Flower Farm Research Articles

Ethiopia: The Environmental Aspects of Policy and Practice in the Ethiopian Floriculture Industry

The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country’s economy, the industry’s unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment.

Social and Environmental Concerns of Flower Farms in Central Ethiopia

Social and Environmental Concerns of Flower Farms in Central Ethiopia

Una inserción particular en el comercio agrícola mundial : el caso de la rosa Ecuatoriana

Ecuador is a small, dollarized country, primo oil exporter and far from global shipping networks. It has, however, managed in a decade to become the world’s third largest exporter of cut flowers by entering global value chains. This success is based on the adoption of a unique economic model, based on small flower farms and customized production. Counter-intuitive to the standard approaches and practices of the main competing countries, this export model remains very fragile.

Verification of Efficacy of Bitoxybacillin/ Bacillus thuringiensis on Red Spider Mite, Tetranychusurticae on Cut Roses

Cut roses industries, new income resource in Ethiopia, most of flower industries are established near and around to Addis Ababa city, especially in west and east Shewa zones, most of flower enterprise established by foreigner, which is enhance global economy and creates jobs opportunity. Red spider mite, Tetranychusurticae is the major obstacles for flower production here in Ethiopia, in order to increase the quality and quantity of flower production need to plan different control strategies. Objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of these naturally occurring bacteria in controlling the red spider mite in rose flower farms. This experiment was donning on Menagesh, Gallica flower farm and the variety was Limbo flower, the application time was at flowering stage. Two rounds at the rate of 7ml/l by using Motorized knapsack sprayer for four consecutive months. The analysis of variance on mite count data after the application of Bitoxybacillin (Bt) and Abamectin 1.8%EC showed no significant difference (p>0.05) even after 21 days after the second spray (Table 1). However, the population density of the spider mite in Bt treated plots was very low in all sampling dates compared to the untreated check and Abamectin. The pest population (original data) after three weeks of the Bitoxybacillin applications was 68.1 per stem compared to Abamectin 1.8%EC (125.1) and control (110.57) indicating the registered miticide failed to suppress the mite population in roses. Bitoxybacill, would be advisable to have it registered in Ethiopia as alternative synthetic miticides for the control of red spider mite in Integrated Pest Management program.

WILLINGNESS TO PAY UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN FASILITAS AGROWISATA KECAMATAN BANDUNGAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG (Studi kasus di Setiya Aji Flower Farm)

Semarang Regency has a great agro-tourism potential. Volcanic soil suitable for planting and cool temperatures support it to be a place of recreation. The study was conducted at Setiya Aji Flower Farm (SAFF), a chrysanthemum agro-tourism in Jetis village, Bandungan District, which is managed by farmer groups and local communities. The management is still very simple by utilizing the pre-harvest chrysanthemum flowers for tourism. SAFF was able to bring in 107,966 tourists during 2017, with an entrance ticket currently at Rp 7,500 generates substantial additional income for the people of Jetis village. Unfortunately, the number of tourists decreased until 65% to an average of 3,127 tourists per month in 2018. One of the causes of the reduction in tourist visits was the unpreparedness of the SAFF to face of competition with new tourist objects with similar themes around SAFF that were very well managed and continued growing. The purpose of this study was to estimate the willingness of visitors to pay for additional facilities at SAFF Bandungan, Semarang Regency. This study used the Contingency Assessment Method (CVM) to 110 visitors. The results showed that the majority of visitors are willing to pay for additional facilities at SAFF agrotourism. Willingness to pay (WTP) is estimated at level Rp 13,000. These results provide insights to the manager of SAFF to raise the entrance ticket by adding facilities at SAFF.

Can the Adoption of Protected Cultivation Facilities Affect Farm Sustainability?

