Linseed Oil Research Articles

Effect of production and environment factors on the migration and conversion of cyclolinopeptides in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil.

Edible beeswax-flaxseed oil nanostructured lipid carriers for improved β-sitosterol bioaccessibility: structural advantages and controlled release in dynamic digestion.

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the colour changes generated by outdoor exposure on spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) samples used as shingles for the roof of a traditional Maramures gate. Additionally, samples made of oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) have been used to simulate the gate pillar. The specimens have been treated with boiled linseed oil and exposed to the outdoor environment for nine months under two different trial positions. The colour and moisture content changes in the samples have been periodically evaluated. Reactions of the samples from two species have been analysed considering three different variables, such as exposure time, treatment chemical, and positioning during their outdoor exposure. The samples vertically positioned showed fewer discolouration compared to those with inclined exposure. The total variation in colour increased as the length of exposure time increased. After nine months, the highest variation, based on the ΔE* values, was recorded in the category of untreated samples exposed at an angle of 60° to the horizontal, which showed values of ΔE* = 24.87 for oak and ΔE* = 31.16 for spruce, respectively. The oil treatment had a significant impact only on spruce samples having orthogonal exposure. The findings of this study have the potential to provide a better understanding of such species used for construction applications in relation to weathering.

The low stability and bioaccessibility of polyphenols limit their application in functional foods. To address this, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and curcumin (CU) were selected as model compounds and co-encapsulated in spray-dried linseed oil (LO) multiple emulsions (MEs), using octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy maize starch as encapsulating agent. Water-in-oil-in-water MEs were prepared by two-step high-pressure homogenization and spray-dried under optimized conditions determined by response surface methodology to minimize surface oil. The resulting microparticles were characterized for encapsulation efficiency (EE), morphology, oxidative stability, and performance under simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST protocol). Both CGA and CU exhibited high EE in microparticles (~88-90%), with spray drying significantly improving CGA retention compared to liquid emulsions. Microparticles also showed improved oxidative stability due to the presence of antioxidants. During digestion, CU bioaccessibility decreased (62.7%) relative to liquid MEs (83.6%), consistent with reduced lipid digestion. Conversely, CGA bioaccessibility was higher in microparticles (47.6%) than in MEs (29.2%), indicating a protective effect of the encapsulating agent under intestinal conditions. Overall, spray drying stabilized linseed oil-based MEs and enabled effective co-encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, supporting their potential as multifunctional delivery systems for functional foods.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (n3-LCPUFA), is an integral component of vertebrates' brains. Vertebrates maintain their DHA levels through biosynthesis using alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3 precursor) or by consuming preformed DHA and other n3-LCPUFAs which abound in marine predators' natural diets. Yet, numerous marine predators, including generalist seabirds, now exploit anthropogenic resources potentially deficient in n3-LCPUFAs. Whether they can offset such deficiency by bioconverting ALA into DHA remains unknown. Here, we tested whether chicks of the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis), a generalist seabird thriving in cities, can biosynthesize n3-LCPUFAs, including DHA, from ALA. We brought into captivity 12 hatchlings from an urban colony and 12 from a natural colony. Nine hatchlings per colony were gavaged 490 µL of ALA-rich flaxseed oil daily for three days. The control groups (N=3 urban hatchlings, 3 natural hatchlings) received an omega-3-free caloric equivalent in place of the ALA supplement. All chicks received an omega-3-free diet throughout captivity (72 hours). We also attempted to follow ALA's potential bioconversion into n3-LCPUFAs using an oral 13C1-enriched ALA tracer. Unfortunately, compound-specific isotope analyses of brain and liver tissue failed to detect any 13C enrichment. Nevertheless, the flaxseed oil supplementation study provided evidence of some ALA bioconversion. Compared to controls, supplemented chicks from both colonies accumulated more of all ALA derivates in their tissues except for DHA. We demonstrate for the first time that a seabird shows incomplete omega-3 bioconversion abilities, leaving them potentially vulnerable to deficiencies associated with urban foraging and shifting marine ecosystems.

