1.2011 and BS EN ISO 20471.2013 Standards. The sample that failed to comply with the Australian and American Standards however complied with the ISO Standard. Practical ApplicationsIrrespective of the Standard used, the research has shown the degrading effect of washing and light exposure and raises the questions as to how regularly, and under what conditions high-visibility garments need to be replaced. These findings will provide information for safety garment manufacturers about the characteristics and performance of high-visibility safety garments which make them conspicuous during daytime use. This research recommends that colors for railway workers should be chosen based on the conspicuity, commercial viability, reproducibility and durability rather than simply adopting standards from other industry domains or other countries.

Fluorescent and nonfluorescent crystals of N-(3,5-dihalogenosalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline

Crystals of N-(3,5-diXsalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline (X = fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo) were prepared, and their structural and luminescence properties in the solid state were investigated. Only fluorescent orange crystals were obtained for N-(3,5-difluorosalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline (1). Both fluorescent orange crystals (2a) and nonfluorescent red–orange crystals (2b) were obtained for N-(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline. Slightly fluorescent orange crystals were obtained for N-(3,5-dibromosalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline (3) and N-(3,5-diiodosalicylidene)-2-methoxyaniline (4). Fluorescence spectra of 1, 2a, 3, and 4 in the solid state show a fluorescence band at around 600 nm by excitation at 480 nm. The fluorescence intensities were in the order 1 > 2a > 3 > 4. X-ray crystal-structure analyses of 1, 2a, and 2b were obtained. The N-salicylideneaniline molecules in all of the crystals have planar structures. The molecules in both 1 and 2b take the enol form, while the molecules in 2a take the cis-keto form. The crystals 2a include water of crystallization, which is hydrogen bonded to the adjacent N-salicylideneaniline molecules. Molecules in fluorescent 2a are arranged in stacks along the a-axis to form a columnar structure in the crystals. In contrast, molecules in nonfluorescent 2b are strongly π–π stacked to form dimers in crystals. The orange crystals 2a were transformed to the red–orange crystals 2b by removal of water of crystallization upon heating at 70 °C.

Lights, drone... action

The camera swoops in on the face of a cliff rising more than 100 meters from the surrounding scrublands. Its view reveals a young woman in a fluorescent orange tank top perched halfway up a wall of ochre quartzite. The camera then cuts to just a few meters away from the rock, close enough to make out the woman’s gaze as she looks for the next handhold.

A Perceptual Analysis of Standard Safety, Fluorescent, and Neon Colors

Twenty-six standard safety colors specified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International Standards Organization (ISO), and the Federal Highway Association (FHWA) were compared to seven fluorescent and neon colors on perceived hazard and perceived importance. Results indicated that the fluorescent orange, ANSI red, fluorescent yellow, FHWA red, fluorescent yellow green, and ISO red were the highest rated colors on perceived hazard. ANSI red, FHWA red, ISO red, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow, and fluorescent yellow green were rated the highest on perceived importance. The implications of these findings and the potential use of fluorescent colors in product warnings are discussed.

Analysis of L-selectin-mediated cellular interactions under flow conditions.

Lymphocyte homing is mediated by a specific interaction between L-selectin expressed on lymphocytes and its ligands expressed on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes under physiological flow conditions. In this chapter, two methods for detecting L-selectin-mediated cellular interactions under shear stress mimicking physiological flow conditions are described. First, a modified Stamper-Woodruff cell-binding assay using leukocytes labeled with a fluorescent orange dye, CMTMR, is introduced. In this method, leukocytes are allowed to bind to frozen lymph node sections under shear stress and their binding to HEVs can be clearly visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Second, a parallel flow chamber assay is described. In this assay, leukocytes are allowed to roll on L-selectin ligand-expressing cells under various levels of shear stress and their adhesive interactions are recorded by a video camera equipped with an inverted microscope. These methods can be applied to determine the effects of various agents that might affect L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte homing and recruitment.

