Fluid Production Research Articles

Evaluation of Shunt-Related Ventriculitis in Infants

Aims: Shunt-related infections are resistant to antibiotics. This study examined patients aged under two years after ventriculitis. It is the first study on ventriculitis developed in a completely closed system (without skin defect infection, or puncture history), evaluating infants only. Method: The study included 13 subjects (four females) with ventriculitis who had undergone surgery for hydrocephalus during the neonatal period and were monitored for shunt infection, evaluating certain parameters. Results: Ventriculitis developed on an average of 2.8 months after surgery. The most common causes of hydrocephalus were spina bifida and intraventricular hemorrhage. Bacteria grown in culture included Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. Seven (53.8%) patients were treated without complications. Among other patients, three (23.1%) developed multilocular cystic hydrocephalus and three (23.1%) exhibited decreased cerebrospinal fluid production and did not require shunting. Conclusions: Patients receiving intraventricular therapy showed no complications, warranting further studies on early intraventricular therapy. In the presence of gram-negative bacterial growth, cerebrospinal fluid production may decrease and affected patients do not require shunts.

The Role of Mafic Intrusions in Producing Alkaline Vent Fluids at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field: Evidence from Stable Potassium Isotopes

The alkaline, H2-rich vent fluids of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) have generally been attributed to serpentinization of tectonically uplifted mantle peridotite. However, elevated concentrations of highly incompatible and fluid mobile trace alkali metals, Rb and Cs, indicate reaction with relatively unaltered mafic components (Seyfried et al., 2015). Here, we present high-precision stable-K isotope analyses of LCHF vent fluids, which provide new constraints on source-rock lithology and support more quantitative estimates of fluid:rock ratio, providing a new constraint on heat and mass transfer processes. We find that δ41K values of LCHF vent fluids (0.03–0.07 ‰) are distinct from local seawater (0.13 ± 0.02 ‰). In combination with near-seawater concentrations of K (10.4 ± 0.1 mmol/kg), these data are incompatible with hydrothermal alteration of peridotite alone, which is highly depleted in K. Instead, K-isotope and concentration data are consistent with hydrothermal alteration of mafic rocks (e.g., gabbro or diabase) at a fluid:rock ratio of 6–26, a range that agrees well with Rb, Cs, and 87Sr/86Sr-based estimates of fluid:rock ratio, updated here to reflect derivation from mafic source rocks.Geochemical modeling of hydrothermal fluid-rock reactions indicates that LCHF vent fluids can be effectively reproduced by a two-stage reaction in which seawater initially reacts at 200–300 °C with mafic rocks at in a fluid:rock ratio of ∼ 10 —as constrained by the above isotopic and trace-element systematics— and subsequently reacts with peridotite at a fluid:rock ratio of ∼ 30 at roughly the same temperature, pressure conditions. We also note that LCHF vent fluids are ∼ 2 % depleted in Cl compared to seawater, which may reflect admixture of a vapor component derived from ongoing phase separation at higher (> 450 °C) temperatures. We thus propose that the LCHF represents waning-stage hydrothermal activity initiated by a discrete off-axis mafic intrusion that has subsequently cooled to intermediate temperatures conducive to olivine hydrolysis and production of alkaline vent fluids. In this interpretation, alkaline H2-rich vent fields occupy a narrow thermal window in the expected evolution of hydrothermal activity associated with episodic off-axis mafic intrusions into tectonically exposed ultramafic host rocks and are thus likely to be rare on the modern seafloor.

Therapeutic interventions using the peritoneal and coelomic cavity in dogs, cats, and exotic pets.