The objective of the current study was to determine how supplementing with whole linseed (WLS) and linseed oil (LSO) affected the composition of fatty acids in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Eighteen Murrah buffaloes were separated into three groups (T0, T1, and T2), each consisting of six animals, two weeks after giving birth, according to their body weight (516.50±9.53 kg), amount of milk produced (7.55±0.3 kg), percentage of fat (6.67±0.29%), and lactation stage (2 weeks post-partum). To meet the nutritional needs of Murrah buffaloes, the Control group (T0) of buffaloes received a basal diet consisting of wheat straw (WS), green fodder, and concentrate mixture (69.03:30.97; roughage: concentrate ratio). In the experimental feeding trial that is being described, the control feed is supplemented with either linseed oil (250 g/d) in T1 and whole linseed (570 g/d) in T2. The experimental diets are fed to the Murrah buffaloes for a period of two months, beginning at 15 days following parturition. On the other hand, the data was recorded over a six-month period. To determine the nutrient’s digestibility, a seven-day digestion trial was carried out following the feeding trial. The results demonstrated that there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on total DMI, live weight change, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, or milk composition. In comparison to the Control group (T0), diets supplemented with linseed oil and whole linseed diets led to a decrease in C12:0-C16:0 FA (P<0.05) and an increase in trans-9,12-C18:2, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, and cis-6,9,12-18:3 (P<0.05). Diets rich in linseed produced higher (P<0.05) milk fat cis-9,12,15-C18:3, which corresponded to 76.20% and 85.71% in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, when compared to the T0 group. Milk cis-9,trans-11-CLA significantly increased (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 (11% and 115%, respectively) compared to the control due to the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the buffaloes’ rumen. In the T1 and T2 groups, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentrations of milk DHA. Consequently, when compared to the control diet, the animals fed linseed oil and whole linseed diets had higher milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (45.06 % and 46.87%) and lower milk saturated fatty acids (27.21% and 30.00%). The UFA to SFA ratio also increased in the LSO and WLS containing groups compared to the Control group (P<0.05). In comparison to the Control group, the T1 (121.21%; 62.61 respectively) and T2 (124.24%; 61.71% respectively) groups showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in the proportion of total n-3 and n-6 fatty acid. In conclusion, adding linseed oil or whole linseed to Murrah buffaloes did not change the amount of milk produced or its composition; however, it did increase trans-11-C18:1, cis-9, trans-11-CLA, n-3 fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid while significantly lowering saturated fatty acid. Thus, adding 250 g/d of linseed oil or 570 g/d of whole linseed to the milk of nursing Murrah buffalo may help to improve the milk’s fatty acid profile.

Background, Context or RationaleDue to the increased demand for and use of milk fat, the milk solid nonfat surplus represents a major challenge for the dairy industry. Substituting milk fat for vegetable oils to produce high‐protein dairy beverages with additional nutritional benefits could help to maximise the utilisation of all milk components.Aim(s)This study investigated the effect of total or partial (50%) substitution of milk fat for canola or linseed oil on the physical stability, fatty acid profile, peroxide value and volatiles of dairy beverages (3.25% fat, 6.8% protein) stored at 4°C for 30 days.MethodsTwo approaches to partial milk fat replacement were studied. The mixed emulsions approach consisted of mixing a milk fat emulsion with a canola or linseed oil emulsion. In the fat blending approach, milk fat and vegetable oil were blended together prior to homogenisation. Experiments were done according to a factorial design, repeated independently three times and analysed statistically using ANOVA.Major FindingsWhen milk fat was substituted for 100% of the linseed or canola oil, lipid oxidation was markedly increased during processing and storage. A major change in the volatile profile was observed, with significant increase in alcohol, aldehyde and ketone contents. Substituting 50% of milk fat for vegetable oils significantly improved the resistance to oxidation when compared with total replacement of the milk fat, and reduced the amount of undesirable volatiles. Compared with the mixed emulsions approach, fat blending approach further reduced oxidation and total volatiles by 18% and 11%, respectively. The presence of milk fat within each lipid droplet contributes to a better protective effect.Scientific or Industrial ImplicationsThis study proposes a simple approach to partly replace milk fat and promote the use of milk solid nonfat. Results will support the dairy industry in the development of innovative beverages having a more balanced fatty acids’ profile and enhanced oxidative stability.

