Fixed Carbon Value Research Articles

A study of coal upgrading in briquette making based on briquette characteristics using heated mechanical metods

Indonesia has low quality coal reserves which are quite abundant. The low quality of coal is due to the inherent water content that is still quite high. Therefore, an upgrading process is needed. The upgrading process is intended to increase the calorific value of coal. The upgrading process can be applied to the process of coal briquettemaking. Generally, the manufacturing of low quality coal briquettes uses mechanical and heating methods in two different processes. In this study, the manufacturing of the briquettes uses the tools in a series of processes. The working principle of this tool is based on the strength of pressure and heating temperature. The maximum pressure is 900 psi, and the maximum heating temperature is 150°C. One of the important factors that determines the success of the upgrading process is the magnitude of heating temperature. The variations of heating temperature used are 50°C, 75°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C. The heating temperature affects the characteristics of coal briquettes produced. The heating temperature that produces the best quality coal briquettes is 150°C. The results of analysis of the coal briquette’s composition are as follows: the inherent water content is 11.00%, the volatile substance level is 46.48%, the ash content is 6.13%, the fixed carbon value is 36.39, and the calorific value is 5.235cal / gr.

Microwave Hydrothermal Carbonization of Rice Straw: Optimization of Process Parameters and Upgrading of Chemical, Fuel, Structural and Thermal Properties.

The process parameters of microwave-induced hydrothermal carbonization (MIHTC) play an important role on the hydrothermal chars (hydrochar) yield. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size and biomass to water ratio was optimized for hydrochar yield by modeling using the central composite design (CCD). Further, the rice straw and hydrochar at optimum conditions have been characterized for energy, chemical, structural and thermal properties. The optimum condition for hydrochar synthesis was found to be at a 180 °C reaction temperature, a 20 min reaction time, a 1:15 weight per volume (w/v) biomass to water ratio and a 3 mm particle size, yielding 57.9% of hydrochar. The higher heating value (HHV), carbon content and fixed carbon values increased from 12.3 MJ/kg, 37.19% and 14.37% for rice straw to 17.6 MJ/kg, 48.8% and 35.4% for hydrochar. The porosity, crystallinity and thermal stability of the hydrochar were improved remarkably compared to rice straw after MIHTC. Two characteristic peaks from XRD were observed at 2θ of 15° and 26°, whereas DTG peaks were observed at 50–150 °C and 300–350 °C for both the materials. Based on the results, it can be suggested that the hydrochar could be potentially used for adsorption, carbon sequestration, energy and agriculture applications.

Different Types of Lignocellulosic Materials for Energy Generation in the Ceramic Industry

ABSTRACT This work aims at the physicochemical characterization of four species: Eucalyptus sp, Pinus sp, Citrus sinensis and Hevea brasiliensis for use in ceramic furnace. Immediate analysis, chemical analyses were carried out (total extractives, Klason lignin, holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content). Results were applied to ANOVA and Tukey for statistics. The ash content of Pinus sp was 1.60%, for volatile material content Eucalyptus sp presented 83.61%, for fixed carbon values, Citrus sinensis presented 20.03%. Chemical analyses in the total extractive content, Citrus sinensis presented 21.76%, Klason lignin content, Pinus sp had 39.24%, Eucalyptus sp 60.29% had the highest holocellulose and alpha-cellulose, which was 42.72%. Pinus sp sample was the one with the highest heating value of 20.090 J/g. According to results obtained in the analyses, it is possible to conclude that all species have potential for applications in ceramic furnace.