To provide a video tutorial describing intraperitoneal (IP) and intracoelomic (IC) therapeutics (IP/IC fluid therapy, euthanasia, direct peritoneal resuscitation). Dogs, cats, and exotic pets. Peritoneal and coelomic centesis allows for delivery of fluids or to perform euthanasia. The peritoneal and coelomic membranes contain a vast network of capillaries and lymphatics that allow absorption of fluids and blood products. Needles are inserted aseptically IP or IC at species-specific locations to avoid iatrogenic damage. In mammals, the needle is inserted in a periumbilical location at a 1- to 2-cm radius from the umbilicus, while the needle is inserted into the ventral inguinal fossa in chelonians and lateroventrally in lizards and snakes. Direct peritoneal resuscitation is a human technique in which a dextrose/electrolyte solution infused IP reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury, edema, and tissue necrosis to improve mortality in patients with diseases like shock and sepsis or who require acute abdominal surgery. Isotonic crystalloids are given IP/IC at 10- to 20-mL/kg doses (smaller volumes in reptiles) and blood products at standard calculated doses. Sodium pentobarbital without phenytoin (3 mL/4.5 kg) is used for IP/IC euthanasia. Being aware of multiple routes for fluid and blood product administration allows treatment in animals for which intravenous or intraosseous catheterization is undesirable or impossible. While intravenous or intraosseous routes are always preferred, especially for resuscitation, familiarity with locations for IP/IC fluid and euthanasia is useful. Techniques like direct peritoneal resuscitation are not currently used in animals but might be translated to veterinary cases in the future.

Characterization of Wormhole Growth and Propagation Dynamics during CHOPS Processes by Integrating Rate Transient Analysis and a Pressure-Gradient-Based Sand Failure Criterion in the Presence of Foamy Oil Behavior

Summary Characterization of wormhole growth and propagation dynamics has been made possible with the semi-analytical models developed in this work by integrating both rate transient analysis (RTA) and a pressure-gradient-based (PGB) sand failure criterion in the presence of foamy oil behavior. The nonlinearity caused by the foamy oil properties is linearized using pseudofunctions, while the source function and finite difference methods are applied to obtain the solutions for the linearized models in the matrix and wormhole subsystems, respectively. A sequential method is adopted to solve the coupling fluid-solid problem, where new wormhole segments can be generated once the PGB sand failure criterion has been achieved, while their updated petrophysical properties can be sent back to obtain the solutions for the fluid flow in the next time interval. Furthermore, the influence of sand failure/fluidizing and foamy oil properties on the dynamic wormhole network can be investigated with the generated type curves. Both wormhole growth and foamy oil flow dictate an upward fluid production at the early times, while the production-induced pressure depletion dominates the declining production at the late times. The fractal wormhole networks can be dynamically characterized by history matching the field fluid and sand production profiles. Both the sand failure degree and foamy oil properties dictate the effective wormhole coverage and intensity. Sand production is found to be influenced by both the breakdown pressure gradient and wormhole conductivities, while oil production rate can be dominated by the wormhole coverage and intensity. Foamy oil flow can increase the oil production rate and increase the wormhole coverage compared with the conventional oil. The newly developed method in this work has been validated and then applied at field scale to dynamically characterize the wormhole growth and propagation by considering both the sand failure phenomenon and foamy oil properties within a unified, consistent, and accurate framework. Compared to the conventional numerical simulations, the novelty of such a semi-analytical method can not only allow us to characterize the growth and propagation dynamics of the fractal-like wormholes without the need for grid refinement near the wormhole grids but also take the complex sand failure and foamy oil behavior into account. In addition, it can minimize the impact of grid orientation effects in numerical simulations, enabling the growth and propagation of the wormholes in arbitrary directions rather than orthogonal directions conditioned to the largest pressure gradient.

Experimental mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by nebulized LPS administration

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury is the most commonly used mouse model of acute lung inflammation that simulates the development of respiratory distress syndrome in humans. The effects of acute LPS-induced airway inflammation are well studied and associated with the neutrophil accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), local and systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines and narrowing of the airways. Recent studies demonstrated the presence of pulmonary fibrosis characterized by increased fibroblast proliferation and excess extracellular matrix deposition in late phase of acute lung inflammation caused by LPS exposure. This work describes an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by a single aerosol injection of LPS as a reproducible in vivo model of pulmonary fibrosis. To induce lung injury, C57BL/6 mice were placed in a chamber and exposed to an aerosol containing 10 mg of LPS using an Aeroneb Lab Nebulizer delivery system. We found that 5 weeks after a single nebulized LPS administration, mice have increased production of IL-6 in BALF. Although the frequency of neutrophils was not altered, there was a decrease in the percentage of alveolar macrophages at 5 weeks after LPS exposure, indicating continued lung inflammation. Several weeks after aerosolized LPS challenge, IL-10 production in BALF was increased, as well as expression of Tgfb1, Col1a1, Il13 and Acta2, and collagen deposition in lung tissue compared to mice with acute lung inflammation. Thus, the single nebulized LPS administration represents a relevant, reproducible and physiologic model in mice allowing to investigate the mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis development and help in the search for new therapeutic agents and approaches.

