Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Research Articles (Page 1)

Sensitive determination of lead in an herbal tea matrix utilizing carbon doped CuO nanoparticles as solid phase adsorbent.

Magnetic solid phase microextraction of cadmium in water and food samples on Escherichia coli immobilized to magnetic conductive carbon black (Vulcan XC-72) prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

A multivariate optimization of a green ultrasound-assisted extraction method using a natural deep eutectic solvent for the determination of Fe, Mn, and Zn in instant coffee samples by F AAS.

This study reports on a cloud point extraction (CPE) method devised for the thorough separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric estimation of cadmium (Cd(II)) from solutions and food matrices using azo derivatives as complexing agents. The research problem under study concerns the sensitive and selective determination of Cd(II), a heavy metal recognized as toxic due to its profound environmental and health dangers. The specific aim was to optimize and check CPE method reproducibility for the more stable chelation complexes of cadmium (II) 4-((4-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonamide (HQDBS) and 3-((1H-indol-5-yl)diazenyl)quinolin-4-ol (IDQ). The optimization was performed by testing the following fundamental parameters: pH, type and volume of surfactant (Triton X-100), extraction temperature, and duration of heating. The maximum absorptions (λmax) of both examined complexes of cadmium with HQDBS and IDQ were found at 478 nm and 499 nm respectively. The spectroscopic methods and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied to structural characterization of the extracted complexes. The developed method was applied to food samples and validated with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). It was showed that the methods gave highly sensitive and good selective responses which had a strong correlation with the FAAS results. F-test statistical calculations showed that the differences between techniques are insignificant, thus proving the reliability of CPE methodology expected for Cd(II) analytical chemistry. The CPE technique is recommended for determining the presence of Cd(II) in food and environmental samples since it is easy, economical, and less harmful to the environment.

Silver (I) and Copper (II) complexes were prepared. The New complexes were characterized using elemental analysis (C .H .N) and Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) to determine the percentages of metal ions in their complexes, in addition to molar conductivity using DMSO solvent at a concentration of (1X10-3M) and at laboratory temperature. The infrared spectroscopy results showed clear changes in the stretching bands of the factional groups in the complexes spectra compared to the ligand spectrum, which confirms the occurrence of the coordination process between the selected metal ions and the donor atoms in the ligand. While the results of the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis.) spectrum of the metal complex solutions in (DMSO) showed clear charge transfer absorption peaks of the (M→L) type, evidence of the occurrence of the coordination process. It was also confirmed by the results of the flame atomic absorption spectrum and the results of the precise analysis of the elements carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, in agreement between the practical values ​​obtained and the theoretically calculated values ​​for the compounds under study. In addition to scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) spectroscopy of both copper (II) and silver (I) Nano complexes with the new ligand to measure the Nano size of each of them, the measurements showed that the complexes were within the Nano scale range, i.e. less than 100 nm, with the crystalline nature of each of them being diagnosed. The results of molar conductivity using DMSO solvent showed the presence of ionic character of Ag (I)complex, which is evidence that the complex was charged and have Electrolytic character with the presence of chloride ion outside the coordination sphere, and that the tridentate ligand is neutral while the copper (II) Nano complex showed Non-electrolytic behavior. their proposed geometrical shapes, where the octahedral structure was proposed for the copper(II) Nano complexes and the tetrahedral structure Nano silver (I) complexes. Their biological activity was studied against two specific types of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Gram-positive (G +) Staph. aurous and the other is Gram-negative Escherichia coli (G -). The sensitivity of the bacteria was studied using the Well diffusion method, using three concentrations of (100, 1000, 500) ppm in DMSO solvent under the same conditions. The Nano complexes showed high positive results compared to the drug Theophylline. The complexes under study also showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria that was greater than their activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

In this study, a micro-solid phase extraction method was developed using a sorbent synthesized from histidine and copper nitrate for the extraction of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from tea samples. The extraction system consisted of a syringe cylinder with a compressed cotton layer as a filter, onto which a few milligrams of the sorbent were layered. The extract of the tea sample was passed through the sorbent and elution was performed using methanol. The extracted analytes were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of critical parameters such as sorbent amount, pH, eluate type and volume, salt, and flow rate on extraction efficiency was studied and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated linear ranges of 2-100 and 1-100 μg Kg-1 with detection limits of 0.7 and 0.4 μg Kg-1 for Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were ≤5% for repeated measurements, indicating good repeatability. This method was efficient without requiring vortexing or centrifuging steps, simplifying the procedure. Finally, by determining the concentrations of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions in tea samples, the feasibility of the method was confirmed with relative recoveries between 94.5 and 100.8%.

