Flare Intensity Research Articles

Risk factors for corneal endothelial cell loss by cataract surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with decreases in corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) resulting from cataract surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX).MethodsThe clinical records of 78 eyes of 78 patients with PEX who had undergone cataract surgery were reviewed. ECD was measured preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively with specular microscopy. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the factors that were significantly related to the rate of ECD loss. Explanatory variables included age, preoperative ECD, pupil diameter, cataract grade, concomitance of glaucoma or diabetes mellitus, preoperative anterior chamber depth, surgery time, total time and power of ultrasound, performance of intraoperative pupillary enlargement manipulation, and postoperative aqueous flare intensity at 1 week and 1 month.ResultsECD before and after surgery was 2,464±337 cells/mm2 and 2,400±347 cells/mm2, respectively, with an ECD loss rate of 2.6%±5.1% (mean ± SD). Multiple regression analysis revealed that ECD loss was significantly associated with the cataract grade (P=0.019) and preoperative anterior chamber depth (P=0.023).ConclusionWith modern small incision cataract surgery, the ECD loss varied with surgical invasions due to severe cataract and shallow anterior chamber, and the presence of PEX was least affected.

Evaluation of Intraocular Inflammation with Laser Flare Photometry in Behçet Uveitis

ABSTRACTPurpose: To evaluate the association between intraocular inflammation and laser flare photometry measurements in Behçet disease.Methods: In total, 45 patients were included in the study. The retrospective chart reviews of patients were performed. The flare levels were compared with the grade of anterior chamber cells, the presence of vitreous cells, the complications of uveitis, and fluorescein angiography scores.Results: The attack group had higher flare intensity; the flare levels were higher in both groups compared with the values of healthy controls. The flare levels were related to the grade of the anterior chamber cells, the presence of vitreous cells and the fluorescein angiography scores. Patients with optic atrophy and/or maculopathy also had higher values. Higher flare values were correlated with poor vision.Conclusions: Laser flare photometry may reduce the necessity of fluorescein angiography in monitoring subclinical inflammation and may be an indicator of posterior segment activity when fluorescein angiography is not applicable.

Power-law ansatz in complex systems: Excessive loss of information.

The ubiquity of power-law relations in empirical data displays physicists' love of simple laws and uncovering common causes among seemingly unrelated phenomena. However, many reported power laws lack statistical support and mechanistic backings, not to mention discrepancies with real data are often explained away as corrections due to finite size or other variables. We propose a simple experiment and rigorous statistical procedures to look into these issues. Making use of the fact that the occurrence rate and pulse intensity of crumple sound obey a power law with an exponent that varies with material, we simulate a complex system with two driving mechanisms by crumpling two different sheets together. The probability function of the crumple sound is found to transit from two power-law terms to a bona fide power law as compaction increases. In addition to showing the vicinity of these two distributions in the phase space, this observation nicely demonstrates the effect of interactions to bring about a subtle change in macroscopic behavior and more information may be retrieved if the data are subject to sorting. Our analyses are based on the Akaike information criterion that is a direct measurement of information loss and emphasizes the need to strike a balance between model simplicity and goodness of fit. As a show of force, the Akaike information criterion also found the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquakes and the scale-free model for a brain functional network, a two-dimensional sandpile, and solar flare intensity to suffer an excessive loss of information. They resemble more the crumpled-together ball at low compactions in that there appear to be two driving mechanisms that take turns occurring.

Analysis of the Major Parameters in Solar Active Regions Based on the PCA Method

The occurrence of solar flares and solar proton events has a close relation with the solar active regions. A deep analysis on this relation is helpful to build a concrete model of forecasting solar flares and solar proton events. In this paper the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is adopted to analyze the main parameters of the solar active regions with solar proton events happened in 1997∼2010, the selected parameters include the magnetic classification of sunspot, the McIntosh classification of sunspot group, the area of sunspot group, the 10.7cm radio flux, the flare index, the proton flare position, and the soft X-ray flare intensity. The order of principal component scores for 81 solar activities has been obtained (the score represents the strength of each event), which is compared with the peak flux of solar proton event, the annual mean values of sunspot area and 10.7cm radio flux, it is found that the similarity is very high, and this shows that the principal component scores can represent the strength of solar activity to some extent.

