Flame Retardancy Of Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Highly effective and durable P-N synergistic flame retardant containing ammonium phosphate and phosphonate for cotton fabrics

Cotton fabrics are widely used in everyday applications, which are flammable and present a fire hazard. Therefore, a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant, pentaethylenehexamine octamethylene tetraphosphonate dimethyl ester ammonium tetraphosphorus acid (APEHAP), was synthesized. The ammonium phosphate active group in APEHAP grafted with cotton fiber via P-O-C covalent bonds, and the phosphonate group prevented metal ions from degrading the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics during washing. The LOI value of the 30 wt.% APEHAP-treated cotton fabric reached 45.2% and remained at 33.6% after 50 laundering cycles (LCs) according to AATCC 61-2013 2A. This indicates that the APEHAP-treated cotton fabric obtained excellent flame retardancy and washing resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the flame retardant APEHAP had little effect on the surface morphology and crystal structure of the cotton fabrics. Thermogravimetry (TG), cone calorimetry, and vertical combustion tests indicated that APEHAP promoted thermal degradation and charring of the cotton fabric during combustion and prevented flame spreading. The APEHAP-treated cotton fabrics maintained their mechanical properties.

A sustainable strategy for preparation of flame-retardant cotton fabric by phosphorylation of recycled cotton

The recycling and reutilization of cotton waste are in line with the sustainable development of society. Therefore, in this work, an environmentally friendly cellulose phosphate ammonium salt was synthesized by phosphorylation of cotton waste. Then the cotton fabrics were modified with cellulose phosphate ammonium salt by using the dip–dry–cure technique to obtain flame-retardant cotton fabric. The surface morphology, characteristic functional groups, and elemental components were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that the cellulose phosphate ammonium salt was immobilized onto the cotton fabric through a P–O–C chemical bond. Vertical combustion tests before and after washing showed that the treated cotton fabric had durable flame-retardant properties. Thermogravimetry demonstrated that the treated cotton fabric retained a large amount of residual char and the pyrolysis temperature was significantly earlier than that of the control sample. Compared with the blank sample, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of the modified fabric was reduced by 90.8% and 84.1%, respectively. Thermogravimetric infrared of flame-retardant cotton fabric proved that cellulose phosphate ammonium salt acted both in the gas and condensed phase during the decomposition of the treated fabric.

Chemical reaction intumescent flame retardant cotton fabric with flame retardancy and UV resistance prepared from phytic acid, tannic acid and diethylenetriamine

PurposeIn this study, an eco-friendly cotton fabric (CF) treatment method was proposed to induce anti-ultraviolet and flame retardant properties, and a new application of tannic acid (TA) and phytic acid (PA) in ultraviolet protection and flame retardant fabric was put forward.Design/methodology/approachBy combining diethylenetriamine, PA and TA on CF, a chemical reaction intumescent flame retardant CF with anti-ultraviolet and anti-flame retardance was developed.FindingsThe flame retardant and ultraviolet resistance of CF were characterized by LOI, vertical combustion, cone calorimetry and ultraviolet resistance testing. SEM, XPS, FTIR and other tests were used to analyze the chemical composition, surface morphology and residual carbon after combustion of the CF, and it was confirmed that the modified CF has good ultraviolet resistance and flame retardant performance.Originality/valueIn this study, an eco-friendly CF treatment method was proposed to induce anti-ultraviolet and flame retardant properties, and a new application of TA and PA in ultraviolet protection and flame retardant fabric was put forward.