Given the increasing threat of climate change to agriculture, determining how to achieve farm sustainability is important for researchers and policy makers. Among others, protected cultivation has been proposed as a possible adaptive solution at the farm level. This study contributes to this research topic by quantifying the effects of the use of protected cultivation facilities on farm sustainability. In contrast to previous studies that relied on small-scale random surveys, a population-based sample of fruit, flower and vegetable farms was drawn from the Agricultural Census Survey in Taiwan. Propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting and inverse probability weighting regression adjustment methods were applied. Empirical results show that the use of protected cultivation facilities increases farm profit by 68–73%, other things being equal. This finding is persistent when farms suffer from disaster shocks. Moreover, the changes in farm labor use can be seen as a mechanism behind the positive effect of the protected cultivation facility use on farm profit. Our findings suggest that agricultural authority can consider subsidizing farms to increase the adoption of protected cultivation facilities to mitigate the risks resulting from natural disaster shocks.

‘They just move in with relatives’: translocal labour migrants and transient spaces in Naivasha, Kenya

ABSTRACTOver the past four decades, the small town of Naivasha in Kenya has attracted tens of thousands of labour migrants. These migrants are looking for employment on one of the many flower farms located on the shores of Lake Naivasha. This article examines how the migrants, who mostly do not settle in Naivasha permanently, carve out space for themselves in the residential areas where they rent housing. These settlements were not planned for by the government or the flower industry, and are commonly interpreted as hopeless ‘slums’ that are the outcome of sheer neglect. In contrast, this article analyses the settlements as ‘transient spaces’: spaces that are particularly volatile, and that are shaped by the highly mobile practices of their residents. In dialogue with literature on East African urban and informal space, this article thus draws attention to the – partly translocal – agency of settlement residents in shaping their living environment. The article is based on fieldwork conducted between 2014 and 2016, which included a survey among settlement residents, archival research, and biographical interviews with migrant workers.

Perceptions of Flower Farm Workers on the Health Effects of Chemicals Exposures around Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia

Aims: Explore the perceptions of flower farms workers towards the health effects of chemical exposures. Perception is the views, attitudes and opinions of workers.
 Study Design: Descriptive survey, using quantitative and qualitative approaches.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Tana Flora, Bahir Dar Farm and Tal Flowers, between November 2018 and June 2019.
 Methodology: Statistical analyses were done using 302 sample workers (80 male and 222 female; age ranges 15-65 years) at 95% confidence interval employing stratified random sampling techniques via proportional sample selection, and a response rate of 95.6%. Independent sample t-test with the assumption of equal variance (the Leven’s t-test) was used to analyze the existence of significant perception differences among female and male workers, and workers labour divisions. Qualitative data was obtained through structured interviews from farms managers (3); regional Environmental, Forest and Wildlife Protection Development Authority (EFWPDA) officials (3) and field observations that supplemented the quantitatively analyzed data.
 Results: Leven’s t-test showed the computed p-values were less than the preset significance level (0.05) for the majority of health impacts of chemical exposures. Significant perception differences were observed among male and female workers and workers of different labour divisions (production vs. protection; pack house vs. protection) towards health impacts: skin rush, appetite loss, stomach cancer, birth defects, reproductive system damage, dizziness and impaired sight. Males perceived in a better way than females since farms gave special focus to male workers in the protection section 27(8.9%) and they engaged using the required health protective gears. Further, in flower farms, most of the proposed health impact mitigation measures were poorly implemented.
 Conclusion: Workers perception differences were occurred due to a particular attention to male workers in protection labour division; hence the regional EFWPDA should do the proper supervision and follow up for effective implementation of health impact mitigation measures.

Pesticide Use and Serum Acetylcholinesterase Levels among Flower Farm Workers in Ethiopia-A Cross-Sectional Study.

The flower industry in East Africa has grown in recent years, especially in the production and export of roses. The aim of this study was to assess pesticide use on selected flower farms in Ethiopia. Serum cholinesterase levels in workers were used as a marker of pesticide exposure. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 588 workers from 15 different flower farms. It had a response rate of 95.5%. The participants included 277 males (mean age 26 years; 148 pesticide sprayers and 129 non-sprayers) and 311 females (mean age 25 years; 156 working in greenhouses and 155 working outside the greenhouses). The researchers undertook structured interviews, blood sampling, and walkthrough surveys. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression were used in the statistical analyses. A total of 154 different trade names of pesticides were found. Of them, 31 (27%) were classified as moderately hazardous by the WHO, and 9% were organophosphates. Serum levels of cholinesterase deviating from 50–140 Michel units were considered abnormal. Abnormal serum cholinesterase levels (above 140 Michel units) were found in 97 participants (16.5%, 95% confidence interval 13.7–19.7%). There were no differences between the four job groups regarding cholinesterase levels. The high prevalence of abnormal serum cholinesterase levels might indicate the presence of pesticide intoxication. Thus, there is a need for routine monitoring of all workers exposed to pesticides, not only sprayers.

