Flotation Results Research Articles

IN SEARCH OF AN EFFICIENT FROTHER FOR PRE-FLOTATION OF CARBONACEOUS SHALE FROM THE KUPFERSCHIEFER STRATIFORM COPPER ORE

This papers shows that frothers such as aliphatic alcohols (CnH2n+1OH), poly(propylene glycols) (HO(C3H6O)mH), poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ethers (CnH2n+1O(C3H6O)mH) and poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ethers (CnH2n+1O(C2H4O)mH), can be used for collectorless flotation of a sample of carbonaceous copper shale manually separated from the Kupferschiefer stratiform copper ore. It was shown that flotation is influenced by the type and dose of frothers. The best flotation results were obtained with tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether C4P3, tri(propylene glycol) propyl ether C3P3 and tri(propylene glycol) P3. For these frothers, the yield vs. frother dose relationship was in the form of convex curves indicating that carbonaceous copper shale can float at relatively low dosages of the frother. It means that these frothers can be used for pre-flotation of carbonaceous matter from the investigated copper ore. Other frothers formed concave yield-frother dose relationships and were less effective.

The Effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> on Phosphate Ore Flotation

In the process of recycling phosphate ore processing wastewater, the accumulation of inorganic ions and the flotation reagents have a great influence on the flotation performance when they reach to a certain concentration. This paper studied the effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and PO43- on the reverse flotation of phosphate ore through the single factor experiment. The experimental results show that Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO43- have less effect on the flotation performance, and that a certain amount of PO43- in the ore pulp can reduce the dosage of acid and improve the flotation result. SO42- has a significant effect on the reverse flotation of phosphate ore and the concentration of SO42- should be controlled under 1 g/L in the backwater utilization.

Experimental Research on a Cyanidation of Gold Ore Containing Arsenic

The main metal minerals are magnetic pyrite arsenopyrite pyrites, galenite sphalerite,etc.The main gangue minerals are quarts,sericite,chlorite,carbonate,etc.Nature gold,electrum,bullion and nature silver are main gold silver minerals. The useful element is gold and silver and the impurity is arsenic. The experimental results of cyanide leaching crude and flotation concentrate show that the index of leaching rate of gold and silver being 93.90% and 81.38% are got on the condition of grinding fineness being 95.3%-0.074mm，pulp thickness being 33%，dosage if CaO being 2.5kg/t（pH≈11），dosage of NaCN being 3.0kg/t,leaching time being 24h by leaching crude of gold and silver grade being 0.82g/t、4.78g/t.

부유선별(浮遊選別)에 의한 상동광산(鑛山) 광물(鑛物)찌꺼기의 As 제거(除去) 연구(硏究)

상동광산 광물찌꺼기로부터 As를 제거하기 위하여 부유선별을 실시하였다. 상동광산 광물찌꺼기를 토양오염공정시험법으로 분석한 결과, As가 282 mg/kg 으로 1지역 대책기준(75 mg/kg)을 초과하고 있어 심각한 수준 이였다. 먼저 포수제와 기포제를 K.A.X와 DF250으로 선정 한 후, pH 변화에 따른 실험을 통해 pH 6일 때 제거율이 91%로 성적이 가장 우수하였다. 교반속도(rpm)에 따른 실험에서는 rpm이 1,500일 때 As 제거율이 80%로 가장 높았다. K.A.X 첨가량에 따른 실험에서는 300 g/ton 에서 93%로 높은 제거효율을 보였으며, 광액의 농도에 따른 실험에서는 30%일 때 93%의 높은 제거효율을 보였으며 침강물의 As 함량이 22.5 mg/kg으로 1지역 대책기준(75 mg/kg)을 초과하던 As를 1지역 우려기준치(25 mg/kg) 이하로 만족시킬 수 있었고, 최종적으로 상동광산 광물찌꺼기로부터 As를 원천적으로 제거할 수 있었다. Froth flotation was performed to remove As from the tailing of Sangdong Mine. When the tailings of Sangdong Mine were analyzed by the Standard Method for the Soil Environment Conservation, the concentration of As was found to be at a serious level (282 mg/kg), exceeding countermeasure standard (75 mg/kg). Froth flotation was performed to remove As and preliminary tests were performed to select the reagents. Specifically, froth flotation was performed using collector and frother, KAX and DF250 respectively. An experiment based on pH changes found that the removal rate was highest at pH6. The removal rate of As was highest at agitating rate 1500 according to the agitating rate. In the experiment based on the quantities of KAX added, the removal rate of As was found to be highest at 300 g/ton and was reduced at higher levels than 300 g/ton. An experiment based on pulp density found that the removal rate was highest at pulp density 30%. It was possible to adjust the As level -- which exceeded countermeasure standard (75 mg/kg) -- to 22.5mg/kg to satisfy the Warning standard (25 mg/kg), from the results of froth flotation.

