Flooding Phenomena Research Articles

Определение подтопленных территорий с использованием гис-моделирования гидрологических процессов

Проведено исследование методики геоинформационного моделирования подтопляемых территорий речной долины. Создана анимационная ГИС-модель затопления исследуемого объекта - участок долины р. Есиль близ г. Петропавловска (Северо-Казахстанская область), что подвергается ежегодным интенсивным затоплениям. Моделирование сценария производилось на основе гидрологических характеристик, информации об уровнях поднятия воды за определенный период, а также данных о рельефе с использованием инструментариев ArcGIS ArcScene. Использованные методы - сравнительно-географический, картографический, наблюдение, полевые методы, ГИС-технологии. Исследование состоит из нескольких этапов, которые включают следующие задачи: сбор и обобщение аналитических данных о гидрологическом режиме, весеннем половодье, паводковых явлениях на р. Есиль, создание цифровой модели рельефа по данным SRTM, создание прогнозной модели затопления вблизи г. Петропавловска. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны для планирования и проведения мероприятий по предупреждению чрезвычайных ситуаций, связанных с паводковыми явлениями на реке.

Assessing the structure and composition of artificial levees along the Lower Tisza River (Hungary)

Levees are earth structures constructed along alluvial rivers and are considered to be one of the essential components of flood risk and natural hazard reduction. The preservation of their condition would require orderly monitoring. In Hungary, an over 4200 km long levee system was constructed from the 19th century on. Since then, many natural and anthropogenic processes, such as compaction, erosion, subsidence etc., could contribute to the slow but steady deformation of these structures. In the meantime , due to the lack of documentation, their structure and internal composition are still unclear in many sections. The present study uses different geophysical techniques to validate their efficiency in detecting the structure, composition and potential defects along a 3.6 km levee section of the Lower Tisza River, affected significantly by seepage and piping phenomena during floods. Measurements were made using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and drillings. Information obtained by the different techniques was cross-checked and combined. This way, the potential of the applied survey strategy could be demonstrated, and the selected levee section could be assessed in terms of its structure and composition. Consequently, the major reasons for frequently occurring adverse flood phenomena at the site could be revealed. The survey approach outlined in the present paper can be applied extensively along lowland levee systems in the region and elsewhere.

INTEGRATION OF A GIS AND HEC-HMS MODELING TO IMPROVE URBAN RESILIENCE TO FLOOD RISK IN ALGIERS. ALGERIA

The study of the phenomenon of flooding in an urban environment requires the integration of the city in its physical context, in this case the entire impluvium. Thus, the consideration of all the hydrological, morphometric and physical characteristics (topography, lithology, land cover...). In order to put in place appropriate measures to improve urban resilience and protect the population and their property in the capital of Algeria (City of Algiers), a hydrological modeling must be carried out upstream to evaluate the hydrological response of the watershed. This modeling was done using the auxiliary tool HEC-GEO HMS, an extension that works in a GIS environment (ArcGIS).

DIFFERENTIAL MODEL OF FLOOD PHENOMENA DEVELOPMENT

In the work on the basis of long-term observations of the development of flood phenomena in the region, a mathematical model of the development of flood phenomena based on the apparatus of linear inhomogeneous ordinary systems is proposed. Such model allows us to estimate the level of flood waters, the ability of the environment to absorb water - namely the permeability of the soil, the level of greenery, hydraulic support, etc., the level of precipitation in the region, the effectiveness of funds allocated to measures and measures to combat floods/ Heterogeneities in the system of equations describe the precipitation regime in the region and the amount of funds allocated for flood control measures. The system is supplemented by appropriate initial conditions. The coefficients of the model are determined by the method of expert estimates using the criterion of Kendall's impartiality/ When constructing a computational scheme, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and the corresponding software for its implementation are used.The parametric identification of the model is carried out in order to select the coefficients of the model, which would ensure the adequacy of the model to the real system. All calculations were performed in dimensionless form. The results of modeling are given, the directions of further researches which will be devoted to introduction of model at the real enterprises and services which task is the prevention of occurrence of the flood phenomena, especially in a zone of possible flooding of objects of an oil and gas complex are defined.