Performance of Three Epigeic Earthworm Species, Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrie and Dendrobanae veneta, in Managing Rose and Carnation Wastes in some Selected Ethiopian Flower Farms

The horticulture sector in Ethiopia is being challenged by multifaceted hitches; among which managing excess wastes produced from the farms and minimizing the cost of inorganic fertilizers are the major ones. The performance of three epigeic earthworm species, Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrie and Dendrobanae veneta, in managing flower (rose and carnation) wastes through vermicomposting was evaluated. The study was done using wastes collected from two flower farms, Dugda Flora (Debre Zeit) and Ethiopian Magical Farm (Legedadi). The wastes were pre-composted by mixing with cow dung and arranged in piles with 80 cm height and 1.5m width under different treatments. The worms were introduced into the piles when the temperature and moisture of the piles was lowered to a level suitable for the worms. The physico-chemical variables of the vermicompost and size reduction of the wastes were evaluated at the beginning, middle and at the end of the experiment. It took 3 months for all rose wastes to be converted into vermicompost, while it took 6 months for carnation wastes. Size reduction ranged (from 49.6 to 87.5%), total nitrogen (TN) (1.43 to 2.5%), available phosphorus (P2O5) (1879 to 2600ppm), Available Potassium (AV.K) (73.3 to 105.5 cmol(+)/kg), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) (12:1 to 28:1) for rose while TN ranged (1.6 to 2.3%), P2O5 (1867 to 2112 ppm), AV.K (73.3 to 103 cmol(+)/kg), C:N (14.4:1 to 25:1) for carnation during the same study period. There was no significant variation in terms of the quality of vermicompost produced by the worms and between the waste types; however, the process of vermicompost was delayed for carnation. There could be multifaceted reason for the delay but the recalcitrant nature of the plant seems to be the main reason. The overall results showed that all the three worms can be employed to manage both types of wastes.

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in the Bikolo Watershed, Tana Basin, Ethiopia

Horticulture is one of the thriving sectors in Ethiopia. However, it is also a risk for the environment due to the consumption of wide variety of chemicals and agricultural input that can affect different sources water quality. In addition to this Horticulture, use more water that can generate high amount of wastewater effluent. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variation of water quality along horticultural farm from Meshenti to Zegie Zuria watershed, Ethiopia. The effect of flower farm on ground and surface waters of tana watershed in Ethiopia was conducted during dry (January) and wet season (July) of 2017 based on physico-chemical and biological quality.11 water quality parameters from six sampling points were measured and analyzed. The results showed that GW (pH range 5.30 to 6.81) was slightly acidic (low pH) compared to SW (pH 7.32 to 10.67). GW turbidity ranged from 22.82 to 38 NTU whereas that of SW ranged from 15.82 to 87.45 NTU in both seasons. Chemical parameters measured in GW samples in this study were COD (ranging from 4.93 to 9.58mg/L) and BOD (1.35 to 4.20 mg/L) whereas SW COD and BOD ranged from 91.45to 129.33 mg/L and 3.52 to 27.53 mg/L respectively. TDS, DO, BOD, NO 3 - and PO 4 3- showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the sampling points of spatial and temporal distribution of physico-chemical and biological.it can be conclude that the variations may come from the pollution of water quality by flower culture. Keywords : Horticulture, Biological Oxygen Demand, chemical Oxygen Demand DOI : 10.7176/JEES/10-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI BUNGA MELATI (Jasminum sambac) DI KABUPATEN BATANG PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