Evaluation of rhodamine B as a biomarker for raccoons

The USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services (WS) oral rabies vaccination program uses tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic and relatively reliable biomarker, to quantify vaccine- bait uptake by raccoons (Procyon lotor). However, obtaining samples (e.g., bone or teeth) to assess tetracycline uptake is highly invasive, and sample preparation can be expensive. By contrast, rhodamine B, a commercially available dye, is absorbed systemically in growing tissues, including hair and whiskers, and can be observed under ultraviolet (UV) light as fluorescent orange bands. Our goal was to evaluate whether rhodamine B can be used as a biomarker to monitor bait uptake by raccoons. We began by orally administering a solution containing 100 mg, 150 mg, or 200 mg of rhodamine B to captive raccoons. We monitored whisker and hair samples for fluorescence using a hand-held UV lamp and a fluorescent microscope for 13-weeks post-treatment. All raccoons that were administered rhodamine B exhibited fluorescence in their whisker and hair samples during the course of the study. Our ability to detect fluorescing whiskers varied based on the method of detection and time interval, but not with rhodamine B dosage level. We detected rhodamine B in 81% of marked individuals using the fluorescent microscope and 58% of marked subjects using the UV lamp. We were able to detect rhodamine B when doses as low as 1 mg/kg were given. Raccoons did not exhibit a taste aversion to baits containing ≤3% rhodamine B. We believe that rhodamine B can be a useful biomarker for raccoons and has potential as an application to monitor the uptake of oral rabies vaccine.

Flow cytometric probing of mitochondrial function in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

BackgroundThe morphopathological picture of a subset of equine myopathies is compatible with a primary mitochondrial disease, but functional confirmation in vivo is still pending. The cationic dye JC-1 exhibits potential-dependent accumulation in mitochondria that is detectable by a fluorescence shift from green to orange. As a consequence, mitochondrial membrane potential can be optically measured by the orange/green fluorescence intensity ratio. A flow cytometric standardized analytic procedure of the mitochondrial function of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells is proposed along with a critical appraisal of the crucial questions of technical aspects, reproducibility, effect of time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing and reference values.ResultsThe JC-1-associated fluorescence orange and green values and their ratio were proved to be stable over time, independent of age and sex and hypersensitive to intoxication with a mitochondrial potential dissipator. Unless time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing does not exceed 5 hours, the values retrieved remain stable. Reference values for clinically normal horses are given.ConclusionWhenever a quantitative measurement of mitochondrial function in a horse is desired, blood samples should be taken in sodium citrate tubes and kept at room temperature for a maximum of 5 hours before the laboratory procedure detailed here is started. The hope is that this new test may help in confirming, studying and preventing equine myopathies that are currently imputed to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Study on Improving Worker Safety at Roadway Sites in Japan

Work-related accidents at construction sites in Japan resulted in 1,001 fatalities and 44,886 injuries in 1996, but by 2005 the numbers had fallen to 487 fatalities and 27,193 injuries. In types of accidents at roadway work sites recorded between 1996 and 2000, traffic accidents ranked third. Since 2001, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport has sought to protect workers by mandating comprehensive improvements to uniforms of traffic control personnel, replacement of traffic control personnel with robots, more appropriate positioning of traffic control personnel, and placement of delta cushions. Research was done to contribute to safety at roadway work sites. Trucking companies and traffic safety contractors in Hokkaido were surveyed on their satisfaction with road safety measures. In addition, experiments were done at the Tomakomai Winter Test Track to evaluate the visibility of traffic control uniforms. For safety measures at roadway work sites, traffic safety contractors responded that items involving the upstream end of the work site (i.e., traffic control personnel placement and delta cushions) would most greatly influence their satisfaction. Trucking companies responded that ways of controlling traffic would most greatly influence their satisfaction. A portfolio analysis of customer satisfaction found that for both traffic safety contractors and trucking companies, ease of understanding of displayed construction information signs and nighttime visibility of traffic control personnel required priority improvement. Experiments on visual recognition of traffic control personnel identified the greatest recognition distances for fluorescent orange and yellow; the analytic hierarchy process identified the same result.

A Visual Obstruction Technique for Photo Monitoring of Willow Clumps

Quantifying woody plant biomass has often proven difficult in the field for reasons that include irregular plant morphology, between-observer variability, and lack of standardized techniques. One potential solution to these challenges is the use of ground-based photographic technology. Our objective was to develop a photo-based technique that could be used to monitor changes in willow (Salix spp.) biomass over time and estimate changes in biomass associated with herbivory. We focused on young willows (≤ 2 m in height) because this size class represents a critical life history stage for establishment of willow clumps. In August 2000 and 2001, we harvested 25 willow (Salix boothii Dorn.) clumps and clamped them in front of a fluorescent orange photoboard (150 × 200 cm). Clumps were defoliated of leaves and tips of current annual stem growth (referred to as “biomass”) by hand in 4 to 7 increments and photographed before and after each removal. Images were scanned to digital format and the degree of photoboard obstruction was determined with Adobe® Photoshop® 4.0 software. Regression analysis indicated that visual obstruction of the photoboard was a good predictor of total clump biomass (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.01) as well as biomass remaining following sequential defoliations (r2 = 0.92, P < 0.01). These results suggest our technique provides a reliable index of both willow biomass and utilization within the size class of willow tested. Results might differ with larger willows and increased woody biomass. The technique minimizes observer bias and provides a permanent photo record that can be reanalyzed at a later date if necessary.