Fluvial palaeohydrology in the 21st century and beyond

AbstractProfessor Kenneth J. Gregory was a major contributor to fluvial palaeohydrological research. Beginning in the early 1980s, under his influence, rapid international growth of the discipline was accompanied by major advances in research methods and techniques. Current research emphases include applications of quantitative modelling and meta‐analysis; the correlation of fluvial events to other records, notably palaeolacustine records; and methods for application to diverse issues of river engineering and management. The international expansion and detailed analyses of fluvial palaeohydrology are exemplified by recent studies done in Fennoscandia, the Mediterranean region, India, Israel, Australia, Pacific humid island arcs, and South America. Future developments will involve expanded work with other academic disciplines, such as archaeology, as well as applications to practical problems arising from future climatic change and related environmental hazards, particularly extremes. Remote sensing and high‐resolution topography data and tools (e.g. LiDAR) will facilitate new discoveries of ancient exceptional flooding phenomena (megaflooding and superfloods) on Earth and on the palaeofluvial forms of Earth‐like planets. New opportunities will also arise from the increased use of machine learning and artificial intelligence for analyses of ‘big data’.

Dropwise Condensation by Nanoengineered Surfaces: Design, Mechanism, and Enhancing Strategies

AbstractCondensation is a common heat transfer process widely used in power plants, seawater desalination, and refrigeration industry. Highly efficient condensation is of great importance to save energy, improve operating efficiency of energy systems, and protect the environment. Compared with its filmwise counterpart, dropwise condensation has much higher heat transfer efficiency and is projected as the future condensation process. Various nanoengineered surfaces, including superhydrophobic surfaces, hybrid surfaces with different combinations of surface wettability, and slippery liquid‐infused surfaces, have been designed and applied to sustain and enhance dropwise condensation. In this review, the theories related to surface wetting and liquid mobility are summarized first, followed by an overview of the recent progress on these three major types of nanoengineered surfaces in dropwise condensation. Their contribution to heat transfer enhancement is also discussed, emphasizing on the promotion of nucleation and droplet departure. Given the critical impact of flooding in condensation heat transfer, studies that addressed flooding phenomenon at high subcooling are further reviewed. Various applications that use dropwise condensation surfaces are also summarized. Current challenges in dropwise condensation with nanoengineered surfaces are provided in the end, together with perspectives to accelerate its commercialization.

Enhancing resilience in a post-industrial city through the urban regeneration of the downtown district. A case study of part of downtown Lodz called Nowa Dzielnica

Lodz is a post-industrial city in central Poland, the third largest in terms of population and with the largest area of downtown districts in the country. The regeneration of historical districts is one of the main challenges of the local urban policy here, as in many other post-industrial cities. Urban regeneration is understood as cohesive changes implemented in terms of social, economic and spatial conditions on degraded areas, according to mechanisms introduced by the Urban Renewal Act. Another consideration is climate change, which requires an in-depth approach to design objectives so that they include certain solutions increasing the city’s resilience to climatic events. In accordance with the European Union’s policy, in 2013, the Polish Council of Ministers adopted the Strategic Adaptation Plan for sectors and areas sensitive to climate changes until 2020, looking forward to 2030. The implementation of this plan was entrusted to the Ministry of the Environment, in partnership with 44 cities with a population of over 100,000 residents, including Lodz. The city’s adaptation plan to climate changes until 2030 indicates that the most vulnerable areas of the city are those of high-intensity residential development. These areas are particularly vulnerable to the phenomena of urban heat islands, urban flooding, storms, and smog. The article shows the planning assumptions for the part of the centre called Nowa Dzielnica (New District). It is an interesting example of implementing local spatial policy at district scale, but also on a much larger scale than usually adopted in local plans. The Nowa Dzielnica downtown section was described in a sequence of four local land use plans. This constitutes an example of spatial management at local government level, which may define the direction of changes for downtown districts in other post-industrial cities. It serves as a good example of implementing changes for centres where both urban regeneration and resilience urban planning constitute important elements of urban policy.