Fully bio-based flame-retardant cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer self assembly of laccase and phytic acid

With the ever-increasing attention to eco-friendly flame-retardant finishing of cotton fabrics (CF), bio-based flame retardants have been urgently required. For this end, laccase (QM) and phytic acid (PA) were fabricated on CF via layer-by-layer self assembly. The successful deposition of binary coating on CF was characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDS. With the aid of biomass coating, the LOI value of CF/QM/PA was largely elevated to 43.0% with an increment of 129% as compared to pristine CF. Moreover, CF/QM/PA displayed self-extinguishing phenomenon upon removing the fire during the vertical burning tests, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of CF/QM/PA was remarkably dropped to 36 W/g from 310 W/g of CF with a reduction of 88.4%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) revealed that although the maximum thermal degradation rate of CF/QM/PA significantly reduced as compared to CF, the final char residue reached up to 39.0%. More importantly, in combination of the analyses of the gaseous products generated during the combustion process and the residual chars after combustion, it was proposed that QM/PA coating exerted flame-retardant activities both in the condensed phase and gas phase. Generally, this work provides a feasible and eco-friendly method for the flame-retardant finishing of cotton fabrics.

Bio-based coating of phytic acid, chitosan, and biochar for flame-retardant cotton fabrics

A flame retardant coating containing phytic acid (PA), chitosan (CH), and biochar (BC) was prepared by the layer-by-layer assembly, and its flame retardancy after application to cotton fabrics was evaluated. The surface morphology, combustion properties, thermal degradation, and flame retardant behavior of untreated and coated cotton fabrics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, cone calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis coupled online with a mass spectrometer (TGA-MS). Results showed that the biochar was well dispersed in viscous chitosan and uniformly finished on the cotton fabric. Using the biochar, phytic acid, and chitosan (PA/CH/BC) coating significantly improved the char yield, protected the underlayer cotton fabric from degradation, and improved the thermal stability of the treated cotton through a condensed phase flame retardant mechanism. Cone calorimetry results confirmed that the PA/CH/BC-coated cotton fabric formed a thermally stable char layer during combustion, and this layer effectively inhibited oxygen and heat transfer. The peak heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PA/CH/BC-coated cotton fabric were significantly reduced compared with those of untreated cotton fabric. Compared to untreated fabric, cone calorimetry showed that cotton fabric treated with PA/CH/BC (7.5%) exhibited pkHRR and THR values that were decreased by 88.66% and 88.69%, respectively, and a limiting oxygen index that increased from 18.6% to 64.1%, indicating that the treated fabric has excellent flame retardant performance. Thermal degradation stability and thermal oxidation performance tests were conducted on treated materials subjected to ten laundering cycles to evaluate the durability of the flame retardant in practical application. TG analysis showed that the treated cotton exhibits favorable thermal degradation and thermal oxidation stability, and cone calorimetry suggested that approximately 60% of the flame retardant properties were retained after washing.

Design and preparation of flame-retardant cellulose fabric with low strength loss using polycarboxylic acid as crosslinker

To decrease strength loss of flame-retardant cotton fabric using polycarboxylic acid as the crosslinker, a series of multi-amino phosphoramide (BPEI/DPn) was synthesized using branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and dimethyl phosphite (DP). The flame retardant coating was fabricated on cotton fabric with the assist of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). The optimum multi-amino phosphoramide was obtained by investigate the effect of different BPEI/DPn on washing durability and flame retardancy of modified cotton fabrics. The results found that BPEI/DP4 (mole ratio of BPEI and DP was 1:4) coated cotton fabric presented superior flame retardancy with self-extinguishing action and 27.9% of LOI value. Also, this flame-retardant cotton fabric can withstand a certain number of standard washing cycles. The heat and smoke release of cotton fabric during the combustion were significantly inhibited after modification with BPEI/DP4, and HRR value decreased by 35.0% compared with the unmodified cotton. Additionally, BPEI/DP4 can greatly improve the mechanical capability of cotton fabric modified with BTCA, and almost 80% of breaking force can be remained owning to partially neutralizing the acidic circumstance of BTCA solution, which might provide an efficient method to prepare functional cotton fabric with high performance.