A Visual Obstruction Technique for Photo Monitoring of Willow Clumps

Quantifying woody plant biomass has often proven difficult in the field for reasons that include irregular plant morphology, between-observer variability, and lack of standardized techniques. One potential solution to these challenges is the use of ground-based photographic technology. Our objective was to develop a photo-based technique that could be used to monitor changes in willow (Salix spp.) biomass over time and estimate changes in biomass associated with herbivory. We focused on young willows (2 m in height) because this size class represents a critical life history stage for establishment of willow clumps. In August 2000 and 2001, we harvested 25 willow (Salix boothii Dorn.) clumps and clamped them in front of a fluorescent orange photoboard (150 X 200 cm). Clumps were defoliated of leaves and tips of current annual stem growth (referred to as ‘‘biomass’’) by hand in 4 to 7 increments and photographed before and after each removal. Images were scanned to digital format and the degree of photoboard obstruction was determined with Adobe® Photoshop® 4.0 software. Regression analysis indicated that visual obstruction of the photoboard was a good predictor of total clump biomass (r2 = 0.89, P &lt; 0.01) as well as biomass remaining following sequential defoliations (r2 = 0.92, P &lt; 0.01). These results suggest our technique provides a reliable index of both willow biomass and utilization within the size class of willow tested. Results might differ with larger willows and increased woody biomass. The technique minimizes observer bias and provides a permanent photo record that can be reanalyzed at a later date if necessary.

Shandong Lunbo’s photoluminescent pigment based on rare earth

The perceived hazard and rated importance of standard safety, fluorescent, and neon colors are investigated.Colors are used in warnings to enhance hazard communication. Red has consistently been rated as the highest in perceived hazard. Orange, yellow, and black are the next highest in connoted hazard; however, there is discrepancy in their ordering. Safety standards, such as ANSI Z535.1, also list colors to convey important information, but little research has examined the perceived importance of colors. In addition to standard safety colors, fluorescent colors are more commonly used in warnings. Understanding hazard and importance perceptions of standard safety and fluorescent colors is necessary to create effective warnings.Ninety participants rated and ranked a total of 33 colors on both perceived hazard and perceived importance.Rated highest were the safety red colors from the American National Standard Institute (ANSI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) together with three fluorescent colors (orange, yellow, and yellow-green) from 3 M on both dimensions. Rankings were similar to ratings except that fluorescent orange was the highest on perceived hazard, while fluorescent orange and safety red from the ANSI were ranked as the highest in perceived importance.Fluorescent colors convey hazard and importance levels as high as the standard safety red colors.Implications for conveying hazard and importance in warnings through color are discussed.

Driver Performance Comparison of Fluorescent Orange to Standard Orange Work Zone Traffic Signs

Some agencies use durable fluorescent orange sign sheeting on warning signs in work zones. The literature shows that such sheeting is more conspicuous than standard nonfluorescent orange sheeting, but no one has yet demonstrated that the greater conspicuity leads to operational changes or fewer collisions. To investigate that link, operational studies were conducted in seven long-term North Carolina work zones with left-lane drops on multilane highways. The before-and-after with control experiment design was likely immune from common experimental flaws. Five operational measures were collected manually at the beginning of the approach to the work zone, the taper, and midway between the beginning and the taper. Fluorescent orange signs were found to cause some changes, primarily positive, in driver behavior. With fluorescent signs, there were somewhat fewer traffic conflicts, the percentage of vehicles in the left lane at the midpoint was lower, and trucks moved out of the left lane sooner. Mean speeds increased slightly, but usually not significantly, with fluorescent signs, but speed variances tended to decrease with fluorescent signs. The operational changes observed should mean that work zones similar to those in the experiment would experience a small reduction in collisions with fluorescent orange warning signs. Use of fluorescent orange sheeting on warning signs is recommended in work zones like those in this experiment and in other types of work zones where warning drivers is as critical or more critical than it was in this experiment.

A flow cytometric method for rapid selection of novel industrial yeast hybrids.

We rapidly produced and isolated novel yeast hybrids by using two-color flow cytometric cell sorting. We labeled one parent strain with a fluorescent green stain and the other parent with a fluorescent orange stain, and hybrids were selected based on their dual orange and green fluorescence. When this technique was applied to the production of hybrids by traditional mating procedures, more than 96% of the isolates were hybrids. When it was applied to rare mating, three hybrids were identified among 50 isolates enriched from a population containing 2 x 10(6) cells. This technology is not dependent on genetic markers and has applications in the development of improved industrial yeast strains.