Probing Multiphysics Interactions in the PEFC Catalyst Layer Using a Coupled Direct Numerical Simulation-Lattice Boltzmann Method (DNS-LBM) Framework

The complex dynamics associated with the flooding phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC) need to be appropriately probed in order to facilitate proper water management. In this work, we propose a hybrid Direct Numerical Simulation-Lattice Boltzmann Method (DNS-LBM) framework that enables to investigate such intricate multiphysics coupling. The reaction area passivation and pore blockage which is a consequence of the formation of water as a byproduct from the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) is implicitly correlated to the geometrical configuration of the catalyst layer microstructure and influences the local electrochemistry leading to mass-transport limitations. In addition, the effect of operating current density on the saturation zones alters the distribution of reaction current within the electrode. This synergistic modeling approach sheds light on the aforementioned mechanisms at the pore-scale and paves the way for detailed understanding of the performance of low Platinum loaded cathode catalyst layers.

ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD INFLUENCE CRITERIA IN THE LAM RIVER BASIN USING A COMBINED DELPHI-AHP METHOD

Flood is represented as one of the most destructive natural hazards to humankind. Assessing and predicting floods hazard is necessary to offer appropriate solutions for flood mitigation and sustainable environmental management. It is only possible when the main criteria that contributed to creating the flood hazard are pointed out. The purpose of the current research was to choose and attribute scores to all various flood-causing factors in the Lam river basin. Firstly, the Delphi method was applied to the expertbased survey to choose six key parameters that led to the floods, including rainfall, slope, relative slope length, drainage density, land cover, and soil. Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is employed as an effective tool to obtain a better understanding of all the factors or indicator contributions in the flood process based on weight given to each of six flood influencing elements. The consistency analyses revealed that the findings were coherent and consistent with a previous study. It is also interesting to notice that rainfall and slope are the most prominent flood occurrence criteria with 45% and 25.5%, respectively. However, the influence of other factors (drainage density, relative slope length, land cover, and soil) is not visible. These parameters are assigned to the small weights and do not have a significant influence on the flood phenomenon. The study results provide baseline information, which needs to be taken into account to mitigate and control floods.

Rye Island, 2010: Impact of the flooding on the groundwater level

Abstract During the flood situations in May and June 2010, the culmination of the Váh River and the Danube River was accompanied by the groundwater level rising in the Rye Island, in some boreholes even to their maximum measured levels. The increased groundwater level caused major problems, e.g. flooded cellars and underground spaces, contaminated drinking water in wells, flooded railways and farmlands. As a part of the research concentrating on the groundwater flooding phenomena in the Rye Island, the flood situation from the year 2010 was reconstructed, establishing the basis for a construction of the flood hazard maps and flood risk management plans. The problem was solved with a MODFLOW numerical model using the Groundwater Modeling System.

Diagnostic of degraded reinforced concrete bridges explaining the environmental condition effect and reinforcement method

Purpose This research aims to study the materials that compose older reinforced concrete bridges which are damaged and degrading to explain the mechanisms and origins of various disorders. Therefore, this work will contribute to providing answers on the capacity of nondestructive evaluation method during the diagnosis. In addition to the characterization of affected structures, it will aim to provide effective solutions for different serious pathologies. Design/methodology/approach In this context, two bridges located on NH16 and NH21, respectively, were studied in Annaba city (north-east Algeria), specifically in El-Hadjar municipality located in the central industrial zone of Pont-Bouchet. This study makes it possible to make conclusions from the in-depth diagnosis based on disorders exposition causes and mechanical characteristics evolution by non-destructive testing (NDT) tools. Furthermore, solutions are proposed, including conservation maintenance of these degraded structures. Findings All degradations can be the result of several factors: either human (poor design) or chemical (surface water, wastewater and groundwater quality (acidic or basic)). In addition to other natural causes (geological formations, flood phenomena or climate), NDT tools play a major role in the evaluating mechanical performance of degraded structures (resistance and hardness). Research limitations/implications The NDT techniques can be transmitted to civil engineering experts because their training is limited regarding mechanical and structural construction. Practical implications NDT tools are the most suitable for in-situ assessing, and the concrete constructions health state, so far from financial problems. Social implications Degraded bridge diagnosis by NDT testing is necessary for a thorough safety evaluation (mechanical performance, strength and deformability), to protect human lives and design durability. Originality/value This is an original paper which contains new information at different scales and from special fields, based on an evaluation using NDT tools on real degraded structures. It can be used to improve the knowledge of materials employed in a bridge without performing expensive direct tests or the need for destroying it.