High-Efficiency and Durable Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric with Good Physical and Mechanical Properties by Layer-by-Layer Assembly Polyethylenimine/Phytic Acid Coating

ABSTRACT In this study, intumescent flame retardant coating of polyethylenimine/phytic acid (PEI/PA) with gradient structure was constructed on cotton fabric through a facile layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method. The LOI value of coated cotton fabric reached over 40%, indicating excellent flame retardancy. Reasonable controlling the LBL assembly process of PEI/PA coating brought less influence to the physical properties of cotton fabrics. And the coated cotton fabric revealed good flame retardant washing durability. Thermogravimetric analysis results of coated cotton fabrics showed that PEI/PA flame retardant coating changed the thermal decomposition process and promoted char formation revealing the obviously condensed phase flame retardant action. SEM images of char residues revealed that PEI/PA flame retardant coating promoted to form the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) char layer showing obvious IFR action. This research provides novel strategy for the development of high-efficiency flame retardant cotton fabric with good durability and physical properties using a simple LBL assembly method.

Green P–N coating by mechanochemistry: efficient flame retardant for cotton fabric

Green P–N coating by mechanochemistry: efficient flame retardant for cotton fabric

Surface engineering for cellulose as a boosted Layer-by-Layer assembly: Excellent flame retardancy and improved durability with introduction of bio-based “molecular glue”

Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly was attractive as a versatile tool to address the flammability of cotton, while the washing fastness of LbL coating stayed an issue. Aiming to tackle this issue, LbL layers consisted of phenylphosphonic acid (PHA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was deposited on polydopamine (PDA)-coated cotton. The prepared cotton reached 31.4% of limiting oxygen index (LOI), and extinguished immediately after removing the ignitor. Peak of heat release rate (pHRR) attenuated around 36 % compared with pure cotton. A combined barrier and quenching mechanisms were proposed. Moreover, enhanced washing durability (24.1% of LOI) was achieved even after 50 detergent laundering cycles. A facile, boosted LbL approach with proposed π − π stacking interactions between PDA abundant aromatic structures and benzene ring in PHA from LbL layers, is first to put forward to construct durable efficient flame retardant (FR) cotton. This work attempted to enlighten more thoughts and design for durable FR cotton fabrics.

Construction phosphorus/nitrogen-containing flame-retardant and hydrophobic coating toward cotton fabric via layer-by-layer assembly

Excellent flame-retardant cotton fabric with desired hydrophobic is of particular interests for both academia and industry. Herein, an effective multilayer coating consisting of phosphorylated polyethyleneimine (P-PEI) and hydrophobic modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was successfully constructed on cotton fabric through a facile layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, which imparted high fire retardancy and desirable hydrophobic to the cotton fabric. Coated cotton fabric was characterized by Fourier infrared spectrometer, scanning electronic microscopy coupled with its energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, conforming that a phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing multilayer coating was homogeneous and uniform increase on the surface of cotton fabric. The resultant cotton fabric achieved self-extinguishing in vertical burning tests and a desired hydrophobic with a water contact angle of 127.4° with only 4BL coating. Moreover, the coated cotton fabrics exhibited a slight delay of ignition accompanied by remarkably decrease of heat release and the fire growth rate index, suggesting the outstanding fire safety. The flame retardancy of coated cotton fabric was enhanced and even not ignited at the heat flux of 25 kW/m2, but the hydrophobic was almost not changed with the increase of bilayer number. Additionally, the relevant analysis of residues and volatile gases manifested that the multilayer coating contributed flame-retardant activities in both condensed- and gas-phase via forming thermally stable char residues and inhibiting the release of flammable gases. Taking advantage of the features, this high efficiency coating together with the facile finishing technique would have great potentials in application of multifunctional cotton fabrics.