ABSTRACTThe three key processes in the breeding of redclaw crayfish are nutrient enhancement by parents, catching and hatching of egg‐holding crayfish and maintaining a feed supply for juveniles. An appropriate combination of green ecological additives is beneficial for improving the production efficiencies of the three key processes. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1: Five additive combinations were added to the feed of the parents. The results showed that adding 30% special feed powder (25% methyl farnesyl ester + 10% schizonts powder + 10% purple algae powder + 5% serotonin creatinine sulphate + 7.5% flaxseed oil + 7.5% alanine hydroxamic acid) to the feed was beneficial for improving the egg‐holding effect of crayfish. Experiment 2: The application of a mixed ecological preparation composed mainly of eugenol for the anaesthesia and disinfection of red crayfish was investigated. The results showed that 400 mg/L eugenol + 10 mg/L cinnamaldehyde + 50 ppm acacia essential oil + 60 mmol/L trehalose + 4 ppm vitamin C + 2 ppm vitamin A + 2 ppm vitamin E had good anaesthetic and disinfectant effects, reducing the loss of eggs caused by stress‐induced tail bouncing during the grasping process and achieving a high hatching and survival rate of juveniles, and high activity of antioxidant and immune‐related enzymes. Experiment 3: Six additive combinations were added to the feed of the juveniles. We speculated that adding 10% spirulina powder + 3% astaxanthin + 2% flaxseed oil + 3% Antarctic krill oil + 2% riboflavin to the feed improved the survival rate, growth rate and digestive enzyme activity of juveniles. We recommended that these three combinations of green ecological additives be widely applied in the breeding of redclaw crayfish.

Effect of linseed oil and oleogels on the thermal aggregation behavior of myofibrillar protein from Nemipterus virgatus.

Lipidomics reveals the formation of key aroma compounds in flaxseed oil during seed roasting.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the gram-negative bacteria, induces an inflammatory cascade in mice, negatively impacting aspects of the microbiota gut-brain axis (mGBA). Flaxseed (FS), an oilseed enriched in dietary fiber and n3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, has been shown to partially attenuate LPS-induced systemic and neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the impact of FS and FS oil (FO) diets on microbial dysbiosis, biomarkers of intestinal health, hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, and metabolic homeostasis in male mice, 24-hours post LPS-exposure. Compared to saline-treated mice, LPS mice showed diet-dependent shifts in the cecal microbiome. Most notably, LPS-treated basal diet (BD)-fed mice had reduced Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae, FS-LPS mice had elevated Akkermansia and Enterobacteriaceae, and both the FS-LPS and FO-LPS mice had increased Bacteroides. LPS increased cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, the highest of which were found in FS-fed mice. Intestinal health biomarkers were modulated by LPS in a diet-specific manner such that ileal mucous content was elevated in FS- and FO-fed mice, while LPS-induced inflammation (IL-1β) was attenuated in FS-fed mice. On the other hand, LPS-induced hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, which were not attenuated by FS or FO diets. Bacteroides abundance and serum Il-10 levels, and cecal butyrate concentrations and hippocampal IL-6 mRNA, were negatively correlated in FS-fed mice only, suggesting a potential role of the microbiome in the anti-inflammatory effects of FS post-LPS treatment. Collectively, LPS exposure negatively impacted the cecal microbiome and markers of intestinal, hepatic, and metabolic health, the former being beneficially altered by FS diet.

Effects of various sources of unsaturated oil on ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestion, enteric methane emissions, nitrogen partitioning, and milk production in dairy cows.

High performing biocompatible solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesives derived from acrylated epoxidized linseed oil

Covalent modification of soy protein isolate with tea polyphenols: A potential strategy for enhancing flaxseed oil emulsion stability and sustained delivery of α-linolenic acid.

Front Cover: α‐Linolenic Acid‐Rich Flaxseed Oil Improves Polycystic Ovary Syndrome via Regulating Lipid Metabolism by GPR120‐cAMP Pathway and Restoring Gut Microecology