GFPLAIN and Multi-Source Data Assimilation Modeling: Conceptualization of a Flood Forecasting Framework Supported by Hydrogeomorphic Floodplain Rapid Mapping

Hydrologic/hydraulic models for flood risk assessment, forecasting and hindcasting have been greatly supported by the rising availability of increasingly accurate and high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data. EO-based topographic and hydrologic open geo data are, nowadays, available on large scales. Data Assimilation (DA) models allow Early Warning Systems (EWS) to produce accurate and timely flood predictions. DA-based EWS generally use river flow real-time observations and 1D hydraulic models to identify potential inundation hot spots. Detailed high-resolution 2D hydraulic modeling is usually not used in EWS for the computational burden and the numerical complexity of injecting multiple spatially distributed sources of flow observations. In recent times, DEM-based hydrogeomorphic models demonstrated their ability in characterizing river basin hydrologic forcing and floodplain domains providing data-parsimonious opportunities for data-scarce regions. This work investigates the use of hydrogeomorphic floodplain terrain processing for optimizing the ability of DA-based EWSs in using diverse distributed flow observations. A flood forecasting framework with novel applications of hydrogeomorphic floodplain processing is conceptualized for empowering flood EWSs in preliminarily identifying the computational domain for hydraulic modeling, rapid flood detection using satellite images, and filtering geotagged crowdsourced data for flood monitoring. The proposed flood forecasting framework supports the development of an integrated geomorphic-hydrologic/hydraulic modeling chain for a DA that values multiple sources of observation. This work investigates the value of floodplain hydrogeomorphic models to tackle the major challenges of DA for EWS with specific regard to the computational efficiency issues and the lack of data in ungauged river basins towards an improved flood forecasting able to use advanced hydrodynamic modeling and to inject all available sources of observations including flood phenomena captures by citizens.

Advanced analysis and integration of remote sensing and in situ data for flood monitoring

The increasingly occurrence of flood events claims our capacity to enhance risk reduction and damage mitigation. The current large availability of satellite data constitutes a fundamental resource for disciplines such as fluvial geomorphology and hydrology that exploit the new technologies and techniques to develop innovative approaches for improving flood phenomenon investigation. The present work, extracted from a PhD thesis, describes the application of advanced analyses and data integrations to detect and to monitor flood events. The new data fusion methodologies are tested in various areas, at different spatial and temporal scales, in various surface conditions. The results (flood extent maps, geomorphic index maps, flood inundation maps, etc.) demonstrate the advantage to use complementary information sources and the progress in addressing scientific research towards the production of operational systems.

Epidemiological patterns of Rift Valley Fever from diverse habitats during an extreme unprecedented flooding of Lake Baringo basin, Kenya, 2012-2013