Relationship between Solar Energetic Particles and Properties of Flares and CMEs: Statistical Analysis of Solar Cycle 23 Events

A statistical analysis of the relationship between solar energetic particles (SEPs) and properties of solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is presented. SEP events during Solar Cycle 23 are selected that are associated with solar flares originating in the visible hemisphere of the Sun and that are at least of magnitude M1. Taking into account all flares and CMEs that occurred during this period, the probability for the occurrence of an SEP event near Earth is determined. A strong rise of this probability is observed for increasing flare intensities, more western locations, higher CME speeds, and halo CMEs. The correlations between the proton peak flux and these solar parameters are derived for a low (> 10 MeV) and high (> 60 MeV) energy range excluding any flux enhancement due to the passage of fast interplanetary shocks. The obtained correlation coefficients are 0.55±0.07 (0.63±0.06) with flare intensity, and 0.56±0.08 (0.40±0.09) with CME speed for E>10 MeV (E>60 MeV). For both energy ranges, the correlations with flare longitude and CME width are very weak or non-existent. Furthermore, the occurrence probabilities, correlation coefficients, and mean peak fluxes are derived in multi-dimensional bins combining the aforementioned solar parameters. The correlation coefficients are also determined in different proton energy channels ranging from 5 to 200 MeV. The results show that the correlation between the proton peak flux and the CME speed decreases with energy, while the correlation with the flare intensity shows the opposite behaviour. Furthermore, the correlation with the CME speed is stronger than the correlation with the flare intensity below 15 MeV and becomes weaker above 20 MeV. When the enhancements in the flux profiles due to interplanetary shocks are not excluded, only a small but not very significant change is observed in the correlation coefficients between the proton peak flux below 7 MeV and the CME speed.

Large capsulorhexis with implantation of a 7.0 mm optic intraocular lens during cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus.

To evaluate the efficacy of a large capsulorhexis and intraocular lens (IOL) in obtaining a larger anterior capsule opening after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Department of Ophthalmology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. Prospective clinical trial. Patients with DM had bilateral cataract surgery with a 2.8 or 3.0 mm scleral incision, a capsulorhexis with a diameter of approximately 5.0 or 6.0 mm, and implantation of a 6.0 mm optic (Eternity X-60) or 7.0 mm optic (Eternity X-70) IOL. The anterior capsule opening area, aqueous flare intensity, surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Thirty-one patients (62 eyes) with DM were enrolled. At all postoperative timepoints, the anterior capsule opening was significantly larger in eyes with the 7.0 mm optic IOL than in eyes with the 6.0 mm optic IOL (P<.05, Mann-Whitney U test). There were no significant differences in postoperative aqueous flare intensity, SIA, ECD, or CCT based on the size of the capsulorhexis and IOL. A larger capsulorhexis and implantation of a 7.0 mm IOL resulted in a larger anterior capsule opening after cataract surgery in patients with DM. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Nepafenac 0.1% plus dexamethasone 0.1% versus dexamethasone alone: Effect on macular swelling after cataract surgery

To evaluate the efficacy of adding nepafenac 0.1% ophthalmic suspension to dexamethasone 0.1% eyedrops in controlling macular swelling and other manifestations of inflammation after uneventful cataract surgery. Ophthalmology Department, Mölndal Hospital, Gothenburg, and St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Randomized double-masked clinical trial. Patients at low risk for postoperative inflammation were recruited and randomized to the nepafenac group or to the control group. Postoperative swelling of the macula was assessed with ocular coherence tomography. Laser flare intensity, corrected distance visual acuity, ocular discomfort, and visual complaints were also recorded. The analysis of intent-to-treat population comprised 75 patients in the nepafenac group and 77 patients in the control group. Compared with the control regimen, add-on nepafenac resulted in statistically significant reductions in the following parameters: change in macular volume at 3 weeks and 6 weeks (P<.001), proportion of patients with more than 10 μm of swelling in the central macula at 3 weeks (P<.0001) and 6 weeks (P=.02), mean laser flare intensity at 1 day (P=.029), pain during the first 24 hours postoperatively (P<.0001), and ocular discomfort and photophobia during the first 3 postoperative weeks (P=.0058 and P=.0052, respectively). The combination of topical nepafenac and steroid treatment reduced subclinical macular swelling and inflammation as well as subjective complaints, indicating it is an efficient antiinflammatory regimen after cataract surgery. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Intraindividual aqueous flare comparison after implantation of hydrophobic intraocular lenses with or without a heparin-coated surface