Abstract In recent years, the demand for alternative protein sources has been increasing due to global population growth and the unsustainable production of conventional proteins. Edible insects are gaining attention in both the food and animal feed industries. This trend is supported by the European Union’s regulatory framework, which facilitates and promotes insect farming for human and animal consumption. Acheta domesticus is an insect approved for use in both human and animal nutrition. This study aimed to optimize its rearing conditions to produce nutritionally valuable flour for food and feed applications. Agricultural by-products, such as carrots and cabbage, along with food industry residues like flaxseed oil cake and wheat bran, were used as rearing substrates. The obtained results indicate that cricket flour is a high-protein ingredient, containing 64-73% protein and 17-24% fat. It has a well-balanced amino acid profile, with methionine as the limiting amino acid. The mineral composition is suitable for both human and animal consumption, with sodium (Na), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) being the most abundant. The flour is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and the addition of flaxseed oil cake increased the omega-3 fatty acid content by 30-fold. Rearing parameters, such as duration and substrate composition, significantly influenced the nutritional profile of the flour. Multi-objective optimization revealed that the most nutritionally balanced flour is obtained when Acheta domesticus is reared on a mixture of cabbage, carrots, wheat bran, and flaxseed oil cake for 60 days. Optimizing rearing conditions, including substrate composition and duration, is crucial for obtaining the highest nutritional value. This study confirms that cricket flour can be tailored for specific dietary needs, reinforcing its role as a viable and sustainable ingredient in modern food and feed production.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is often diagnosed at advanced stages, limiting therapeutic options. Therefore, preventive strategies are crucial for its control. Among these, the use of nutrients and bioactive food compounds, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), has gained attention. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived n-3 PUFA abundant in flaxseed oil (FSO), has shown chemopreventive effects in various cancer models. This study investigated the chemopreventive potential of FSO in rats subjected to the resistant hepatocyte (RH) model of hepatocarcinogenesis, which generates preneoplastic lesions that may either progress to HCC (pPNL) or revert to a normal phenotype (rPNL). FSO treatment led to a reduction in the number of liver nodules and decreased both the number and size of pPNL. These effects were associated with increased hepatic ALA levels. FSO did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis; however, it reduced DNA damage and inhibited γ-H2AX expression in preneoplastic livers, particularly in pPNL. Given that pPNL shares molecular alterations with HCC, the inhibition of γ-H2AX suggests a relevant mechanism by which FSO contributes to the chemoprevention of hepatocarcinogenesis.

Encapsulation of linseed oil in ultrafine hypromellose-zein fibers by electrospinning: characterization and multivariate analysis.

IntroductionOmega-3 fatty acid consumption is increasingly important for overall health.MethodsThis study assessed the effectiveness of different omega-3 sources, including oils, nuts, seeds, and aquatic foods, in a particular cultural setting using information from the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration Food Nutrient Database.ResultsAmong edible oils, 22.7% contained omega-3 levels exceeding 0.2 g/g, with flaxseed oil requiring only 2–3 g/day to meet α-linolenic acid (ALA) recommendations of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Flaxseed, rapeseed, walnut, canola, and soybean oils can meet ALA intake recommendations, with flaxseed and chia seeds being the most efficient sources, requiring only 5–7 g/day. Mackerel and Pacific saury were the most efficient eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sources, requiring only 6 g/day, whereas 81% of crustaceans and 73.3% of mollusks contained <0.01 g/g of omega-3, necessitating much higher intake. Integration with the Food Consumption Database showed that while the 95th percentile and mean ALA intakes exceeded NIH recommendations, median levels fell below, indicating a deficiency risk for over half the population. EPA and DHA intake were generally inadequate, particularly among girls aged 16–18 and children under 3, except in adults and the elderly.DiscussionThese findings underscore the need to promote public awareness of potential omega-3 deficiency.

This study explores a novel feeding strategy in the nutrition of dairy goats, utilizing milk thistle cake supplements to mitigate milk oxidation determined by the presence of oxidized linseed oil in diets. An experimental trial involving 30 dairy goats was conducted with three groups: a control group fed a diet with 7% fresh linseed oil (CON), an experimental group fed a diet where the fresh linseed oil from the CON group was replaced with oxidized linseed oil (LOO), and an experimental group fed a diet with 7% oxidized linseed oil and 10% milk thistle cake (LOM). The milk thistle cake had a rich antioxidant composition (vitamin E, xanthophylls, and polyphenols) with potential beneficial effects on milk degradation parameters. The results showed that the LOM diet led to a decrease in milk casein content (p = 0.041) while positively influencing the concentration of iron (13.24 vs. 14.93 mg/kg). In terms of fatty acids, the results suggested that milk thistle cake can counteract the negative effects of the oxidized oil (increasing SFAs, decreasing PUFAs and MUFAs) by modulating the content and reducing its negative effects. Moreover, the LOM group positively influenced the milk antioxidant potential by increasing the levels of antioxidant compounds (vitamin E, p < 0.001; total polyphenols, p < 0.01; antioxidant capacity, p < 0.0001). Moreover, an improvement in the milk primary and secondary degradation parameters was observed, i.e., a significant decrease in the levels of conjugated dienes (p = 0.023) and p-anisidine (p < 0.0001). The study demonstrated the benefits of using milk thistle cake in goat nutrition as it helps reduce the oxidative effects induced by oxidized linseed oil on the nutritional quality of milk and its degradation.