Green Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by Fatty Acid Coacervation: An Innovative Nasal Delivery Tool for Drugs Targeting Cerebrovascular and Neurological Diseases.

Cerebrovascular and neurological diseases are characterized by neuroinflammation, which alters the neurovascular unit, whose interaction with the choroid plexus is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and producing cerebrospinal fluid. Dysfunctions in such process can lead to conditions such as idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, a common disease in older adults. Potential pharmacological treatments, based upon intranasal administration, are worthy of investigation because they might improve symptoms and avoid surgery by overcoming the blood-brain barrier and avoiding hepatic metabolism. Nasal lipid nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, may increase the nasal retention and permeation of drugs. To this aim, green solid lipid nanoparticles, obtained by coacervation from natural soaps, are promising vehicles due to their specific lipid matrix composition and the unsaponifiable fraction, endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and thus suitable for restoring the neurovascular unit function. In this experimental work, such green solid lipid nanoparticles, fully characterized from a physico-chemical standpoint, were loaded with a drug combination suitable for reverting hydrocephalus symptoms, allowing us to obtain a non-toxic formulation, a reduction in the production of the cerebrospinal fluid in vitro, and a vasoprotective effect on an isolated vessel model. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles were also tested in animal models.

Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. In this study, various analyses were implemented on samples collected from outcrops and wells near the No. 15 fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin to reconstruct the multi-stage fluid activity and analyze the impact on reservoir development, including petrology, micro-domain isotopes, rare earth elements, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating. The homogenization temperature of primary brine inclusions in fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite is concentrated between 100 and 150 °C, which indicates that the impacts of abnormally high temperatures of other geological bodies. The δ13C and δ18O value and low 87Sr/86Sr value indicate that the diagenetic fluid of fine-grained matrix dolomite is mainly Permian seawater. The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite are ~260 Ma, which coincides with the age of the main magmatism of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), and hydrothermal fluid provided a favorable high-temperature environment in the penecontemporaneous stage. While highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr compositions suggests those of saddle dolomite, the high-temperature Sr-rich formation fluid. The U-Pb ages of saddle dolomite are 245–250 Ma, which coincides with the age of the 255~251 Ma magmatism of ELIP. This indicates that those should be the diagenetic products of the ELIP hydrothermal fluid in the shallow burial stage. The U-Pb age of coarse-grained calcite is 190–220 Ma, and it should be the diagenetic product of the deep burial stage. Brine inclusions associated with primary methane inclusions were developed in coarse-grained calcite, with a homogenization temperature range of 140.8–199.8 °C, which indicates that the formation fluid activities were related to hydrocarbon charging. The Permian Maokou Formation dolomite was firstly formed in the penecontemporaneous shallow burial stage, and then it was subjected to further hydrothermal dolomitization due to the basement faulting and the abnormally high heat flow during the active period of ELIP. Hydrothermal dolomitization contributed to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline and dissolution pores, whereas it also formed saddle dolomite to fill the pores, and reduce the pore space. The influence of deep fluid activities on reservoir evolution is further distinguished.

Permeability Upscaling Conversion Based on Reservoir Classification

Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and permeability, pronounced heterogeneity, and complex pore structures, complicating permeability evaluations. Permeability, directly influencing the fluid production capacity of reservoirs, is a key parameter in comprehensive reservoir assessments. In the X Depression, low-porosity and low-permeability formations present highly discrete and variable core data points for porosity and permeability, rendering single-variable regression models ineffective. Consequently, accurately representing permeability in heterogeneous reservoirs proves challenging. In the following study, lithological and physical property data are integrated with mercury injection data to analyze pore structure types. The formation flow zone index (FZI) is utilized to differentiate reservoir types, and permeability is calculated based on core porosity–permeability relationships from logging data for each flow unit. Subsequently, the average permeability for each flow unit is computed according to reservoir classification, followed by a weighted average according to effective thickness. This approach transforms logging permeability into drill stem test permeability. Unlike traditional point-by-point averaging methods, this approach incorporates reservoir thickness and heterogeneity, making it more suitable for complex reservoir environments and resulting in more reasonable conversion outcomes.