Some correlations between serum Cu, Zn and Se and cytokines have been reported in humans. Especially, the Cu:Zn ratio corresponded with inflammation. To date, relationships between microelements and proinflammatory proteins are poorly understood in horses. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether Cu, Zn and Se may influence turnover of IL-6, IL-8 and tissue factor (TF) in breeding and working horses. Blood samples obtained from 66 horses were analysed. There were 37 pregnant broodmares of different breeds, 13 barren broodmares and 16 race Thoroughbred horses. Serum Cu, Zn and Se concentration was determined using the gas flame atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) method. Plasma IL-6, IL-8 and TF concentration was determined by the ELISA method. A coefficient correlation was carried out to compare the values of microelements studied with IL-6, IL-8 and TF using Pearson’s test. The values of IL-6 correlated significantly positively with Se and Cu:Zn ratio, IL-8 correlated positively with Cu and Cu:Zn ratio and negatively with Zn, and TF correlated positively with Cu, Cu:Zn ratio and Se. The Cu:Zn ratio varies significantly between horses, with high values occurring in horses with high levels of proinflammatory proteins, which may indicate the presence of a subclinical inflammatory process. The high variability of TF in the studied groups gives hope for the use of its determination in laboratory diagnostics of horses.

The determination of cobalt in water samples (test samples) is crucial, as it is an essential metal; yet, both deficiency and excessive intake may contribute to detrimental effects in humans and animals. In this study, a dispersive solid phase extraction procedure was developed for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The Mn3O4-MnOOH nanocomposite was synthesized to be used as a sorbent in the preconcentration of cobalt. The enhancement in the detection power of the developed analytical method was quantified by the ratio of the detection limits of the Mn3O4/MnOOH-DSPE-FAAS and FAAS systems, revealing a 15-fold increase with the Mn3O4/MnOOH-DSPE-FAAS method. The recovery results obtained in tap water for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt demonstrated the applicability and accuracy of the developed method. A sensitive analytical strategy was developed for Co. High recovery results were obtained under optimum conditions.

The global prevalence of insulin resistance is increasing and it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of chronic non-communicable diseases. Lipid metabolism disorder is a key mediator of insulin resistance. This cross-sectional study investigated the possible association between serum zinc (SZn) concentration and distinct surrogates of insulin resistance (IR). SZn were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) in 3078 adults (mean age of 48.8 ± 14.5, and 39.8% were male) participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2009–2011). The associations between SZn concentrations and surrogates of IR including homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, the TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI index), the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), and the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG-to-HDL-C ratio), were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The mean serum zinc concentration was 112 ± 37.1 µg/dL. Serum zinc concentrations exceeding 119 µg/dL were significantly associated with a 32% increased probability of IR, identified by elevated TyG index (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.08–1.59). Similarly, SZn concentrations greater than 91.3 µg/dL and 119 µg/dL were associated with a 30% and 34% increased probability of IR, as identified by the TG-HDL-C ratio, respectively. Our study revealed that elevated SZn concentrations, probably due to exposure to environmental pollutants, may be associated with increased probability of IR, identified by the high TyG index and TG-to-HDL-C ratio.