Environmental and performance assessment of hydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabrics modified with functional integrated graphene

Environmental and performance assessment of hydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabrics modified with functional integrated graphene

Durable and high-efficiency casein-derived phosphorus-nitrogen-rich flame retardants for cotton fabrics

A casein derivative (CADP) was synthesized using casein, which is bifunctional containing both –P=O(O−NH4+)2 reactive groups and –P(=O)–O–C– groups, and the durable flame-retardant cotton fabrics were successfully prepared by CADP. The –P=O(O−NH4+)2 reactive groups allowed CADP to be firmly grafted onto cellulose. The –P(=O)–O–C– groups made flame-retardant cotton fabrics more resistant to soaping and improved its durability. The modification by 40% CADP increased the limited oxygen index value of cotton fabric from 17.4 to 41.6%, which maintained at 26.4% after 50 cycles of home machine washes. The results of TG, TG-FTIR, FTIR and SEM indicated that CADP increased the condensed components and decreased the flammable gaseous compounds, resulting the positive effect on char formation of cellulose. The whiteness, softness and tensile strength of cotton fabrics were retained well after modification, and the treated cotton fabrics didn’t have skin irritation.

Construction of biological flame retardant layer on cotton fabric via photografting of nucleotide/amino acid monomers

The adenine nucleotide (AMP-Na2) was modified to introduce unsaturated double bonds for photografting onto cotton fabrics together with l-Cysteine (l-Cys) monomer to prepare synergistic bio-based flame retardant cotton fabrics. The chemical structure of AMP-Na2/ l-Cys monomers, surface morphology, residual carbon morphology, thermal properties and flame retardant properties of photografted flame retardant cotton fabrics were analyzed. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra verified the AMP-Na2 and l-Cys monomers with unsaturated double bonds. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the carbon residue of photografted fiber maintained a natural curled and fiber shape. TGA showed that the major pyrolysis temperature of cotton fabric declined by 51 °C and the weight loss reduced by 20.5%, proving good charring effect of flame retardant layer via photografting of AMP-Na2/l-Cys monomers. The afterflame and afterflow time of photografted cotton fabric were nearly decreased to 0 s. The LOI value of photografted cotton fabric was 27.34% and decreased by 7.9% after 20 washing times. The peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased from 198.05 kW/m2 and 9.94 MJ/m2 to 34.49 kW/m2 and 4.47 MJ/m2, respectively. The experimental results indicated that durable flame retardancy of cotton fabrics was achieved via facile photografting of AMP-Na2/l-Cys monomers.

Biobased Coating Derived from Fish Scale Protein and Phytic Acid for Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics

Biobased Coating Derived from Fish Scale Protein and Phytic Acid for Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics

Carbon Nanohorns as a Novel Synergist to Achieve Efficient Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric -A Case Study

Carbon Nanohorns as a Novel Synergist to Achieve Efficient Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric -A Case Study

A novel durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics based on diethylenetriamine

A novel flame retardant, diethylenetriamine pentamethyl triphosphonate methyl ester ammonium diphosphonate flame retardant (DETA-P), was synthesized and characterized by NMR and FTIR. DETA-P-treated cotton fabrics showed excellent flame retardancy and durability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabrics treated with 30 wt% DETA-P reached 40.7% and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), according to the AATCC 61-2013 2A standard, still reached 29.0%. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results of showed that there were P and N elements in CF-3. After 50 LCs, the total metal ion content of DETA-P treated cotton was noticeably lower than that of ammonium salt of diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid (ADTPMPA)-treated cotton. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX results suggested that DETA-P molecules entered the cotton fiber interior. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and durability analyses showed that DETA-P grafted the –OH of cellulose molecules through P–O–C in cotton fibers. Thermogravimetry (TG) results showed that DETA-P changed the thermal decomposition pathway of cotton fibers. The cone calorimetry results indicated that the heat release rate and total heat release of DETA-P-treated cotton were much lower than for untreated cotton. These results showed that the introduction of phosphonate groups and reactive ammonium phosphorus acid groups into a flame retardant molecule was an effective method to improve the flame retardancy and durability of the cotton fibers.