Prophylactic cosyntropin after unintentional dural puncture and incidence of post-dural puncture headache and epidural blood patch use: A retrospective cohort study (2019–2022)

BackgroundCosyntropin has been suggested to decrease the incidence of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) by increasing the production of cerebrospinal fluid. This study examined the association of prophylactic cosyntropin administration with the incidence of PDPH and its management with an epidural blood patch after an unintentional dural puncture (UDP). MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of cases with UDP during placement of neuraxial labor analgesia. Per institutional practice and at the discretion of the anesthesiologist, intravenous cosyntropin 1 mg may be administered for PDPH prophylaxis. PDPH, time from UDP to cosyntropin administration, time to development of PDPH, and management with epidural blood patch(es) were recorded. ResultsCosyntropin was administered in 164 of 234 (70%) cases with UDP. PDPH occurred 98/164 (60%) with cosyntropin and 45/70 (64%) without cosyntropin (p = 0.66). The PDPH adjusted incidence was 53% with cosyntropin and 62% without cosyntropin, difference 9% (95% CI −6% to 24%, p = 0.25). The adjusted epidural blood patch rate was 66% with cosyntropin and 78% without cosyntropin, difference of 12% (95% CI −5% to 28%, p = 0.17). ConclusionsProphylactic cosyntropin following UDP was not associated with a significant decrease in PDPH rate or use of epidural blood patch for management of PDPH. There was no significant difference in the rate of adverse hyperglycemic or hypertensive events amongst those who did or did not receive cosyntropin.

A PAINLESS FRACTURE TREATED IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Intravenous cannulation is a routine procedure done in healthcare settings to gain access to superficial veinsfor intravenous fluid, medication, and blood product administration. As a rare occurrence, part of the cannula catheter can break and be retained within a vein which may lead to disastrous complications.Here we report a case of a young male, known to be diabetic, who presented to us with a retained foreign body in his forearm causing him a lot of discomfort. On examination in the emergency department, the patient had stable vitals a long, linear, hard object could be palpated under the skin on the radial aspect of the right forearm near the elbow. On taking a detailed history, it was ascertained that the catheter of the cannula had broken during cannula removal and had been retained within the vein. After consent, a procedure under local anaesthesia was performed in the emergency department for the retrieval of the foreign body, with no post-procedure complications. The patient was discharged home in satisfactory condition the same day. This case tells us how a simple routine procedure can get complicated and how early and prompt intervention can avert possible venous embolization of broken segment and sepsis, among other complications.

Ultrasound-Guided Versus Palpation-Guided Techniques to Achieve Vascular Access in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Pediatric heart surgery is a vital therapeutic option for congenital heart disease, which is one of the most prevalent causes of death in children. Arterial cannulation (AC) and central venous catheter (CVC) are required in pediatric cardiac surgery for continuous monitoring of the central venous pressure (CVP), replacement of fluid or blood products, close hemodynamic monitoring, and frequent sampling for arterial blood gases (ABG). A systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) retrieved from PubMed, Embase Cochrane, Scopus, and WOS until February 2024. Risk ratio (RR) was used to report dichotomous outcomes, and mean difference (MD) was used to report continuous outcomes, both with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model. Thirteen RCTs with 1060 children were included. Regarding arterial cannulation, the ultrasound-guided technique (US) was associated with a statistically significant increase in successful cannulation [RR: 1.31 with 95% CI (1.10, 1.56), P < 0.0001], and first-attempt success [RR: 1.88 with 95% CI (1.35, 2.63), P < 0.0001]. However, US was not associated with any statistically significant difference in venous cannulation in both outcomes with [RR: 1.13 with 95% CI (0.98, 1.30), P = 0.10], [RR: 1.53 with 95% CI (0.86, 2.71), P = 0.15] respectively. Moreover, US was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the number of attempts either in arterial cannulation with [MD: -0.73 with 95% CI (-1.00, -0.46), P < 0.0001] or in venous cannulation with [MD: -1.34 with 95% CI (-2.55, -0.12), P = 0.03], and the time of attempted cannulation also either in arterial cannulation with [MD: -2.27 with 95% CI (-3.38, -1.16), P < 0.0001] or in venous cannulation with [MD: -4.13 with 95% CI (-7.06, -1.19), P < 0.0001]. US guidance improves successful cannulation rates and first-attempt success in arterial access and reduces the number of attempts and procedural time for arterial and venous access. It was also associated with a lower incidence of complications and procedure failure, particularly in arterial access. However, it was associated with a higher incidence of venous puncture.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a patient without corpus callosum: A case report.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a well-established condition typically presenting with disabling orthostatic headache. Corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) is one of the most common human brain malformations with a wide spectrum of associated malformations, chromosomal abnormalities, and clinical syndromes. A 53-year-old woman presented with recurrent orthostatic headache for about 1 month. The head computed tomography examination of the patient showed CCA and the initial pressure of subsequent lumbar puncture was only 5 centimeters cerebrospinal fluid. Magnetic resonance imaging examination confirmed CCA with gray matter heterotopia. The final diagnose was SIH related headache with CCA. The patient's symptom improved after oral hydration, intravenous fluids, and bed rest. Favorable outcome was observed. Although this co-occurrence of SIH and CCA is probably coincidental, this finding suggests that the developmental malformations of the brain may lead to structural changes in brain tissue or disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid production and reflux, resulting in pathological changes over time.

