Floor Of Building Research Articles

Acoustical aspects of replacing traditional materials in building elements with renewable and recycled ones

Building elements, especially partitions, floors and external walls significantly affect indoor acoustic comfort. Their ability to reduce noise transmission from neighbouring rooms or from outdoors depends on the element composition and the building materials used. In Central Europe, the heavyweight masonry or concrete walls and slabs are typical elements both for family and residential buildings. However, increasing popularity of lightweight multi-layered structures is noticeable. This creates new opportunities for the gradual replacement of traditional materials with renewable and recycled ones, both for load-bearing components and for fillings and other layers of building elements. This paper introduces such design changes in relation to acoustics, particularly airborne sound insulation. The greatest attention is paid to the replacement of masonry and mineral wool insulation with timber and wood fibres. The overview is supplemented by examples of low-energy house external wall and timber wall with recycled infill whose sound insulation has been determined by measurements in the acoustic laboratory.

A Prototype Machine Learning Tool Aiming to Support 3D Crowdsourced Cadastral Surveying of Self-Made Cities

Land administration and management systems (LAMSs) have already made progress in the field of 3D Cadastre and the visualization of complex urban properties to support property markets and provide geospatial information for the sustainable management of smart cities. However, in less developed economies, with informally developed urban areas—the so-called self-made cities—the 2D LAMSs are left behind. Usually, they are less effective and mainly incomplete since a large number of informal constructions remain unregistered. This paper presents the latest results of an innovative on-going research aiming to structure, test and propose a low-cost but reliable enough methodology to support the simultaneous and fast implementation of both 2D land parcel and 3D property unit registration of informal, multi-story and unregistered constructions. An Indoor Positioning System (IPS) built upon low-cost Bluetooth technology combined with an innovative machine learning algorithm and connected with a 3D LADM-based cadastral mapping mobile application are the two key components of the technical solution under investigation. The proposed solution is tested for the first floor of a multi-room office building. The main conclusions concern the potential, usability and reliability of the method.

Seismic Response Of Multi-storey Building Using Artificial Neural Network

The different parameters like base shear, drift, and top storey displacement of G+7 building is evaluated by using time history analysis and response spectrum analysis for the purpose of comparative study of both the analyses using MATLAB and an artificial neural network (ANN). The main objective of present work is to analyse earthquake of different locations like Bhuj, Kobe, Victoria and Elecentro, for time history analysis building is not connected with actuator and it is analysed during seismic motion of building using a MATLAB software. Base shear, drift and top storey displacement is evaluated during this analysis. For response spectrum analysis, first building relates to actuator at top floor. And during seismic motion of building different parameters like base shear, drift and top floor displacement are evaluated using MATLAB software and for evaluation of control force of a design actuator artificial neural network (ANN) is used. From time history analysis, response spectrum analysis test results and graphs for G+7 building it is clear that, when actuator is not connected with building it does not dissipate the energy of seismic motion and base shear of building , drift , and top floor displacement is very high, and in second case when building is connected with actuator at optimal place it gives considerable response during seismic motion of building and base shear of building, drift, and top floor displacement are can considerably reduce using control actuator system.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a designed envelop contenting phase change material and imposed solar heat flux and ambient air

Buildings are one of the largest consumers of energy for cooling and heating systems to provide the comfort temperature for human living. The use of smart materials or phase change materials (PCMs) pave the road to prevent heat loss of buildings. This material is injected into a block called envelop, employed in Buildings' roof and floor. In the present study, a envelop filled PCM with a melting temperature of 16.5 ° C was designed and simulated by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and was imposed surrounding air (robin boundary condition). Moreover, the effects of Buoyant force, creating free convection mechanism due to melting PCM and density change with temperature, was considered in this numerical method. Thus, this unsteady numerical study focused on three inclined angles (30 ≤ θ ≤ 60) and three solar heat flux (200≤q”≤300Wm2) imposed in 12 h, whose effects were analyzed on the melting fraction, temperature contours for 12 h and melting fraction percentage at passing time after 12 h. The obtained results showed that the phase change line was perpendicular to gravity vector due to high buoyant force. Moreover, investigation of inclined angles was a vital parameter in PCM melting process. Furthermore, the indoor of building was safe from hot air outdoor at least 9 h exposing the worst solar heat flux.