To assess the efficacy of a heparin-surface-modified (HSM) hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) (EC-1YH PAL) and the same IOL without heparin coating (EC-1Y-PAL) by the flare and cell intensity in the anterior chamber after uneventful cataract surgery. Department of Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria. Comparative case series. Routine phacoemulsification with randomized implantation of an HSM IOL in 1 eye (HSM IOL group) and an uncoated IOL (uncoated IOL group) in the fellow eye was performed. Postoperative inflammation was assessed objectively using a laser flare-cell meter (FM-600) preoperatively as well as 1 day and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Aqueous cells in the anterior chamber, distance visual acuities, and subjective manifest refraction were also evaluated at each visit. One hundred eyes (50 patients) were enrolled. In both groups, the mean flare values increased significantly from preoperatively to 1 day postoperatively (P<.001) and nearly reached preoperative values by 3 months postoperatively. One day postoperatively, the mean flare value was statistically significantly lower in the HSM IOL group (14.92 photons per millisecond [ph/ms] ± 7.47 [SD]) than in the uncoated IOL group (mean 16.73 ± 7.81 ph/ms) (P=.04); there was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 3 months postoperatively (both P>.58). The HSM IOL group had a greater and quicker decrease in aqueous cells, reaching statistical significance 1 month postoperatively (P=.01). The HSM IOL showed a significant lower inflammatory reaction in the early postoperative stage with a faster disappearance of inflammatory signs. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

PRE-FLARE DYNAMICS OF SUNSPOT GROUPS

Several papers provide evidences that the most probable sites of flare onset are the regions of high horizontal magnetic field gradients in solar active regions. Besides the localization of flare producing areas the present work intends to reveal the characteristic temporal variations in these regions prior to flares. This study uses sunspot data instead of magnetograms, it follows the behaviour of a suitable defined proxy measure representing the horizontal magnetic field gradient. The source of the data is the SDD (SOHO/MDI-Debrecen Data) sunspot catalogue. The most promising pre-flare signatures are the following properties of the gradient variation: i) steep increase, ii) high maximum, iii) significant fluctuation and iv) a gradual decrease between the maximum and the flare onset which can be related to the "pull mode" of the current layer. These properties may yield a tool for the assessment of flare probability and intensity within the next 8-10 hours.

THU0265 Frequency, Severity, and Duration of Transient Flares in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Survey of 403 Patients

BackgroundTransient flares of RA are of great concern for patients, but are not considered in clinical trials, and data on the frequency, duration, and severity of those flares are scarce.ObjectivesTo...

Solar flare induced D-region ionospheric perturbations evaluated from VLF measurements

The results of very low frequency (VLF) wave amplitude measurements carried out at the low latitude station Varanasi (geom. lat. 14∘55′N, long. 154∘E), India during solar flares are presented for the first time. The VLF waves (19.8 kHz) transmitted from the NWC-transmitter, Australia propagated in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to long distances and were recorded at Varanasi. Data are analyzed and the reflection height H′ and the sharpness factor β are evaluated. It is found that the reflection height decreases whereas sharpness factor increases with the increase of solar flare power. The H′ is found to be higher and β smaller at low latitudes than the corresponding values at mid and high latitudes. The sunspot numbers were low during the considered period 2011–2012, being the rising phase of solar cycle 24 and as a result cosmic rays may impact the D-region ionosphere. The increased ionization from the flare lowers the effective reflecting height, H′, of the D-region roughly in proportion to the logarithm of the X-ray flare intensity from a typical mid-day unperturbed value of about 71–72 km down to about 65 km for an X class flare. The sharpness (β) of the lower edge of the D-region is also significantly increased by the flare but reaches a clear saturation value of about 0.48 km−1 for flares of magnitude greater than about X1 class.