Jasmine is a type of floriculture plant, that is white and has a very fragrant aroma. Jasmine flowers are widely used for activities related to customs as well as industrial raw materials. The use of jasmine is increasingly decreasing because many industries use the essence of jasmine because they are cheaper. The selling price of jasmine flowers tends to fluctuate because the production of jasmine is determined by the season and requests for certain festivals and ceremonies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the income of jasmine flower farmers and analyze the factors that influence the income of jasmine flower farming. The research was carried out in September 2018 in Batang District and Kandeman District, Batang Regency. The research method uses survey methods and data collection methods through interviews. The method for taking samples using Slovin techniques, determining the number of each sub-district using proportional allocation. Methods of data analysis using income analysis, multiple linear regression test and one sample t-test. The results showed that the income of jasmine flower farmers was Rp. 3,330,909 / 0.51 ha / month. The results of the analysis of one sample t-test show that the income of jasmine flower farmers is greater than the District Minimum Wage (UMK). Factors of seed costs, pesticide costs, fertilizer costs, selling prices and labor costs have an effect on simultaneously or partially on the income of jasmine flower farmers.

Farmers’ Perspective on Agriculture and Environmental Change in the Circumpolar North of Europe and America

Climate change may increase the importance of agriculture in the global Circumpolar North with potentially critical implications for pristine northern ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles. With this in mind, a global online survey was conducted to understand northern agriculture and farmers’ perspective on environmental change north of 60° N. In the obtained dataset with 67 valid answers, Alaska and the Canadian territories were dominated by small-scale vegetable, herbs, hay, and flower farms; the Atlantic Islands were dominated by sheep farms; and Fennoscandia was dominated by cereal farming. In Alaska and Canada, farmers had mostly immigrated with hardly any background in farming, while farmers in Fennoscandia and on the Atlantic Islands mostly continued family traditions. Accordingly, the average time since conversion from native land was 28 ± 28 and 25 ± 12 years in Alaska and Canada, respectively, but 301 ± 291 and 255 ± 155 years on the Atlantic Islands and in Fennoscandia, respectively, revealing that American northern agriculture is expanding. Climate change was observed by 84% of all farmers, of which 67% have already started adapting their farming practices, by introducing new varieties or altering timings. Fourteen farmers reported permafrost on their land, with 50% observing more shallow permafrost on uncultivated land than on cultivated land. Cultivation might thus accelerate permafrost thawing, potentially with associated consequences for biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions. About 87% of the surveyed farmers produced for the local market, reducing emissions of food transport. The dynamics of northern land-use change and agriculture with associated environmental changes should be closely monitored. The dataset is available for further investigations.

Profile of Transmitted Helminths Soil Worm Egg Infection in Flower Farmers

STH infection is an infection transmitted by intestinal nematodes through the soil. Flower farmers are one of the most vulnerable jobs infected with STH eggs because this work is directly related to the soil. Most of the work as flower farmers is in the Bandungan area because the area is suitable for flower plantations. The purpose of study to describe Soil Transmitted Helminths infection on flower farmers in Jetis Village, Bandungan Subdistrict, Semarang. This study was descriptive observational (non-experimental) research using cross sectional approach. Samples studied were 23 respondents. Feces examination conducted on 23 samples obtained 1 sample (4,3%) infected STH eggs of hookworm species and 22 samples (95,7%) not infected STH eggs. Only 1 flower farmer (4,3%) from 23 flower farmers in Jetis Village, Bandungan Sub-district was infected by Soil Transmitted Helminths egg.

The SWOT Analysis for Chrysanthemum Farmers Business Development Strategies for Fresh Chrysanthemum Farmers