Estimation of impact sound reduction by wood flooring installation in a wooden building in Korea

Multi-family homes have been constructed traditionally using heavy materials like concrete/steel and bricks. Wooden structures are a promising substitute for typical heavyweight constructions. However, floor impact noise has been identified as the most annoying noise source in South Korea. Here, we have studied the effect of floorboard installation on impact sound changes before and after installing the floorboard on the floor of a wooden building. We used standard tapping and bang machines in this study to generate lightweight and heavyweight impact sounds. The changes in noise from lightweight and heavyweight impact sounds were estimated on the upper layer (UL) and lower layer (LL) floors before and after the installation of the plywood floorboard (PFB). The average of the octave band center frequencies at 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz from the lightweight impact before installation of PFB was 84.08 dB (UL) and 50.54 dB (LL), respectively, while 84.04 dB (UL) and 41.90 dB (LL) after the installation of the surface decorated PFB. Similarly, the heavyweight impact sound before installing PFB was 73.26 dB (UL) and 42.16 dB (LL), respectively, while after installation of PFB, impact sound appeared at 71.58 dB (UL) and 42.48 dB (LL). The results exhibited that lightweight impact sound could be reduced by about 8.6 dB on the LL. These results could entice the researcher or building engineer to design wooden floorboards for a comfortable building environment. This study is new because it compares the impact sound of the floor before and after it has been constructed.

Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China: Vertical distribution and potential health risks

In this study, we conducted a preliminary investigation of the vertical distribution and potential health risks of short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China. Forty-eight SCCP and MCCP congener groups in dust from different floors of the multistory residential building were determined by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The concentration ranges for SCCPs and MCCPs in the dust samples were 0.0239–207 μg/g and 0.135–2903 μg/g, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant group, on average accounting for 76.8 % of ∑CPs. Generally, the concentrations of both SCCPs and MCCPs greatly decreased as the floor level increased, which indicated that the CP contamination was attributed to exogenous atmospheric transport and deposition. C13Cl7–8 and C14Cl7–8 were the dominant SCCP and MCCP congener groups, possibly indicating the use of industrial CP-52 products was the main source of CPs. In the worst-case scenario using the maximum concentrations of CPs, the daily intake of SCCPs for toddlers was of the same order of magnitude as the reference dose. It should be noted that CPs exposure may be more serious when indoor decorations, furniture, and various plastic products are taken into consideration. Overall, more attention should be paid to CPs exposure and control measures in high-rise buildings.

Design of Electric Power System for Xinhangcheng Station on Intercity Railway Connecting Line

At present, the intercity railway station is getting bigger and bigger, represented by the Intercity Railway Xinhangcheng Station. Xinhangcheng Station of the Intercity Railway Link Line is a key station for the national railway underground passenger transport, the scale of the building is larger than that of ordinary subway stations, with a total of 6 floors, including communication, signal, information, escalator, screen door and other equipment. The layout and design of ventilation, water supply, and fire-fighting equipment are more complicated than subways. The station also includes areas related to station support and integrated development, therefore, new requirements are put forward for the design of the station power system. Therefore, it is very important to study a reasonable and feasible power design scheme. In this paper, to meet the needs of the intercity railway tie line underground station building, station supporting and integrated development of electricity consumption and electricity consumption independent of each other, a 10KV/0.4KV substation is set up on the ground floor and on the second floor of the station building to supply power to the station, a 10KV/0.4KV substation is set up on the east and west sides of the supporting area to supply power to the municipal supporting area, and integrated development of a 10KV/0.4KV substation is set up to supply power for integrated commercial development, meeting the needs of all parties.

신축건물의 일부 층 완성과 구분소유권의 취득

The title of this thesis is ‘Completion of Some Floors of a New Building and Acquisition of the Divided Ownership’. It would be difficult at the present moment to predict exactly what problems may arise in the future. However, there should be efforts to find solutions for problems related to regulation of public order so that the risk of causing unreasonable consequences can be minimized. Since the divided ownership system is something that is being newly developed, a thorough examination of past problems can lead to a future's adhesion contract system that is more rational and accords with substantial justice. I reviewed the timing of the establishment of divisional ownership in the process of new construction of a collective building. For example, I think that when the independent part of the first floor of a collective building is completed, separate ownership of the independent part of the first floor is established.