Floatability of polymer materials modulated by frothers

Flotation tests of 35 polymer materials were carried out to investigate their floatability modulated by frothers. Results of flotation tests demonstrated that polymer resins and soft PVC showed high floatability, floatability of hard PVC plastics was relatively low and was related to the frothers, and there exists significant difference in the floatability of different post-consumer plastics. Flotation rate of post-consumer plastics varies from 0% to 100%. Furthermore, three-category low-energy surface (LES) was defined based on the hydrophile index of the materials involved in this paper, and an adsorption model was proposed to explain the results of flotation and to discuss the floatability of polymer materials modulated by frothers. Frother molecules are prone to adsorb on the surface of bubble rather than LES at relatively low concentration, bubble adsorbed by frother molecules is prone to approach first-category LES rather than third-category LES, and the structure of liquid film is formed on the first-category LES at large concentration. Floatability of polymer materials modulated by frothers is further discussed: frothers increase the floatability of the first-category LES but decrease the floatability of the third-category LES, while the floatability of the second-category LES is related to the type of frothers.

A new method of testing frother performance

A new method of testing frother performance was proposed. Four parameters were tested: maximum foam volume, foam half-life, gas-liquid ratio and mean foam rise velocity. Among them the former two parameters indicate frother's foaming ability and foam stability respectively, and the latter two indicate water carrying ability and foam viscosity, respectively. The performance of four frothers in a two-phase (solution-air) system was tested and batch flotation tests on a copper ore were carried out. By analyzing frother performance in a two-phase system and comparing with the flotation results, correlation between them was found. Higher-copper concentrate grade was obtained by frothers with weak water carrying ability and low foam viscosity. And frothers with strong foaming ability and stable foam tend to obtain higher copper recovery.

Effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> on Floatability of Smithsonite and Hemimorphite

In this paper the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the floatability of smithsonite and hemimorphite were investigated through microflotation. The flotation tests were performed using purified samples from Lanping mine of China by the microflotation technique. The Ca2+ flotation results showed that the recovery of smithsonite decreased from 89.81% to 83.92% and the recovery of hemimorphite decreased from 84.83% to 76.03% when increasing Ca2+ concentration from 200mg/L to 1000mg/L. Also, while increasing Mg2+ concentration from 200mg/L to 1000mg/L the smithsonite and hemimorphite recoveries declined to reach 80.03% and 71.75%, respectively. It can be concluded that the recoveries of smithsonite and hemimorphite showed a decreasing trend with the increasing of Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration, and the effect on the recovery of hemimorphite was larger. Moreover, the effects of Mg2+ on the smithsonite and hemimorphite are greater in the same test condition, which could be attributed to the solubility product difference of Ca (OH)2and Mg (OH)2.

Beneficiation of limestone plant rejects for value addition

Investigations were carried out on lime stone rejects (−1mm) generated at a lime stone washing plant in southern India. These rejects contain 12.09% CaO, 2.95% MgO, 10.73% Al2O3, 4.99% Fe2O3, 43.05% SiO2 and 24.92% LOI. Mineralogical studies including SEM-EDAX, XRD, FTIR and TGA were conducted to confirm relative distribution of minerals in the flotation feed and products. These studies revealed that feed sample consists of quartz and calcite as the major minerals with minor amounts of montmorillonite and dolomite whereas flotation concentrate dominantly consists of calcite, and tailings mostly of quartz and montmorillonite. A commercial grade sodium silicate, oleic acid and MIBC were used as depressant, collector and frother respectively in flotation studies. The effects of different operating parameters were evaluated for both conventional and column flotation. Two stage conventional cell flotation results indicate that a cleaner concentrate of 42.50% lime (CaO) content could be obtained at a yield of 15.65%. The lime (CaO) content of the concentrate was further enhanced up to 44.23% at 20.73% yield using single stage column flotation. The column flotation is more efficient in comparison to the conventional cell for treating this sample. A process flowsheet was developed to treat these rejects based on the studies carried out. This process can minimize the waste generation and the concentrate generated during this process can be directly utilized in the Indian cement industries.