Objective – This paper examines the business strategy at cut flower area. The need for cut flowers, especially chrysanthemums, is very large. The farmers of cut flowers are concentrated in Java, namely Malang, Bandungan, Yogyakarta and Cianjur in West Java. Methodology/Technique – In this study the object is in Bandungan, Semarang area. With large market conditions, it is possible for cut flower farmers to plant various varieties of chrysanthemum that the market likes. In order to fulfil the market prospect that is still wide open, chrysanthemum cut flower farmers must have business strategies that are able to provide guidance on the business being run. Production activities will develop and have an impact on farmers if supported by organizational policies that not only manage internal activities but are also able to face challenges from a dynamic external environment. Findings &amp; Novelty – The SWOT analysis were used at this research. The strategies that should be created are increasing cooperation, maintaining networks, and expanding marketing. The need for cut flowers especially chrysanthemums flowers in Indonesia is very large. This study aims to identify and examine the internal and external factors of the development of chrysanthemum agribusiness in Bandungan Village and to determine the priority of appropriate agribusiness strategies based on the farmer’s needs. This study is descriptive analysis research with a sample of 45 Chrysanthemum farmers. Using SWOT analysis, we found the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat for the farmers and we could design alternative business strategies. Internal Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) is used to identify and evaluate the key internal factors of the company, while External Strategic Factor Analysis (EFAS) is used to organize external strategic factors into generally accepted categories of opportunities and threats. Meanwhile, IE matrix is used to define the business strategy at the company level with greater details. The results suggest that the farmers should strengthen the internal conditions of the farmer groups, improve the production of chrysanthemum flower, and maximize the use of production facilities and equipment, These findings imply that production activities will develop and have a positive impact on farmers if supported by organizational policies that not only manage internal activities but are also able to face challenges of a dynamic external environment. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Chrysanthemum Flower; Strategic Management; SWOT Analysis. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Helmiatin; Susanty, E. 2019. The SWOT Analysis for Chrysanthemum Farmers Business Development Strategies for Fresh Chrysanthemum Farmers, J. Bus. Econ. Review 4(3) 139 – 148 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2019.4.3(3) JEL Classification: Q20, Q22, Q29.

Sistem Pakar Untuk Diagnosa Hama dan Penyakit Pada Bunga Krisan Menggunakan Forward Chaining

Bunga krisan adalah jenis tumbuhan berbunga yang sering ditanam sebagai tanaman hias atau bunga petik. Petani bunga krisan rata-rata mempunyai pengetahuan yang kurang mengenai hama dan penyakit pada bunga krisan yang susah untuk diidentifikasi, sehingga terlambat dalam melakukan penanganan dan pecegahan yang nantinya akan berakibat pada menurunnya hasil panen bunga krisan. Sistem pakar dapat mengatasi permasalahan ini yaitu dengan merancang sebuah sistem komputer berbasis web yang terintegrasi dengan database dan bahasa pemrograman seperti PHP-MySQL sehingga dapat membantu petani bunga krisan di Poncokusumo untuk mendiagnosa hama dan penyakit tersebut. Aplikasi sistem pakar dalam pengambilan keputusannya menggunakan mesin inferensi seperti Forward Chaining yang bekerja dengan menelusuri kasus-kasus berdasarkan rule-rule pada pohon keputusan. Diagnosa hama dan penyakit mengunakan metode forward chaining. Pada penelitian ini jenis penyakit yang dapat didiagnosa sebanyak 12 penyakit. Hasil dari implementasi sistem yaitu sistem akan memberikan pertanyaan berupa gejala-gejala yang dijawab oleh petani berdasarkan gejala yang dialami bunga krisan dan hasil dari proses tersebut sistem akan memberikan informasi hama atau penyakit apa yang dialaminya untuk mendapatkan solusi pengobatan dan pencegahannya. Pengujian yang digunakan yaitu pengujian akurasi dengan data uji sebanyak 21 pengujian.

Review Article: Why Environmental Impact Assessment Failed in the Floriculture Industry in Ethiopia

Floriculture as an industry in Ethiopia is a huge industry that counts a decade. The sector began in 1997 with only two flower farms, however, today has grown more than 80 active flower farms. The industry has grown because of several favorable factors like the vicinity of the country to the global market, encouraging investment law, very cheap labor power, moreover suitable environmental resources like soil, groundwater, etc. Though it is one of the leading industry to make the country get forging currency, several environmental, animal and human health concern increases through time because of the industry uses lager amount of hazardous chemical for the pesticides purpose and growth regulator, which ends up finally with few treatment or not at all any treatments directly damp in to the environment and lead to adverse environmental impacts. This paper reviewed about gaps in the regulatory framework and the problem of not having effective regulation in such kind of industry. Keywords: Floriculture, Environmental policy, Environmental impact assessment DOI : 10.7176/JEES/9-9-02 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Effective productivity management of mixed flower farms