A non‐ionic green surfactant extracted from the Anabasis setifera plant for improving bulk properties of CO2‐foam in the process of enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs

AbstractFoam, as a gas‐in‐liquid colloid, has a higher appearance viscosity than the one of both gas and liquid that form it. Adjusting the mobility ratio of the injected fluid–oil system and increasing gas diffusion in the foam injection process increase oil production. With these properties, foam as an injection fluid in fractured reservoirs has a major effect on oil production from the matrixes and prevents premature production of injection fluid. Surfactants are common foaming agents in injection water. Saponins are known as plant‐derived surfactants for forming stable foam. This feature, along with its cheap price and availability, can make them candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by the foam injection method. However, the utilization of CO2 as the gaseous phase in foam introduces additional machanisms of CO2 injection to the oil recovery operations. In this assessment, a non‐ionic green surfactant derived from the Anabasis setifera plant was used as a foaming agent, while CO2 served as the gas phase. A series of surface tension tests in CO2 environment were performed to determine the optimal concentration of the surfactant. Foaming tests were performed by a designed foam generator. The produced CO2‐foam was then injected into a fractured carbonate plug with six matrixes (with one horizontal and two vertical fractures). Based on the results, the water–CO2 surface tension was reduced to 20.549 mN/m. The optimum salinity based on the foam stability was 10,000 ppm. The half‐life of the foam was determined to be 40 min. Also, the foam characterization showed that the foamability of the surfactant was favourable for increasing oil production so that by secondary flooding, an oil recovery of more than 66% was achieved from the fractured carbonate plug.

Hydrothermal performance and irreversibility production of distilled H2O flowing in outwardly-corrugated converging pipes

The study of performance parameters that characterize the convective heat transfer performance (CHTP) and entropy production rates (EPR) of fluids is of great importance in science and engineering due to its widespread applications in the design of new thermal devices. This study considers the turbulent CHTP and EPR of distilled H 2 O flowing in outwardly-corrugated converging pipes (OCCPs) and investigates the influence of the diameter ratio DR ( 1 ≤ DR ≤ 2 ) on the behavior of performance parameters against the Reynolds numbers (Re) within the range ( 5.0 × 10 3 ≤ Re ≤ 5.0 × 10 4 ). The governing equations and boundary conditions are solved with the use of SST k − ω turbulence model. The considered OCCP is designed such that its average diameter is 0.03m while its normalized length is 26.6. It is obtained that increasing DR enhances the average Nusselt number (Nu), Poiseuille number (fRe), and EPR whereas the reverse is the case for thermal effective number ( I G ), Bejan number (Be), and performance evaluation criterion (PEC). At Re = 2.0 × 10 4 in OCCPs of DR = 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00, EPR is increased by factors 0.88, 1.42, 2.64, 4.84, and 9.61; fRe is improved by factors 3.39, 8.54, 16.27, 27.74, and 49.22; and Nu is enhanced by factors 1.28, 1.31, 1.34, 1.37, and 1.43, respectively. The enhancement is attributed to the flow acceleration, vortices production, and high mixing rate of the hot fluid near the wall with the cold fluid at the core fluid zone. Finally, and among other things it is revealed that the OCCPs of DR = 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 are advantageous ( I G > 1 ) over the straight tube within the range 5 × 10 3 ≤ Re < 2.25 × 10 4 .