Mosquitoes’ ecology and associated arboviruses are heavily influenced by precipitation and retention of water in the environment. In 2011 and 2014, unprecedented floods occurred in the Lake Baringo basin inundating approximately 88 km2 of the shoreline land. This caused abrupt environmental changes raising fears of an outbreak of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) disease. This study was carried out to determine the situation of RVF disease in livestock from diverse habitats during the extreme unprecedented flooding phenomenon that occurred in the Lake Baringo basin, in 2012-2013. Blood was drawn from the ear vein of livestock selected randomly from the three study areas (lakeshore land, swamp marshy, and dry rangeland habitats). Mosquitoes were trapped using CDC light traps and identified morphologically. From a total of 77 blood samples, eight were positive for RVF virus (RVFV) representing an overall infection of 12%. RVF prevalence from livestock residents in flooded lakeshore land habitat was 2.6% (N=77) compared to the swamp marshy habitat at 7.8% (N=77). No infections were recorded from dry rangeland (0%). Mosquitoes of genus Mansonia dominated the catches in flooded lakeshore (98%). Highest individual catches of mosquitoes of genus Aedes was from swamp marshy area whose abundance was 96.8% and below 2% in other habitats. The Simpson’s Diversity Index for mosquitoes from swamp marshy habitat was 0.56, dry rangeland 0.57, and lakeshore land 0.13. The flooded lakeshore land was the most affected by the unprecedented floods resulting in uneven mosquito diversity and subsequently low prevalence of RVF in this habitat. This could be attributed to prolonged disruption of biotic and abiotic factors creating unfavorable breeding sites of multiple species of primary vectors of RVF in flooded lakeshore land unlike in other habitats.

SWOT PRINCIPLE IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

An analysis of global statistics shows a substantial increase in flood damage over the past few decades. With the recent transition to a more risk-based approach in European flood management policy, flood analysis models have become an important part of flood risk management. In many cases, flood damages are extensive to the environment, to the economy and also socially. According to the priority development trend "Infrastructure and Environment", Ungheni district of Republic of Moldova (RM) aims for an efficient infrastructure, based on environmental protection, whose development, operation and maintenance will be done using of a database, protocols, existing guides and accessible to the level of each local public administration. In the last decade, projects have been implemented in Moldova to study the phenomenon of floods in order to develop structural and non-structural measures to protect localities. This article aims is to systematize the existing knowledge and characteristics of the methods available to give operational recommendations and principles that can support authorities, local entities, and the stakeholders involved in decision-making with regard to flood risk management in their compliance with the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), national and local legal framework.

Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) as a new revolution in drainage system: A preliminary study

Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) system, which is designed using eco-composite in porous concrete with the concrete mixture and a cement replacement, consists of the waste material elements that being recycled, such as wood waste ash, egg shells, rice husk ash (RHA), and many more, for the purpose of managing stormwater quantity and quality, and also for ecologically sustainable development. The numerous ecocomposite materials researches have been conducted, specifically for the building materials. In addition, several impermeable surfaces including sidewalks, secondary roads, and also parking lots in several countries have used the porous concrete materials, as it is good quality in terms of the concrete strength, the porosity, the workability, and also the maintenance cost reduction. Besides, previous researches related to effective microorganisms (EM) as an admixture in concrete have been done, as a part of construction materials. However, the previous researches of eco-composite, specifically using RHA and EM did not focus on the drainage systems. Therefore, this paper presents a preliminary study of EM-CSD system using RHA and EM as a cement replacement, as a green technology and sustainable development in urban drainage systems. This kind of technology is a new revolution to replace the existing drainage systems, with high cost effective consideration, high concrete mixture strength and workability, and low temperature. For the part of the research, Shah Alam, Selangor as the main study area to implement this kind of the new drainage system technology for the purpose to reduce the flash flood phenomenon, to overcome the dengue fever issues due to stagnant water in the drainage system, and also vandalism of the drainage cover, which cause a safety issue for public. This preliminary study using EM-CSD as a new revolution in the drainage system indicates the ecocomposite porous concrete mixtures are expected able to overcome the drainage system problems with low cost maintenance and high on concrete strength and workability.

Contribution of remote sensing and GIS to analysis of the risk of flooding in the Zat basin (High Atlas-Morocco)

During the last years, the flood phenomenon has spread in the world due to climatic conditions and changes in land use. The Zat basin is a sub-basin of the Tensift River and one of the areas affected by this natural hazard. This paper puts forward on the mapping and modelling of the flood increase process at the level of the Zat watershed. The main objective of this work is to contribute to flood risk management in this basin. First, factors causing the flood such as the slope, lithology, and density of vegetation cover were identified using advanced geomatics technology (Geographic Information System and remote sensing). Moreover, Rainfall data for the period of 1968–2016 were analysed to illustrate the trend in precipitation at the watershed level. Results showed that the geomorphological and rainfall context of the basin is making it a vulnerable area to the onset of torrential floods. The rainfall analysis demonstrated that the Zat watershed has a trend towards drought along with extreme events such as floods.