Flotation Behavior of Smelting Abandoned Copper Slags

The flotation of smelting copper slags in Yunnan has been studied in this paper. The influences of grinding fineness, different kinds of collectors and the dosage of sodium sulfide, GZT, which influence the flotation results, are tested. The experimental results show that in the first stage of roughing, a good flotation result is obtained, the concentrate copper grade reaches 24.12% and the flotation recovery rate reaches 82.98%, when the grade of copper slags is about 2.1%, under the circumstances that the grinding fineness is 85.6%, the amount of Y-89 is 400g/t, the amount of sodium sulfide is 2500g/t, and the amount of GZT is 80g/t.

Reverse Flotation of Quartz From Magnetite Ore with Modified Sodium Oleate

The flotation characteristic differences between sodium oleate (SO) and modified sodium oleate (MSO) have been studied in this article. Pure mineral flotation results have shown that MSO is more tolerant to fluctuations in pH, pulp temperature, and reagent dosages than SO. Adsorption tests, zeta potential measurements, and solution chemistry analysis have revealed that MSO has a greater collecting ability to quartz than SO because of the double collecting groups of MSO. A concentrate of 1.01% higher Fe grade, 0.83% higher Fe recovery, and 1.05% lower SiO2 grade can be achieved in laboratory ore flotation by using MSO as the collector.

Determining optimal conditions for lignite flotation by design of experiments and the halbich upgrading curve

In this study conditions for flotation of low rank coal (lignite of Tuncbilek, Turkey) were investigated in detail. The experiments were performed using the 3-variable 2-level (2 3 ) full factorial experimental design with four base point replicates, and the results were analyzed by the regression model, Fischer test (F-test) and Halbich's upgrading curve for the responses of ash content (or combustible matter grade) and the combustible matter recovery. The results obtained from the analysis indicated that while every factor considerably affected the combustible matter recovery, both collector (kerosene) and frother (AF65) significantly influenced the ash contents of the carbonaceous matter products. The only effective mutual interaction influencing recovery was caused by the kerosene-aeration interaction, while the interaction of kerosene-aeration and kerosene-AF65 and interactions of all factors (kerosene-AF65-aeration) were significant for the ash content of the products. Basing on the grade- recovery Halbich upgrading curve, regression model and a criterion for optimum of flotation results, it was found that a coal product with combustible matter grade of 91.09% and 71% combustible matter recovery can be obtained provided that it is processed at the higher level of kerosene (3 kg/Mg), higher level of frother AF65 (40 ppm) and lower aeration rate level of (0.16 cm/s).

Utilization of polysaccharides as depressants for the flotation separation of copper/lead concentrate

The interaction mechanism between dextrin and minerals has been investigated through micro-flotation, adsorption density measurements, Fourier transform infrared ray (FTIR) spectroscopic studies and dissolution tests. Dextrin shows a good depressing action towards galena but not chalcopyrite. FTIR spectroscopic studies indicate that dextrin chemically adsorbed on galena surface in alkaline pH range. Dissolution tests confirm leaching action of metal ions from chalcopyrite and galena surfaces, and dextrin-lead ion interaction. Adsorption measurements present that the higher adsorption density of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) onto chalcopyrite than that onto galena, and IPETC adsorbed on galena decrease with increasing dextrin concentrations in the presence of dextrin, attesting the flotation results.

Experimental results of flotation of the KamAZ-4350, KamAZ-5350 and Ural-4320-31 automobiles with differential and locked-wheel drive at steady curvilinear motion

The results of experimental studies on determination of the coefficient of resistance to rolling at the steady curvilinear motion of automobiles KamAZ-4350, KamAZ-5350 and Ural-4320-31 with differential and locked-wheel drive. There was made the conclusion about the increase in a hyperbolic dependence of the coefficient of resistance to rolling with the increase of curvature of the trajectory of rotation. Possible ways of improving the maneuverability of all-wheel drive trucks with curvilinear motion on deformable unpaved surfaces were identified.