PERFORMANCE OF JUTE FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH

Concrete is a mixture made up of a proportional mixture of water, aggregate (sand or gravel), cement, and admixtures to impart advantageous properties. Despite its high compressive strength, concrete is fragile; compared to its compressive strength, its tensile strength is only about 10%, and it also has a low resistance to cracking, which restricts its application. Fiber-reinforced concrete, which combines concrete with fibrous material to solve these limitations, is a solution. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has emerged as a new sustainable material for a varied range of applications, including building pavements, huge industrial building floors, and runways. Natural fibers are used in contemporary technologies (jute fiber) and this study explores the use of non-metallic fibers (jute fiber) in concrete. The purpose of this article is to analyze the strength properties of non-metallic fibers in concrete and compare them to standard plain concrete specimens. When Jutes fiber is added to concrete, the compressive strength increases to a certain limit, increasing fiber content. In this study, chopped jute fibers were utilized to create an FRC material to see whether the 28-day strength could be improved. Mixing and casting issues were created by fiber clumping at high fiber concentrations. In this experiment, 10 mm and 15 mm long jute samples (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) of volumetric weight are mixed with concrete. The mix design followed the American Concrete Institute's recommendations (ACI, 211.1-91). The ratio of water to cement was 0.4. Compressive strength of the concrete decreases, also resulting in poor workability. When compared to ordinary concrete, the compressive strength of 28 days was improved by 64.34%, and the optimal content of jute was determined to be 0.1%. The compressive and tensile strength of the fiber was also affected by its length. The ductile behavior of the FRC improves as the fiber content increases. In this investigation, it was also discovered that the modulus of elasticity of FRC was increased when compared to ordinary concrete

OPTIMASI PERFORMA JARINGAN WIRELESS MENGGUNAKAN METODE (HTB) HIERARCHICAL TOKEN BUCKET PADA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALUKU UTARA

In wireless networks, the problem of weakening the signal mentioned above requires more serious attention, because considering that the data transmission medium by this wireless network uses broadcast air. The purpose of this study is to optimize and analyze network performance on the Wireless network on the third floor of building A UMMU and at the same time to compare the two methods to get the QOS value. In this study using 3 clients, the amount of bandwidth used is 10 MBps which is divided into 5 MBps, 3 MBps, and 2MBps assuming the bandwidth will be divided between each client using the HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) method. While the Action Research method to be able to determine network performance using QoS parameters, namely Diagnosis (Diagnosing), Action Planning (action planning), Taking Action (Action Taking), Evaluation (Evaluating), Learning (learning). The results of this study are that the delay in bandwidth management using the HTB queuing method is smaller than using the Action Research method, the second throughput in bandwidth management using HTB is smaller than the Action Research method and the browsing speed is faster when implementing the HTB bandwidth management method. While the Action Research Method is only able to evaluate the browsing speed of some network users. Based on the results above, it can be seen that the network quality using the HTB queuing method is more optimal, this is because the bandwidth will be divided according to the rules applied.

Comprehensive Occupational and Environmental Risk Assessment of Elemental Mercury at the Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, NJ

The Thomas A. Edison National Laboratory in West Orange, NJ was used to research and develop many inventions including experiments with a mercury oxide battery. Historical letter from Ms. Kellogg to Thomas Edison in 1884 reported the outcome of using mercury while conducting research. Preliminary test results showed spread of some contamination to artifact throughout the laboratory but the majority of the mercury was confined to a specific area of the lab. Spillage of elemental mercury in the Small Dry Cell Lab on the third floor of Building 5 leaked through the floor and ceiling on the second floor below. A comprehensive preliminary site risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the location and extent of the mercury contamination. Remediation work was conducted to remove the wood floor and ceiling but the work plan and health and safety plan for the project was inadequate. Workers were exposed to elevated levels of mercury vapor. Changes were made to reduce the risk and occupational exposure. The work was accomplished successfully without mercury poisioning after implementing more elaborate engineering and administrative controls.

Understanding the impacts of floods on learning quality, school facilities, and educational recovery in Indonesia.

This research is among the first pieces of work to use the comprehensive school safety (CSS) framework to assess the impacts of floods on quality learning and education infrastructure. The CSS framework is employed here to identify the level of disruption to education services following floods in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2013. The paper poses three key questions, concerning: (i) disruption to children's access to quality education during the flood emergency in 2013 and the early recovery phase; (ii) the impact of the floods on a school's physical infrastructure; and (iii) the effectiveness and level of success of the 2013 flood responses by relevant stakeholders. Combining quantitative and qualitative strategies, the paper examines the experiences of 100 schools in Jakarta. The findings suggest that the CSS framework offers a more nuanced approach to assessing post-disaster education needs. Moreover, it is also relevant for examining the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and relative losses in the education sector.

Internal heat loads profiles for buildings’ energy modelling: comparison of different standards

In absence of real data on occupants and electric devices patterns, nominal values and schedules of internal heat loads given by existing related standards can be adopted for buildings energy modelling. Since different results can be obtained depending on the standard, the choice of the proper one, based only on given nominal values and schedules, could be not straightforward. As a novelty, this study reports a comparison among the energy implications of different building internal heat load profiles from current standards. To this aim, typical building floors representing common residential and office rooms composition were defined. Then, different days’ profiles and peaks of the overall internal heat loads densities due to occupancy, equipment, and artificial lighting, obtained from selected standards, are analyzed and compared together with the resulting different annual internal heat load density components and their effect on building annual thermal energy needs. Hence, insights to choose the most suitable standard, depending on the study context, are provided. Moreover, the calculated values of internal heat loads densities can be directly adopted as an early-stage approach in energy simulation models, neglecting detailing the building rooms’ composition.