Clinical and biological effects of different energetic surgical devices currently used for mini-invasive anatomical lung resections for the treatment of NSCLC: a prospective interventional study.

This study aims to compare three commonly used energy devices for dissection during Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) lobectomy: monopolar hook, advanced bipolar, and ultrasonic device, in terms of duration of the surgical procedure and clinical intra- and post-operative outcomes. In this prospective single-center study, 75 patients undergoing VATS lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer between January 2022 and May 2023 were enrolled and divided into 3 groups based on the device used during the surgical procedure (Group 1: Ultrasonic Device, Group 2: Advanced Bipolar, Group 3: Monopolar Hook). The duration of the surgical procedure, daily pleural fluid production, post-operative pain, length of hospital stay, and occurrence of post-operative complications were compared for each group. In a subgroup of 20 patients (10 from Group 1 and 10 from Group 3), concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in pleural fluid at 3h and 48h post-surgery were analyzed. Pleural fluid production on the first and second post-operative days was significantly lower in patients treated with the Ultrasonic device compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001). The duration of the surgical procedure was significantly shorter when using the Ultrasonic device (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in length of hospital stay (p = 0.975), pain on the first and second post-operative days (p = 0.147 and p = 0.755, respectively), and blood hemoglobin levels on the first post-operative day (p = 0.709) and at discharge (p = 0.795). No differences were observed in terms of post-operative complications, although the incidence of post-operative cardiac arrhythmias was borderline significant (p = 0.096), with no cases of arrhythmias recorded in Group 1. IL-10 levels in pleural fluid of patients in Group 3 peaked at 3h post-surgery, with a significant reduction at 48h (p = 0.459). The use of the ultrasonic device during VATS lobectomy may reduce pleural fluid production and shorten the duration of the surgical procedure compared to using a monopolar hook or advanced bipolar device. The choice of energy device may influence the local inflammatory response, although further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Current trends and prospects of the local antihypertensive drugs development for the glaucoma treatment

Glaucoma is one of the world’s primary causes of blindness. Russia is following the global increasing trends of glaucoma and its leading position among ophthalmic pathologies that cause irreversible loss of vision. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor of glaucoma, so treatment strategies specifically focus on reducing IOP by suppressing the production of intraocular fluid and boosting its outflow. The current review presents new medications aimed at glaucoma and high IOP control that have recently appeared at the international market as well as the drugs under the different stages of development, from experimental to clinical studies. These include both the developments of agents belonging to the existing classes and of entirely new drugs intended to control IOP. In an attempt to reduce the side effects of locally administered drugs and prolong their action, in parallel with the development of new drugs, there is also evidence of alternative methods of drug delivery: intraocular implants, injectable forms and obturators, combinations of polymers and colloidal systems.

Clay Properties in the Mukdadiya Formation for Drilling Fluid Production from Shorau and Shewsoor, N Kirkuk, Iraq

The present study involves assessing the potential of the clay layers in the Muqdadiya Formation (late Miocene–Pliocene) for use in oil well drilling fluids. It is achieved through conducting various tests on the samples under investigation and comparing the results with the standard specifications for drilling fluids set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The study also compares the effectiveness of different additives in improving the local clays and the impact of adding XC-polymer on the current wicking values. It has been found that XC-Polymer possesses superior properties compared to other polymers when used in the same concentrations. This substance is extremely important due to its direct correlation with the operation of drilling fluid. The test was used to determine that the two research models (Shorau and Shewasoor) at their usual concentrations did not produce the necessary characteristics of the drilling fluid in accordance with API requirements. Appropriate specifications for the drilling fluid were obtained by conducting a series of laboratory tests, increasing the model's concentration to 25 grams, and adding high-viscosity CMC and XC-Polymer to the sample in order to assess the current properties of the two study models in fresh media. The Shurao (M1) and Shewsoor (M2) models did not show current properties suitable for drilling fluid in salty media. After adding XC-Polymer to 25 grams of the models activated with 4 grams of Na2CO3, the two study models showed a response to the activation process and obtained results for current properties suitable for drilling operations in salty media. It turned out that the Shewsoor model had more appropriate specifications than the Shorau model.