Arsenic Removal from Mine Tailings for Recycling via Flotation

In this study, we propose a flotation process to remove the arsenic from Samkwang mine tailings in South Korea, which contained a high arsenic content, in order to render them suitable for recycling. In order to maximize the arsenic removal from the mine tailings, three variables (type of collectors and activators, and solution pH) were systematically investigated. Characterization experiments (X-ray diffraction and electrokinetic property analyses) were carried out to complement the flotation results, and the results showed that the mine tailings were mainly composed of arsenopyrite (FeAsS), arsenic trioxide (As2O3 ,A s4O6), arsenic pentoxide (As2O5) and quartz (SiO2). The flotation results obtained using different collectors (i.e., potassium amyl xanthate (PAX), sodium oleate, sodium dodecyl sulfate) revealed that arsenic removal efficiency was greatest in the presence of PAX, which was explained by the difference in the electrokinetic properties and the interaction type of collectors with arsenic-bearing minerals. Meanwhile, the addition of activators (Na2S, CuSO4 ,N a2S+CuSO4) and the pulp pH significantly affected the arsenic removal efficiency. The arsenic removal was maximized in the presence of mixed activators (Na2S+CuSO4) at low pH. The effect of activator type and pulp pH on the arsenic removal efficiency was attributed to the coupled role of the sulphidization of arsenic oxides (e.g., AS2O3 ,A S4O6 and AS2O5), the activation of sulphidized minerals, and the formation of dixanthogen. Lastly, based on the results obtained from the parameter optimization tests (i.e., type of collector and activator, and pulp pH), a series of flotation processes consisting of rougher flotation and two subsequent scavenging flotations was designed. The results demonstrated the capability of the process to successfully remove arsenic from Samkwang mine tailings for recycling. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2013285]

Comparative results of copper flotation from smelter slag and granulated smelter slag

Smelter slag is obtained in the process of metallurgical converting of copper concentrate in the Smelter Plant in Bor, Serbia. Today, the reserves of this material are evaluated at about more of a year, with the average copper content of 0.6-0.9%. Production of copper concentrate by flotation of smelter slag has started in 2001. Flotation concentrate goes to the Copper Smelter once more for production of copper cathodes and the rough flotation tailings go to the flotation tailing dump. Copper recoveries in the flotation process of smelter slag reaches the value of about 45- 50%. Slag in RTB plants is processed in a facility that is not designed for slag processing but it is only adapted to these conditions. The obtained results are worser than the expected ones and testing that could improve them will continue. This paper shows the way of obtaining the flotation concentrate of smelter slag with realization better total copper recovery. One of the possibilities is the slag granulation process that provides a range of courses to investigate the impact on process of comminution and concentration of copper. For this purpose, on a specially constructed laboratory granulator, large amounts of granulated smelter slag are obtained, necessary for further testing the process of flotation concentration. This paper presents the achieved comparative results from the flotation concentration process of smelter slag and granulated smelter slag of reverberatory furnace.

The Harmonious Design on the Beneficiability of the Pt-Pd Ores Containing High-MgO Gangues in Yunnan

Flotation characteristics of the fine-disseminated copper-nickel sulfides containing Pt and Pd and thermodynamic properties of high amounts of serpentine gangues by diluted acidic leaching in the ore sample of Yunnan were investigated by bench flotation tests and acidic leaching tests and their combination tests have also been conducted to exploit the harmonious design to extract all the values from the ore sample. Based on the results of bench flotation tests, it has been suggested that traditional flotation with the target of only metallic values in the ore was not available and profitable due to the fact that it was inevitable of the deteriorated dilution of serpentines in the flotation concentration using common various kinds of flocculants or depressants, in which the content of MgO in the concentrate was around 20.0%, while leaching tests by waste acids from producing TiO2 indicated that this may be a promising method to extract MgO andα-Fe2O3 from the ore sample, since it can weaken the disturbance of serpentines significantly and lead a satisfied results of the Cu-Ni sulfide flotation. In this study, a harmonious flow-sheet, which involves leaching by waste acids and traditional flotation process, had been designed with the objective of extracting the metallic values and two non-metallic products, which includesα-Fe2O3 and MgO, from the ore sample. It is worthy noticed that the acidic waste liquids from a TiO2 company in Panzihua was used as leaching agent, which can dissolve 98.81% Mg2+ and 78.43% Fen+ with little Ni2+ and Cu2+. By the comparison of the flotation results and benefits between traditional flotation alone and harmonious design, besides the two more qualified non-metallic products, α-Fe2O3 and MgO, a better concentrate containing a grade of only 2.64% MgO at the grades of 2.58% Cu, 2.97% Ni and 81.02 g/t Pt+Pd with the recoveries of 93.79% Cu, 83.14% Ni and 79.19% Pt+Pd respectively, were harvested from the harmonious design.