Energy efficiency package for rooftop unit replacement: laboratory testing and validation of energy savings

Over half of commercial building floor area in the US is served by packaged rooftop units (RTUs). With a typical useful life in the 10-20 years range, RTU replacement is a periodic necessity in commercial buildings and an opportunity for upgrading to higher-efficiency units. We designed a package of energy efficiency measures that can be used in conjunction with an RTU replacement, including advanced controls, high-efficiency low pressure-drop air filters, energy monitoring and, optionally, window films and cool-roofs to reduce loads and size of the replacement RTUs. We conducted side-by-side laboratory testing of the package to evaluate energy savings and thermal comfort relative to an existing building baseline. Daily HVAC energy savings for the RTU replacement package averaged 61% across all seasons. The test data showed that the ASHRAE Guideline 36 controls significantly reduced thermal loads and this was a key contributor to the savings, in addition to the higher efficiency of the RTU itself. The laboratory testing also revealed some challenges with installation and commissioning of Guideline 36. Overall, the results demonstrate that significant savings can be realized in existing office buildings by incorporating relatively low-risk, proven measures in conjunction with an RTU replacement.

Spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanism of carbon emissions in China's urban residential building sector

Revealing the regional differences and drivers of provincial urban residential building sector carbon emissions (URBCE) is critical for regional collaborative emission reduction in achieving the “Dural carbon” targets. This study tries to innovatively construct a framework for the exploration of the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanism of Chinese URBCE in 30 provinces during 2000–2019, combining kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation analysis and temporal-spatial LMDI model. Results indicate that: (1) A vast majority of regions have undergone a sharp growth in URBCE, with the regional gap of URBCE gradually widening. (2) Besides, the spatial pattern of regional URBCE is basically stable, with High-High distributed in the Northeast and North China, and Low-Low concentrated in the Southwest. (3) Urban residential building floor space per capita, population, and urbanization are promotive driving forces, while carbon intensity and energy intensity are increasingly inhibiting. This study can provide policymakers a better understanding of URBCE and help them develop regionally-specific emission reduction strategies. Additionally, it offers fresh perspective on how to research the spatiotemporal disparities of carbon emissions in other sectors and nations, and could be of international significance.

Towards sufficiency and solidarity: COP27 implications for construction and property

With COP27 being held in Egypt, a non-Western country, poorer and adversely impacted societies will demand a stronger say in negotiations. There is increased pressure on the rich to dramatically reduce their emissions, provide reparation for past damage and exploitation, and assist poorer nations to improve social livelihoods. Such a new world order will require that global inequity in resource consumption be placed in the spotlight, with fair shares demanded for all. Calling for drastic and urgent action and a paradigm shift to contain warming to 1.5°C, the 2022 IPCC report <em>Climate Change 2022</em> emphasised the need for ‘sufficiency’ to avoid demand for resources while providing wellbeing for all within planetary limits. However, responses to date have been grossly inadequate, amid continued economic growth and policies based upon resource efficiency, renewables and a circular economy. This is most evident in the construction and property sectors, where high rates of new construction continue in both the Global North and South, while claiming this is green and carbon neutral. Bolder, more ambitious policies are proposed that seek to rebalance construction to suit needs, not wants, and especially to restrain the excesses of the property industry driven by financialisation. <strong><em><br /></em></strong> <strong><em>Policy relevance</em></strong> <strong><em></em></strong>Current policies and approaches are inadequate to make the required savings in carbon and resource consumption. While embodied carbon is increasingly recognised, this largely applies at the materials level and to carbon intensity metrics, which may lead to around 50–60% reduction. However, building less (<em>e.g.</em> by adapting existing stock) or not building at all lead to significantly greater savings of greenhouse gases and resources. To meet climate and other targets, policies and approaches are required that question the global demand for new construction within high- and medium-income societies, rebalance such construction and resource consumption, restrain building size and floor area, and invoke ‘sufficiency’ metrics. Maximum carbon reduction and improved resource allocation may be achieved by carbon budgets and (radically) questioning the need for certain building types, especially when digitalisation enables work from home. Means of diverting investment for social purposes, while integrating such policies in the planning system, are examined.

In-situ measurements of wall moisture in a historic building in response to the installation of an impermeable floor.