Chemically modified wool waste keratin for flame retardant cotton finishing

Environmentally friendly flame retardant chemicals are being developed in recent studies as legislation for eco-sustainable textile production becomes more stringent around the world. Utilisation of waste generated by the wool spinning industry is a prime concern with present work. The extraction and modification of keratin from waste wool for flame retardant cotton has not been attempted previously. The research describes a unique method for using chemically modified keratin derived from wool waste as an environmentally acceptable nitrogen/phosphorus containing flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Melamine and sodium pyrophosphate were used as nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively, along with glyoxal as a cross-linking agent. The improved thermal stability of modified wool waste keratin and treated cotton fabrics was confirmed by TGA, while structural changes were established by FTIR and XRD analyses. Due to the synergistic impact of nitrogen and phosphorous, the modified wool waste keratin resulted in the formation of a continuous and intact layer of char that confers flame retardancy on treated cotton. The limiting oxygen index of cotton after application of the modified keratin showed a nearly 66.7% increase in flame retardancy compared to untreated cotton. Overall, the findings in the paper show a sustainable approach for the textile industry that combines waste utilisation from one textile sector (minimizing solid waste from the wool industry) with waste management elements to add value to another (multifunctional textile finishing agent for the cotton industry).

A biological reactive flame retardant for flame retardant modification of cotton fabric

A novel, high-efficiency, bio-based flame retardant ammonium salt of arginine hexamethylenephosphonic acid (AAHMPA) for cotton fabric was synthesized and grafted onto the cotton fabric by P–O–C and C–O–C covalent bonds. The flame retardancy and durability of treated cotton were improved obviously. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35 wt% AAHMPA-treated cotton reached 45.1%, and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the LOI value remained at 28.6%. The cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric and vertical flammability test indicated that treated cotton decomposed into phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid during combustion, which promoted the thermal degradation and charring of cotton fabrics and hindered the spread of flames. The mechanical properties of treated cotton fibers were slightly reduced. These results confirmed that AAHMPA treated cotton obtained excellent flame retardancy and high durability. • Flame-retardant cotton fabric was prepared by surface modification. • The treated cotton fabric has excellently durable flame retardant. • The flame retardant can form P–O–C and C–O–C covalent bonds with cotton fibers. • The raw materials of flame retardant are naturally-abundant. • Flame retardants will not produce harmful substances during use.

Superamphiphobic and flame-resistant cotton fabrics for protective clothing

Superamphiphobic and flame-retardant finishing of cotton fabric can significantly improve its protective properties to expand its applications, such as protective clothing. However, creating such materials is still a challenging issue. Herein, we present a facile strategy to fabricate superamphiphobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric (SFC) via step-by-step dip-coating and spraying technology. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) endows cotton fabric excellent flame retardancy. The robust coating formed by the polymerization product of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane (FOCS) can not only protect APP from being damaged but also trap air to form "air plastron", which makes SFC have excellent antifouling, chemical repellence and self-cleaning. The resulting SFC exhibited superamphiphobicity and flame retardancy with water contact angle of 161°, oil contact angle of 158° and LOI of 30%. After UV irradiation, mechanical damage, 180 °C oven heating and ultrasonic washing, it still maintains excellent hydrophobicity without loss of flame retardancy. This study expands the potential applications of cotton and provides feasible technologies for improving the overall efficiency of cotton.Graphic abstract

Synthesis of Zinc Fluoroborate by Wet Method and Its Application as a Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics

In this study, zinc fluoroborate was synthesized by wet method using fluoroboric acid and zinc oxide as reactant and its usability as flame retardant for cotton fabrics was investigated. The wet method is economical, green, efficient and applicable for a large-scale. The maximum yield was determined related to the variation of reactant ratio, temperature, reaction period and stirrer rate. The characterization of the product was carried out by means of FTIR, BF4- ion selective electrode and XRD. The maximum yield of 97% was achieved at the reactant mole ratio (nZnO/nHBF4) of 1:3, temperature of 90 °C and reaction period of 90 minutes. The purity of the synthesized product was found as 98 %. Flame retardancy and high temperature resistance effects of zinc fluoroborate on cotton fabrics were investigated by LOI test and high temperature durability test method, respectively. Although LOI value of the untreated original fabric was determined as 16, this value increased above 55 by impregnating of fabric with 50 % zinc fluoroborate solution.