3C 273 variability at 7 mm: evidence of shocks and precession in the jet

We report 4 years of observations of 3C273 at 7 mm obtained with the Itapetinga Radiotelescope, in Brazil, between 2009 and 2013. We detected a flare in 2010 March, when the flux density increased by 50% and reached 35 Jy. After the flare, the flux density started to decrease and reached values lower than 10 Jy. We suggest that the 7 mm flare is the radio counterpart of the $\gamma$-ray flare observed by Fermi/LAT in 2009 September, in which the flux density at high energies reached a factor of fifty of its average value. A delay of 170 days between the radio and $\gamma$-ray flares was revealed using the Discrete Correlation Function (DCF) that can be interpreted in the context of a shock model, in which each flare corresponds to the formation of a compact superluminal component that expands and becomes optically thin at radio frequencies at latter epochs. The difference in flare intensity between frequencies and at a different times, is explained as a consequence of an increase in the Doppler factor $\delta$, as predicted by the 16 year precession model proposed by Abraham & Romero, which has a large effect on boosting at high frequencies while does not affect too much the observed optically thick radio emission. We discuss other observable effects of the variation in $\delta$, as the increase in the formation rate of superluminal components, the variations in the time delay between flares and the periodic behaviour of the radio light curve that we found compatible with changes in the Doppler factor.

LARGE-SCALE CORONAL PROPAGATING FRONTS IN SOLAR ERUPTIONS AS OBSERVED BY THE ATMOSPHERIC IMAGING ASSEMBLY ON BOARD THE SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY—AN ENSEMBLE STUDY

This paper presents a study of a large sample of global disturbances in the solar corona with characteristic propagating fronts as intensity enhancement, similar to the phenomena that have often been referred to as EIT waves or EUV waves. Now Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) images obtained by the {\it Atmospheric Imaging Assembly} (AIA) on board the {\it Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO) provide a significantly improved view of these large-scale coronal propagating fronts (LCPFs). Between April 2010 and January 2013, a total of 171 LCPFs have been identified through visual inspection of AIA images in the 193 \AA\ channel. Here we focus on the 138 LCPFs that are seen to propagate across the solar disk, first studying how they are associated with flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and type II radio bursts. We measure the speed of the LCPF in various directions until it is clearly altered by active regions or coronal holes. The highest speed is extracted for each LCPF. It is often considerably higher than EIT waves. We do not find a pattern where faster LCPFs decelerate and slow LCPFs accelerate. Furthermore, the speeds are not strongly correlated with the flare intensity or CME magnitude, nor do they show an association with type II bursts. We do not find a good correlation either between the speeds of LCPFs and CMEs in a subset of 86 LCPFs observed by one or both of the {\it Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory} (STEREO) spacecraft as limb events.

Evaluation of the effects of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5‐antagonist on electrically induced pain and central sensitization in healthy human volunteers

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a single dose of the mGluR5-antagonist AZD9272 on electrically induced pain, central sensitization and axon reflex flare. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Twenty-five healthy male volunteers received a single oral dose of AZD9272 or placebo on two occasions separated by 10-20 days. Electrical stimulation with a constant current for 100 min delivered through intracutaneous electrodes inserted on the forearm was used to induce a stable level of pain (6 of 10 on a 0-10 numerical rating scale; NRS). Pain intensity was assessed every 10 min during stimulation. The area of punctate hyperalgesia, area of dynamic mechanical allodynia, and area and intensity of flare reaction were measured every 20 min during stimulation. The stimulation procedure, current intensity and measurements were identical at both treatment visits. The AUC0-100 min (area under curve, 100 min stimulation) was calculated for each variable. The AUC0-100 min for pain NRS and hyperalgesia area were defined as primary variables. Linear mixed effects models were used for the statistical analysis. Twenty-one subjects completed the study per protocol. No significant differences were found between AZD9272 and placebo regarding any of the AUC0-100 min variables for pain NRS, hyperalgesia area, allodynia area, flare area or flare intensity. The plasma levels of AZD9272 were maximal during the pain measurements and corresponded to >50% brain mGluR5 receptor occupancy. Single doses of the centrally acting mGluR5-antagonist AZD9272 did not reduce C-fibre evoked pain, central sensitization or flare reaction.