Nickel (Ni) contamination, primarily caused by industrial processes such as electroplating, battery manufacturing, and automotive production, poses a serious and persistent environmental threat. Kluyvera cryocrescens M7, a naturally Ni-resistant bacterium, was selected for genetic improvement to enhance its Ni bioremediation capacity. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported genetic improvement of Kluyvera species aimed at enhancing Ni removal. In this study, random chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was employed to generate mutants with improved metal uptake. The wild-type K. cryocrescens M7 strain exhibited a maximum Ni removal efficiency of 48.41% and a specific uptake capacity of 129.58mg/g at 100 ppm Ni after 48h by Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). In comparison, EMS-derived mutants 2, 3, and 16 demonstrated significantly higher removal efficiencies- 97.43%, 94.67%, and 95.47% and uptake capacities of 213.15mg/g, 182.12mg/g, and 183.49mg/g, respectively. Mutant 2 also showed maximum removal efficiency of 71.43% in case of electroplating industrial wastewater, maintaining strong efficacy despite complex conditions. The enhanced accumulation of Ni ions in mutant 2 as compared to the wild strain was also validated by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To understand the genetic basis of this improvement, two key Ni transport-related genes- hoxN (influx transporter) and rcnA (efflux protein)-along with their promoter regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the wild-type strain had mismatches in the - 10 and - 35 elements compared to E. coli consensus sequences. The mutants showed improved hoxN promoter alignment and greater divergence in the rcnA promoter, suggesting enhanced influx and reduced efflux. These regulatory changes were supported by SDS-PAGE analysis showing increased HoxN and decreased RcnA expression. This study highlights EMS-induced mutagenesis as a viable strategy to enhance Ni bioremediation in K. cryocrescens through modulation of metal transporter gene expression.

Helichrysum arenarium is used in traditional medicine due to several features. Nevertheless, the plant can accumulate cadmium (II) at elevated concentrations when cultivated in soils contaminated with heavy metals. For this reason, the determination of cadmium (II) in herbal beverages used in traditional medicine is a crucial topic to enhance human health. In this study, a method integrating supramolecular solvent based spray assisted liquid phase microextraction (SUPRAS-SA-LPME) with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is demonstrated to quantify cadmium (II). The synthesis of SUPRAS was carried out using tetrahydrofuran (THF) and decan-1-ol as reagents and 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (complexation agent) was dissolved in the synthesized SUPRAS to simultaneously perform the preconcentration and complexation steps. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method yielded mass-based detection/quantification limits (LOD/LOQ) of 2.17 µg/kg/7.25 µg/kg with a dynamic range from 7.67 µg/kg to 102.73 µg/kg. Spiked samples of everlasting flower tea were analyzed to assess the method’s accuracy and applicability, obtaining recovery values in the range of 89.9%–145.3% based on a matrix–matching calibration strategy.

The paper presents the results of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn, and four radionuclides (226Ra,232Th, 137Cs, and 40K) determination in transplanted lichens after two, four, and six months of exposure. Lichens were sampled from the area of Mountain Igman in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and transplanted to two locations (Pofalići and Bjelave) in Sarajevo, the capital city of BiH. The total metals content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Gamma spectrometry (GS) was used for radionuclide activity determination. Content of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb an Zn in lichen after two, four, and six months of exposure ranged as follows: <LOD-0.61, <LOD-1.55, 3.85–8.08, 332.5–497.9, 19.68–31.65, 2.29–4.24, <LOD-10.30, 32.76–58.58 µg/g, respectively. Cr was not detected in exposed lichen samples. A very strong positive correlation for Cu-Cu, Cu-Fe, Cu-Pb, Cu-Zn, Ni-Ni and Fe-Fe was obtained in lichens, while a strong correlation was between Co-Zn, Co-Cu, Pb-Pb and Mn-Mn. The specific activity of 137Cs ranged from 19.95 to 56.66 Bq/kg, while for 40K ranged from 49.65 to 330.61 Bq/kg. The specific activity of 226Ra and 232Th was below the GS limit of detection.

IntroductionBacillus subtilis spores are widely used as platforms for antigen display due to their stability and safety. However, the potential impact of surface-expressed functional proteins, such as metal-binding antigen proteins, on spore physiology remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of the surface-expressed manganese-binding domain of manganese transport protein C (MntC) from Staphylococcus aureus on spore development and stress resistance.MethodsA recombinant B. subtilis strain, BsHT2380, was engineered by double cross-over integration of PcotB-cotB-mntC at the amyE locus, confirmed by PCR. MntC expression on the spore surface was verified via western blot, spore ELISA and confocal fluorescence microscopy. BsHT2380 spores exhibited increased manganese accumulation compared to controls, as measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). EDTA treatment confirmed that the bound Mn2+ was surface-associated. Correlation between Schaeffer-Fulton staining and CFU counts indicated that Mn2+ accumulation enhanced spore production efficiency.ResultsThe BsHT2380 strain produced 71% mature spores by 48 hours, with spore levels remaining stable from 48 to 72 hours, suggesting this period represents the peak of sporulation. Importantly, BsHT2380 spores displayed enhanced resilience, with significantly higher survival rates under lysozyme (73%) and wet heat (70%) stress compared to control strains.DiscussionThese findings demonstrated that surface-expressed manganese binding domain could modulate spore physiology, improving both production and resistance, and highlight the potential of surface-displayed proteins in spore-based biotechnological applications, particularly recombinant spore-based vaccines that combine immunogenic antigen presentation with enhanced structural robustness.