When impermeable ground bearing slabs are installed in old buildings without a damp-proof course, it is a common belief of conservation practitioners that ground moisture will be 'driven' up adjacent walls by capillary action. However, there is limited evidence to test this hypothesis. An experiment was used to determine if the installation of a vapour-proof barrier above a flagstone floor in a historic building would increase moisture content levels in an adjacent stone rubble wall. This was achieved by undertaking measurements of wall, soil and atmospheric moisture content over a 3-year period. Measurements taken using timber dowels showed that the moisture content within the wall did not vary in response to wall evaporation rates and did not increase following the installation of a vapour-proof barrier above the floor. This indicates that the moisture levels in the rubble wall were not influenced by changes in the vapour-permeability of the floor.

Analisis Performance Elevator Studi Kasus Di Pasar Grosir Tanah Abang (Blok A) Menggunakan Metode Dan Graphic Mechanical And Electrical Equipment (Mee) Dan Perhitungan Empiris

Tanah Abang Blok A Wholesale Market is a modern wholesale center in Jakarta that has more than 10floors and to make it easier for visitors to carry out activities that move the first floor j another floor, a verticaltransformation is needed, namely an elevator. Elevators are needed to streamline the time, mileage, and userpower to reach the first floor to other floors in a high-rise building. So in this Tugas Akhir the author takes thetitle Analisis performance elevator case study in Pasar grosir Tanah Abang block A. The method used is to usethe method of literature, observation, and interviews so that it is hoped that the author will be able to make iteasier to analyze it. In this study, the problems that will be discussed are the carrying capacity of the elevator,the waiting time of the elevator, the power of the motor, and the number of units. From this study, the followingresults were obtained for the elevator carrying capacity of 118 people for passenger elevators and 120 people forfreight elevators, waiting times for passenger elevators for 43.4 seconds and for freight elevators for 62.9 seconds,motor power for passenger elevators of 15 KW and freight elevators of 18 KW, and the number of units as manyas 4 units for passenger elevators and as many as 3 units for freight elevators.

Effects of urban morphology on thermal comfort at the micro-scale

• Urban morphology had more influence on MRT/PET during daytime than at night. • 3D urban spatial configuration was more significantly correlated with MRT/PET than 2D pattern. • Local thermal comfort was mainly impacted by BFAR during daytime and by TCCR at night. • Evaluating effects of urban morphology on local thermal comfort should control the effects of BFAR. Urban morphology has significant effects on local thermal comfort. To investigate the correlation between thermal condition and urban spatial configuration, 24 typical scenarios were extracted from complex urban area, and 17 2D/3D indicators were selected to represent urban morphology characteristics. Different statistical approaches were employed to quantify the relationship between the selected indicators and MRT/PET. The results showed: (1) urban morphology exerted more influences on local thermal condition during daytime than at night, leading to the spatial heterogeneity of MRT/PET being much higher in the daytime; (2) the correlations between urban morphology indicators and MRT/PET changed dramatically when using different statistical approaches. This finding highlights the necessity of controlling the effect of building floor area ratio when quantifying the impacts of urban spatial configuration on local thermal comfort; (3) 3D urban morphology indicators were more significantly correlated with local thermal comfort than 2D indicators. Specifically, building floor area ratio and tree canopy coverage ratio were the most important predictor of MRT/PET during daytime and at night respectively. This study could further strengthen our understanding the effects of urban morphology on UHI. It could also offer useful insights to urban planners and decision makers on designing and constructing climate-adaptive urban environment.

KELAS KUAT KAYU TUMIH (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) BERDASARKAN BAGIAN BATANG (The the physical and mechanical Properties of Tumih Wood Based on Section Stem)

Tumih wood (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) is classified as an unknown type of wood which is widely grown in peat swamp forests in Central Kalimantan. This study aims to analyze the physical properties and mechanical properties of wood in axial and radial directions so that they can be utilized properly. The results of the study resulted in fresh water content and dry air content of wood air, each of which was 71,58% and 19,33%, kiln dry weight 0,72, tangential shrinkage 9,68%, radial shrinkage 5,02% and longitudinal shrinkage 0,19%. Testing of mechanical properties resulted in a flexural firmness of 618,33 kg/cm2, compressive strength parallel to the fiber 333,27kg/cm2, shear constancy 92,02 kg/cm2, hardness 355,60 kg/cm2, and stiffness at 19,50kg/cm2. Based on the Indonesian Wood Construction Regulations Standard (PKKI) NI 5-1961 tumih wood is included as a strong class III of Indonesian wood, so it is quite well used for home building raw materials, beams, floor and wall boards, door/window frames, and furniture.