Using a New Bulk Flotation Process to Enhance the Recovery of Mineral Beneficiation in a Lead-Zinc Sulfide-Oxide Mixed Ore

The properties of a lead-zinc ore are investigated by XRD and SEM analysis methods. Results show that the ore assays 1.27 per cent Pb and 1.62 per cent Zn, mainly occurring in the form of sulfide minerals. Through lead and zinc phase analysis, it is known that the distribution of galena reaches 63.78 per cent, and that of sphalerite is up to 77.16 per cent. And the oxidation rates of lead and zinc will become much more serious as the depth of exploitation increases, which is a great trouble that the mine faces with. So how to improve the recovery of mineral beneficiation is an important means to enhance the economical benefits in the mine. Many tests work have been done to develop a new bulk flotation process to enhance the Pb and Zn recovery. Flotation results of the closed circuit test indicate that the Pb and Zn recovery from the new bulk flotation process can be increase by 10 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, which makes very considerable benefit for the mine.

금풍광산(鑛山) 광물(鑛物)찌꺼기의 광물(鑛物)학적 특성(特性) 및 중금속(重金屬) 제거(除去)

본 연구의 목적은 금풍광산 광물찌꺼기 내 중금속의 광물학적 특성을 조사하고, 중금속 제거를 위한 부유선별 실험을 하였다. 광물학적 분석 결과, 휘동석, 유비철석, 황철석, 섬아연석, 방연석 등 황화광물이 존재하였다. 카드뮴과 다른 중금속(Cu, Pb, Zn)의 상관관계를 살펴보면 Cd는 Zn과 좋은 양의 상관관계를 가졌다. K.A.X.(Potassium Amyl Xanthate)와 Aerofloat 211을 포수제로 사용한 부유선별 실험 결과 광물찌꺼기 내 잔류 중금속(As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn)의 농도가 토양오염기준치를 만족하는 결과를 얻었다. The objective of this study was to research the mineralogical characteristics and removal of heavy metals of tailings from Gum-poong mine. From the result of mineralogical analysis, there are several sulphide minerals such as chalcocite, aresenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena. Cd and Zn have a good positive correlation from the statistical relation between Cd and other heavy metals(Cu, Pb, Zn). Residual heavy metals(As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) from the Gum-poong tailings were removed under the warning criteria from the result of froth flotation with K.A.X.(Potassium Amyl Xanthate) and Aerofloat 211.

The theoretical study on the efficiencies of 2-[tris(hyroxycarbamoyl)methyl] carboxylic acids as chelating agents in flotation separation of diaspore and aluminosilicates

The performance of 2-[tris(hyroxycarbamoyl)methyl] carboxylic acids on flotation separation of diaspore over kaolinite and illite was investigated by using flotation tests, and their collecting performance was clarified by using density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The flotation results of single minerals indicate that by using THDA, THCA or THTA as collector under neutral condition, diaspore presents good flotability while kaolinite and illite exhibit poor flotabilities. Among the three collectors, THCA displays the greatest difference in the flotability between diaspore and aluminosilicate. The flotation results of the artificially mixed minerals show that under the condition of pH 7 and 2×10−4mol/L THCA, the A/S value in the concentrate is greatly increased and the separation of diaspore over aluminosilicates is feasible by using THCA as collector. DFT calculations show that large negative charges are located at the O and N atoms in the polar group of these collectors and the O atoms have more negative charges than N atoms. By comparison THCA has the highest HOMO energy, resulting in the highest collecting efficiency. The adsorption of collector on mineral surface by MD method indicates that the combination processes of collectors with mineral crystal are exothermic, and THCA has the greatest difference in binding energy between diaspore and aluminosilicate. A good correlation was found between the theoretical calculations and the experimental results. As a whole, THCA is a better collector to float and separate diaspore over aluminosilicates.

Microbubble Flotation에 의한 고품위(高品位) 석탄생산(石炭生産) 기술(技術) 개발(開發)

The purpose of this study is to confirm the possibility of obtaining high grade coal from fixed carbon 20.68% coal. Also, the mineralogical, physical/chemical and liberation characteristics was found with the aim of decrease in ash amount, during the pre-processing of clean coal technology. In this study, batch flotation and microbubble column flotation that was appropriate for the processing of fine particles was used with the variation in kinds and quantity of frother, collector and depressant. Also grinding time, air flow rate and feeding rates were examined. As a result of batch flotation, using pulp density 20%, collector DMU-101+dodecyl amine(100 mL/ton), frother pine oil (200 mL/ton), depressant sodium silicate(1 kg/ton), obtained the result of ash rejection 81.55% and combustible recovery 70.23%. In result of microbubble column flotation, the result was ash rejection 83.85% and combustible recovery 70.42% under the condition of pulp density 5%, grinding time 5 min. collector DMU-101+DDA(100 mL/ton), frother AF65(5.4 L/ton), depressant SMP(3.5 kg/ton), wash water(360 mL/min.) and air flow rate(1,197 mL/min.).