The coupling reaction between tryptamine and 8-hydroxyquinoline led to the formation of a new azo ligand. The synthesized ligand was characterized using CHN, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Complexes of the ligand with VO2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, and Mo6+ ions were prepared in a (1:2) ratio, with the general formula [M(L)2]. The obtained complexes were characterized using flame atomic absorption, CHN analysis, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, in addition to magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The findings suggest that the ligand functions as a bidentate, with the complexes exhibiting octahedral, square planar and square pyramidal geometries. All the complexes were identified as non-electrolytes. Their antioxidant effectiveness in neutralizing free radicals was assessed using DPPH as the free radical and Gallic acid as a standard. The IC50 value was determined, revealing that the Mn-complex demonstrated stronger free radical inhibition ability. The antioxidant capacity of the complexes varied based on their IC50 values; the Mn-complex was found to have a higher ability to inhibit free radicals, and the ability to inhibit the complex varied according to the IC50 value. The results were as following Gallic acid ˃ [Mn(L)2(H2O)2] ˃ Ligand ˃ [Mo(L)2O2] ˃ [VO(L)2] ˃ [Cr(L)2H2OCl]. KEY WORDS: Tryptamine, 8-Hyrroxyquonoiun, DPPH, TGA analysis, Azo dyes compound Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(11), 2093-2107. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i11.2

This study aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals—iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)—in six economically significant marine fish species: Sardinella aurita (sardine), Sphyraena sphyraena (barracuda), Epinephelus costae (dusky grouper), Pagellus erythrinus (common pandora), Scomber japonicus (chub mackerel), and Oblada melanura (saddled seabream). A total of 18 specimens from each species were obtained from local fishermen at the Tripoli fish market. The average lengths and weights were as follows: sardine (19.22 cm, 60.17 g), barracuda (32.35 cm, 122.5 g), dusky grouper (25.02 cm, 190.17 g), common pandora (20.55 cm, 119.5 g), chub mackerel (24.35 cm, 139.17 g), and addled seabream (20.5 cm, 181.67 g). Heavy metal concentrations were measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). Results indicated that all detected concentrations were within internationally accepted safety limits, as defined by WHO, FAO, and EU standards. Among the studied metals, iron exhibited the highest concentration across all species, followed by zinc. The highest iron levels were recorded in Pagellus erythrinus, followed by Sardinella aurita, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, Sphyraena sphyraena, and the lowest in Epinephelus costae. Similarly, Pagellus erythrinus showed the highest copper concentration, followed by Sardinella aurita, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, Sphyraena sphyraena, and Epinephelus costae. Lead concentrations were highest in Sardinella aurita, followed by Epinephelus costae, Pagellus erythrinus, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, and lowest in Sphyraena sphyraena. These findings confirm the safety of the studied fish species for human consumption and provide a valuable reference for environmental monitoring and public health risk assessment in the region.

Cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) such as gutka, mainpuri, and naswar are major public health concerns in Pakistan. This study assessed toxic trace elements (TTEs) Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) in the blood of male and female tobacco users and non-users from urban and rural Karachi, along with associated health risks. A total of 190 blood and 120 tobacco samples (30 cigarettes, 90 STPs) were analyzed. Cd, Mn, and Pb were measured using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), and Zn by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after acid digestion. The study revealed significantly higher metal concentrations in urban users due to combined exposure from tobacco and environmental pollution. Cd levels in gutka (1.11 mg/kg) and cigarettes (1.035 mg/kg) exceeded WHO’s limit (0.5 mg/kg). Urban male smokers had the highest blood Pb (0.108 ± 0.01 mg/L), over tenfold above the WHO limit, while urban females showed the highest Mn (0.031 mg/L). Rural male mainpuri users had the highest Zn level (2.76 ± 0.16 mg/L). Cd in cigarette posed the highest cancer risk (CR: 9.14 × 10⁻⁴); gutka users had a CR of 6.74 × 10⁻⁴. Female gutka users had the highest Pb intake (0.513 mg/kg/day). The findings call for urgent biomonitoring, regulation, and public health interventions.