Stratified yield prediction in fractured wells based on a multitasking bidirectional recurrent network

Prediction of fluid production from hydraulically fractured wells is often difficult due to the incomplete understanding of the production mechanism and the limited availability of data. In this paper, we propose a prediction model (MTL-Bi-LSTM-CNN) to predict production in all layers of fractured wells based on convolutional neural network (CNN), bidirectional long and short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) and multi-task learning (MTL). The model integrates the fracturing parameters with data from various layers of each well. It harnesses both forward and backward bi-directional information from multiple layered fractured wells to capture the intrinsic dependencies of data features, enhancing the accuracy of fluid production prediction. The results demonstrate that the prediction of stratified data using the network model proposed in this paper has higher accuracy and smaller error than single-well unstratified prediction. Consequently, this approach significantly improves the accuracy, robustness, and versatility of predicting fluid production and moisture content in fractured wells.

EVALUASI SISTEM DAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR TERPRODUKSI PADA SUMUR X1 PT MGBI LAPANGAN WUNUT

PT Minarak Gas Brantas Inc.'s operations in the Wunut Field involve the production of waste in various forms, primarily liquid waste, with produced water being the most significant type. Proper management of this produced water waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution and ensure economic and environmental sustainability. The company manages this waste by reinjecting it into the reservoir to prevent groundwater contamination. To ensure the effectiveness of this reinjection process, they have created a groundwater flow pattern map (flow net) at three locations near the injection well: LP1 in Keduung Boto Village, LP2 in Candi Pari Village, and LP3 in Candi Pari Village, all in Sidoarjo Regency. This helps in understanding the potential spread of pollutants in the soil and underground water, aiding in environmental pollution monitoring and managment.The groundwater from this area is used for various human activities like bathing, cooking, and washing. However, based on water quality standards outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023, the produced water from Well X-1 in the Wunut Field does not meet the required TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) content standards due to a decline in hydrocarbon fluid production, resulting in a separator efficiency of 74,86%. Additionally, lab tests and flow net results indicate that the TDS levels in LP1, LP2, and LP3 do not meet the sanitation and hygiene water quality standards, suggesting potential seepage in these locations that could contaminate groundwater. Keywords: Oil; Gas Produced Water; Gas Separator Eficiency; Groundwater Flow

Metformin drugs under simulated gastric conditions can generate high nitrite-dependent levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), group 2A carcinogens, were detected in finished drug products, including metformin, ranitidine, sartans and other drugs which caused multiple recalls in the USA and Europe. Important studies also reported the formation of NDMA when ranitidine and nitrite were added to simulated gastric fluid. Our objective was to screen finished drug products from Europe and USA for nitrosamine impurities and investigate the formation of NDMA in metformin finished drug products when added to simulated gastric fluid. One dosage unit of 30 different commercially available drugs, including metformin, sartans, and ranitidine were tested for NDMA, NDEA, and dimethylformamide (DMF) impurities, using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method. Then, 6 metformin finished drug products were tested in stomach conditions for 2 h at 37 °C in a 100 mL solution with a pH of 2.5 and different nitrite concentrations (40, 10, 1, 0.1 mM) and tested for NDMA, and DMF using LC–MS. We measured NDMA, NDEA, and DMF in 30 finished drug products. NDMA and DMF were quantified for metformin drug products in simulated gastric fluid with different nitrite concentrations. None of the 30 drugs showed concerning levels of NDMA, NDEA, or DMF when tested as single tablets. However, when metformin tablets are added to simulated gastric fluid solutions with high nitrite concentrations (40 mM and 10 mM), NDMA can reach amounts of thousands of nanograms per tablet. At the closest concentration to physiologic conditions we used, 1 mM, NDMA is still present in the hundreds of nanograms in some metformin products. In this in vitro study, nitrite concentration had a very important effect on NDMA quantification in metformin tablets added to simulated gastric fluid. 1 mM nitrite caused an increase above the acceptable daily intake set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for some of the metformin drugs. 10 mM, 40 mM nitrite solutions generated NDMA amounts exceeding by more than a hundred times the acceptable daily intake set by the FDA of 96 nanograms. These findings suggest that metformin can react with nitrite in gastric-like conditions and generate NDMA. Thus, patients taking metformin could be exposed to NDMA when high nitrite levels are present in their stomach, and we recommend including a statement within the Patient Package Inserts/Instructions for use.