Corneal endothelial damage after cataract surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

To compare corneal endothelial cell damage and ocular inflammation after cataract surgery in eyes with and without pseudoexfoliation (PXF). Hayashi Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Nonrandomized comparative study. This study comprised eyes with PXF (PXF group) and age-matched eyes without PXF (non-PXF group) scheduled for phacoemulsification. Preoperatively and 1 and 3 months postoperatively, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured using a specular microscope. Flare intensity was measured using a flare meter, and central macular thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography. Each group had 36 eyes. The mean ECD was significantly lower in the PXF group than in the non-PXF group preoperatively and postoperatively (P≤.0250). The percentage of endothelial cell loss was significantly greater in the PXF group than in the non-PXF group (P≤.0216); the percentage was 9.0% in the PXF group and 3.4% in the non-PXF group 3 months postoperatively. The mean CCT was similar between groups throughout the follow-up period; however, the percentage increase in CCT was significantly greater in the PXF group than in the non-PXF group 1 month postoperatively (P=.0152). Flare intensity and foveal thickness did not differ significantly between groups throughout the follow-up period (P≥.3079). Corneal endothelial cell loss and a transient increase in CCT were greater after cataract surgery in eyes with PXF than in eyes without PXF. Thus, because the corneal endothelium in eyes with PXF is vulnerable to cataract surgery, careful surgical procedures are necessary. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Anterior capsule contraction and flare intensity in the early stages after cataract surgery in eyes with diabetic retinopathy

To evaluate the changes and relationship in the area of the anterior capsule opening (ACO) and anterior inflammation during the early stages after cataract surgery in diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Department of Ophthalmology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan. Case-control study. This study comprised diabetic patients without DR (non-DR group), diabetic patients with nonproliferative DR (DR group), and patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) (non-DM group) who had cataract surgery. The ACO area and aqueous flare intensity were measured using the EAS-1000 device and a laser flare-cell meter, respectively, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months after surgery. The percentage of anterior capsule contraction (ACC) was significantly higher in the DR group than in the non-DR and non-DM groups 1 week and 1 and 3 months postoperatively (P<.01, Turkey-Kramer test). The aqueous flare intensity was significantly greater in the DR group than in the non-DR and non-DM groups 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months postoperatively (P<.01). Ordinary least-squares regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between aqueous flare intensity at 1 week and ACC 3 months after surgery in the non-DR group (P=.0178, R(2) = 0.173) and the DR group (P=.0018, R(2) = 0.308). Greater anterior flare levels 1 week after cataract surgery contributed to the extensive postoperative contraction of the ACO in diabetic patients, particularly those with DR.

The Solar Connection of Enhanced Heavy Ion Charge States in the Interplanetary Medium: Implications for the Flux-Rope Structure of CMEs

We investigated a set of 54 interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) events whose solar sources are very close to the disk center (within 15 degrees from the central meridian). The ICMEs consisted of 23 magnetic cloud (MC) events and 31 non-MC events. Our analyses suggest that the MC and non-MC ICMEs have more or less the same eruption characteristics at the Sun in terms of soft X-ray flares and CMEs. Both types have significant enhancements in charge states, although the non-MC structures have slightly lower levels of enhancement. The overall duration of charge state enhancement is also considerably smaller than that than that in MCs as derived from solar wind plasma and magnetic signatures. We find very good correlation between the Fe and O charge state measurements and the flare properties such as soft X-ray flare intensity and flare temperature for both MCs and non-MCs. These observations suggest that both MC and non-MC ICMEs are likely to have a flux-rope structure and the unfavorable observational geometry may be responsible for the appearance of non-MC structures at 1 AU. We do not find any evidence for active region expansion resulting in ICMEs lacking a flux rope structure because the mechanism of producing high charge states and the flux rope structure at the Sun is the same for MC and non-MC events.