A novel nanomotor (ZIF-L(Co)/WSe2 nanocomposite) for nanomotor motion-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (NM-d-μSPE) of gold and palladium.

Dietary salicylates affect calcium and magnesium status in preeclampsia model rats induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME).

ABSTRACT Heavy metal pollution in aquatic sediments poses significant ecological and human health risks due to its persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. This study aims to assess the concentrations, contamination status, ecological risk, and potential sources of Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), and Iron (Fe) in surface sediments from the industrial belt of Kochi, Kerala, India. Sediment samples were collected from selected sites and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, revealing elevated metal concentrations, with maximum values of 2.87 mg/kg (Pb), 68.74 mg/kg (Fe), 1.42 mg/kg (Cr), and 1.75 mg/kg (Cu). Pollution assessments using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Single-Factor Index, and Metal Pollution Index indicated severe contamination at all locations, with contamination factors for Pb, Fe, and Cu reflecting heavy pollution. Enrichment Factor analysis suggested significant anthropogenic input of Pb and moderate enrichment of Cr and Cu. Despite elevated concentrations, ecological and toxicological risk indices including the Ecological Risk Index (ERI), Overall Risk Index (ORI), Probable Effect Level (PEL), mean PEL quotient, and Toxic Risk Index (TRI) indicated low biological risk, as most metal concentrations remained below ecotoxicological threshold values. Strong positive correlations (r > 0.90) among indices confirmed spatial consistency in contamination patterns. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 98.62% of the total variance, identifying Pb and Cu as dominant contributors. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified three primary sources: an Fe-rich industrial source, a geogenic/urban background, and a high-risk, multi-metal source dominated by Pb and Cr. The findings highlight the cumulative impact of industrial discharges and urban runoff on sediment quality and emphasize the need for targeted remediation and long-term monitoring in this vulnerable estuarine system.

There are five main classes of indigenous vegetables, namely: Leaf vegetables like amaranth, Fruit vegetables like African eggplant, Pulse and seed vegetables like cowpea, Tuber vegetables like sweet potato and the special class referred to as other vegetables of which for example cauliflower belongs. This work therefore examined food mineral potentials and diversity among five (5) leafy vegetables namely; Water leaf (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Talinum triangulaire&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;), Biter leaf (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Venonia amygdalina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, Ugu leaf (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Telfaria occidentalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;), &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (green) and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (red). Leafy samples each of 0.52g slurry of the vegetables above were put in clean ceramic crucibles in duplicate and were placed in a cool muffle furnace and ramp at a temperature of 5000C over a period of 2 hours. They were allowed to remain at 5000C for another 2 hours before cooling down. The samples were later transferred into a desiccator. Each of the sample was now poured into already labelled 50ml centrifuge tube. The crucibles were then first rinsed with 5ml of distilled water into the centrifuge tubes and later with 5ml of the aqua regia solution. This process was repeated, so as to make a total volume of 20ml. The supernatants were now decanted into clean vials and mineral analysis were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis revealed that the amount of iron (Fe) was highest in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella aalba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (species red) with 318.15ppm, followed by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Telfaria occidentalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (ugu) with 261.22ppm; while the least amount was obtained in water leaf with 76.60ppm and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Venonia amygdalina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; with 100.94ppm. For the amount of manganese (mn), the highest amount was obtained in water leaf with 320.63ppm, followed by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Venonia amygdalina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; with 307.52ppm while the least amount were obtained in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (green species) with 135.59ppm and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Telfaria occidentalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; with 49.26ppm. For the amount of Sodium (Na), the highest amount was obtained in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (green speciies) with a value of 127.29ppm. Nitrogen (N) amount was highest in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Telfaria occidentalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; with 6.03% followed by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (red species) at 5.78%, while the least amount were found in water leaf with 4.37% and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Basella alba&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (green species) with 1.65%. The work concludes that it is necessary to take these vegetables at intervals together, as this would improve the level of mineral bio-availability to be used by the body systems, and by so doing enhancing dietary diversity pattern of indigenous vegetable consumption which is needed to improve our health and eliminate deficiency diseases.