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the issue of low yields in the packinghouses of green ornamentals and cut flowers due to the high rate of crops waste. Waste may be caused by pests, diseases and extreme weather or environmental conditions that are not under the farmer’s control. Other causes may relate to work processes as follows: irrigation, spraying, harvesting, handling, transportation, sorting, bundling and packaging. Design/methodology/approach The farm under study is a private owned business managed by the owner’s family members with growing area of 22 ha and eight daily workers. The farm produces about 2.5m units (flower stems) per year. The farm represents a typical flower farm in Israel. A costing model and decision rules were developed to identify the critical waste rate that will consider being economic to ship to the market. The model takes into account the production process, the production yield, the operational costs and sales price and calculates the breakeven point. A simulation model was developed to verify the relationships between waste rate to the total process time per stem and flow time. Findings Results show that the critical waste rate for Ruscus, Antirrhinum, Aralia and Aspidistra crops is 16, 74, 22 and 39 percent, respectively. The total process time per harvested stem decreases as the waste rate increases. Originality/value A working model was developed to determine the waste threshold rate and support the farmer in day-to-day economic decisions regarding shipment to the market and effective management of his workers.

Influences of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Low-wage, Working Mothers in Kenya: Perspectives from Managers, Healthcare Providers, Daycare Directors, Mothers, and Fathers (OR30-02-19)

ObjectivesKenya has legislation and policies on maternity leave and workplace support for breastfeeding (BF), and breastmilk expression. The extent to which this framework influences the BF practices of low-wage mothers is unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand the influences of EBF for 6 mo among mothers employed in the commercial agriculture and tourism industries. MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with employed mothers (n = 25), husbands of employed mothers (n = 10), managers of commercial flower farms and hotels (n = 8), daycare directors (n = 22), and health care providers (n = 20) in Naivasha, Kenya. ResultsDespite a widespread recognition of the recommended 6 months duration for EBF, employed mothers describe early cessation of EBF in preparation for their return to work, following a mandated 3-mo maternity leave. Husbands of employed women support EBF and would like to see the duration of EBF extended, but note similar challenges. Managers support lactating mothers through flexible work schedules and duties, yet few farms or hotels have designated lactation areas, and most recognize that mothers prefer to arrive later or leave early rather than visit children to feed during the workday. Daycare directors describe lack of refrigeration for expressed milk, and low interest from mothers in leaving expressed milk to feed their children during the workday. Employers with on-site housing and/or daycare report a more favorable environment to support EBF. Health care providers perceive low-wage, maternal employment as a challenge to 6 months of EBF, yet see childcare and a strengthened continuum of education from antenatal care to immunization services and community outreach as opportunities to improve EBF promotion. ConclusionsBeliefs about optimal BF practices do not align with practice. Mothers employed in low-wage work receive some benefits from their employers to support child care responsibilities, but distance from daycare, a low efficacy for expressing and storing milk, and lack of support for milk expression currently make EBF unattainable for most mothers in these industries. Interventions to improve the desirability and feasibility of milk expression are needed to strengthen the opportunity for EBF for employed mothers. Funding SourcesFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health.

THE STRATEGY OF IMPROVING AGRITOURISM SERVICE AT SETIYA AJI FLOWER FARM BY USING IPA-KANO APPROACH

Setiya Aji Flower Farm Agrotourism is a chrysanthemum flower farm agrotourism located in Jetis Village, Bandungan, Semarang regency, Central Java. This research aims to recommend improving attribute’s performance to give maximum satisfaction to visitors. The variable used in agrotourism service is the five dimensions of service quality: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, consisting of 32 attributes in entirety. The research was conducted on October-November 2018. Interviews and observations were used to collect the data. There were 100 visitors used as samples in this research, selected through quota sampling. IPA and Kano analyses were used to give a recommendation. It results in the management‘s prioritizing concentrate here and one dimensional category.