Loteprednol etabonate 0.5% versus prednisolone acetate 1.0% for the treatment of inflammation after cataract surgery

To evaluate the efficacy of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% versus prednisolone acetate 1.0% for the control of postoperative inflammation in patients having routine cataract surgery. Private practice, Stillwater, Minnesota, and Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Comparative case series. Patients were at least 18 years of age and scheduled for routine cataract surgery. Patients were excluded from the study if they had preexisting medical conditions (ie, elevated intraocular pressure [IOP], retinopathy, maculopathy, uveitis) or required medications the investigator believed would put the patient at risk or confound the study. Patients were randomized to receive loteprednol etabonate or prednisolone acetate 4 times daily in addition to bromfenac 0.09% and besifloxacin 0.6% after surgery. Visual acuity, IOP, and anterior chamber cell and flare intensity were assessed over 3 weeks after cataract surgery. The primary endpoint was the level of anterior chamber cell and flare intensity in patients treated with loteprednol etabonate or prednisolone acetate. The study enrolled 88 patients (46 loteprednol etabonate, 42 prednisolone acetate). Equivalency was achieved between the 2 treatment groups with no significant differences throughout the 3-week follow-up. There was less fluctuation in IOP assessments in patients treated with loteprednol etabonate than in patients treated with prednisolone acetate, in particular 1 day and 3 days postoperatively. The results indicate that equivalent control of inflammation can be obtained through treatment with loteprednol etabonate or prednisolone acetate after cataract surgery. In addition, treatment with loteprednol etabonate may result in less IOP fluctuation. Dr. Lane is a consultant to Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York, Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, and ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, California, USA. Dr. Holland is a consultant to Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York, and Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, USA. Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN AQUEOUS FLARE INTENSITY AFTER VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT

To investigate the time course of changes in aqueous flare intensity after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) and to determine the clinical factors related to an increase in aqueous flare. The present study included 22 unilateral patients with RD undergoing primary 20-gauge vitrectomy. Aqueous flare intensity was measured preoperatively and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using the laser flare meter. Before vitrectomy, aqueous flare intensity was significantly higher in eyes with RD than in contralateral normal eyes. Vitrectomy increased aqueous flare intensity, and the peak was observed at the first postoperative week. Aqueous flare intensity decreased to a stable level at 3 months postoperatively but remained significantly higher than that of contralateral and preoperative eyes throughout the observation period. Clinical factors that were found to be significantly correlated with an increase in aqueous flare intensity included 1) before the surgical procedure: extent of RD and intraocular pressure, and 2) 3 months postoperatively: size of retinal breaks, number of laser photocoagulation spots, operation time, and performance of combined cataract surgery. Multiple regression analysis revealed that aqueous flare intensity at 3 months postoperatively had significant correlation with the size of retinal breaks (P < 0.005) and the number of laser photocoagulation spots (P < 0.05). Aqueous flare intensity after vitrectomy for RD decreased to a stable level at 3 months postoperatively but remained significantly higher than the normal level. The size of retinal breaks and the degree of surgical invasion were associated with the increase in aqueous flare.

Analysis of solar EUV and X-ray flux enhancements during intense solar flare events and the concomitant response of equatorial and low latitude upper atmosphere

We investigate the X ray and UV flux changes during flare events and the corresponding ionospheric response. The study reveals that UV flux enhancement depends on both flare intensity and position on solar disk while X-ray flux enhancement depends only on the former. The study brings out a new result that the E region response to flares directly relates to the X-ray flux enhancement and that it does not exhibit limb effect. Further, the F region response shows limb effect indicating the UV flux control on the same and it also shows seasonal variability due to solar zenith angle variability.