Bencana Kemanusiaan dalam Tinjauan Filsafat Perenial

The research objective was to analyze the phenomenon of floods and landslides in the perspective of perennial philosophy. The method used in this research is a type of qualitative research through literature study. The results of this study indicate that in the perspective of perennial philosophy, various disaster phenomena such as floods and landslides are caused by human behavior that has been arbitrary towards nature. Especially, with the development of modern science and technology that has encouraged humans to exploit massively natural resources, thus losing the balance in nature. Excessive exploitation of nature causes nature to be damaged and in the end there are terrible disasters. The conclusion from the research is that various natural disasters such as floods and landslides that occur in the midst of Indonesian human life can be viewed from the perspective of perennial philosophy. This research recommends the importance of preserving nature. Besides that, the importance of reviewing and dismantling modern science has killed perennial metaphysics which shows the essence of divine reality in life and mind.

Thresholds of Environmental Physical Resilience of Tehran Metropolis

INTRODUCTION: The structure of the urban platform of Tehran and its physical characteristics depends on the inherent conditions and environmental thresholds in relation to changes. This study aimed to determine the natural landscapes of Tehran by two phenomena of earthquake and flood that posed the highest risk in different periods of this city. Therefore, the natural perspective of Tehran is divided into three perspectives of north, central, and south regarding the inherent features and evolutionary process. METHODS: The relationship between the perspective of Tehran based on the form and geomorphological processes and the evaluation of earthquake and flood hazards have been observed in four stages, which included data collection, data processing, calculation of indicators, and analysis of findings. The studied area was divided into three northern, central, and south urban landscapes to determine the resistance thresholds of the city according to the characteristics of topography, physiography, geology, the results of field studies and satellite images, aerial photographs, as well as paleogeomorphological research in Tehran. FINDINGS: According to the zoning map of Tehran based on the earthquake phenomenon in three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resistance is observed in the northern and southern areas of the city. Northeast, southwest, and semi-western regions have the highest urban resilience to earthquakes. Moreover, regarding the zoning of Tehran based on the flood phenomenon in the three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resilience has been observed in the northern regions of the city. Northeast, southwest, and west of Tehran have the highest urban flood resilience. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, in order to increase resilience against the risks of earthquakes and floods, the city of Tehran should be studied not in just one perspective but in different perspectives.

Analysis of flood discharge using Snyder and Melchior methods at Krueng Meureubo watershed in Pasi Mesjid village

Pasi Mesjid villages in Meureubo district are vulnerable to floods in the rainy season. Every year, the village was flooded and submerges many houses, rice fields, and plantation land owned by residents. The phenomenon of annual flooding is a concern for the local community because it causes material losses. Research on the flood discharge in the Meureubo watershed, Pasi Mesjid Village, was carried out to determine the amount of flood discharge with various return periods. The flood discharge calculation methods are using Melchior and Snyder. The scope of this study includes frequency analysis, rainfall design, flood discharge design by the Melchior and Snyder methods with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years. The hydrological analysis results showed that the flood discharge values of the Snyder and Melchior methods were not much different, namely in the 2-year return period of 1607.77 m3/s. With the Melchior method, a 2-year return period obtained the plan flood discharge of 1813.286 m3/s, a 5-year return period of 2791.62 m3/s, a 10-year return period of 2938.14 m3/s, a 25-year return period of 3153.19 m3 / s, and a 50-year return period of 3336.5 m3/s. With the Snyder method, the 5 (five) year return period is 2374.710 m3/s, the 10 (ten) year return period is 2762.09 m3/s, the 25 year return period is 3284.96 m3/s, and for the 50 year return period, the value is 3699.18 m3/s. Based on this analysis results, the Snyder and Melchior methods can be used in analyzing the flood discharge in the Meureubo watershed area.