Investigation of Quantity, Quality and Energy Content of Indigenous Sugarcane Trash in Naoshehro Feroze District, Sindh

Quantity, characteristics, and energy content in sugarcane trash of six different indigenous sugarcane varieties were computed for their possible utilization. Results revealed that the total sugarcane trash weight percentage was 24.0% of the total sugarcane crop. Among all examined varieties, variety 240 produced the highest and the variety HS12 the lowest percentage of sugarcane trash with 28% and 18.6% respectively. Moisture and ash content were found less in brown leaves and more in the tops of sugarcane trash parts. The fixed carbon values in brown leaves, green leaves, and tops of the variety Thatta10 were the highest found, with 18.4%, 15.5%, and 17.3% respectively. Carbon element’s percentage in brown leaves of variety HS12 was the highest with 50.0% and in Thatta10 was the lowest with 43.4%. Highest heating value was found in Thatta10 with 16.0MJ/kg, which is close to the literature reported values.

Thermogravimetric pyrolysis for neem char using novel agricultural waste: a study of process optimization and statistical modeling

Agricultural biomasses are the underutilized sources that have extraordinary potential to synthesize green and cost-effective chemicals. This research focuses on the utilization of novel agricultural residue, i.e., waste neem cake, to produce highly efficient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly fuel, i.e., neem char (NC), through thermogravimetric pyrolysis. To study the effects of process variable on char yield and higher heating value (HHV), statistical modeling was applied by central composite design of response surface methodology. Furthermore, chemical and structural characterization of neem cake and char were carried out by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The reaction temperature was the most prominent variable found from the ANOVA (analysis of variances) to affect char yield and its HHV. The optimal result was achieved with 21.46% char yield and HHV value of 6371 kcal/kg at 600 °C, 60 min, and 3 mm. The heating value of char was highly improved indicating the potential application of char as a high-energy renewable fuel. Further, the carbon content and fixed carbon values increased, whereas hydrogen, oxygen, volatile matters, and moisture content decreased in char after the pyrolysis process.

Biological Improvement of Coal: Formica rufa Enzymes over Mining Fluid and Rumen Liquid

Biological remediation of coal is based on the principle that the coal is converted to water-soluble products of various molecular weights to neutral pH or alkaline conditions. There are many studies in the related literature on the process of conversion of the cargo into water-soluble molecules. In this study, Azdavay Coal which was a key energy raw material of Kardemir Demir Celik Factory was examined using a novel biological treatment method. In the biological treatment of Azdavay Coal, coal was treated with Azdavay mining fluid, rumen liquid, and Formica rufa enzymes. In the results, an increase in the -OH group and a decrease in the fixed carbon value have occurred and the best efficient method was found as 2 days long Formica rufa treatment.

Fuel Briquettes from Sisal Waste in Thailand

The research aims to develop fuel briquettes from sisal waste material mixed with bagasse. Sisal wastes were collected from Hub Kapong Royal Project Phetchaburi Province Thailand. These material were mixed according to the ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 respectively. Characterization of physical and chemical properties of fuel briquettes were determined by percentage moisture content, percentage ash content, percentage volatile matter, percentage fixed carbon, and calorific value with the standard number ASTM 3173, ASTM D 3175, ASTM D 3174, ASTM D 3177 and ASTM D 3286 respectively. The results show that percentage moisture content values of 9.98 - 18.14, percentage volatile matter values of 42.59 - 68.04, percentage ash content values of 16.05 -25.41, percentage fixed carbon values of 5.93 - 13.86 and calorific values of 1,820.52 - 2,485.19 kcal/kg. Fuel briquettes to be used as a fuel substitute for firewood and charcoal.

Comparative Kinetics and Thermal Behavior: The Study of Crude Oils Derived from Fosterton and Neilburg Fields of Saskatchewan

Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of two different crude oil samples obtained from Fosterton (medium oil) and Neilburg (heavy oil) fields in Saskatchewan were studied and compared using the results of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) analyses. In addition, the properties of whole oil and asphaltene were determined by means of proximate and ultimate analyses. The analyses indicate that asphaltene from both Fosterton and Neilburg fields has a lower volatile matter and ash content as well as higher fixed carbon values when compared to the values of the respective whole oil. From the elemental analysis, it was determined that the H/C ratio is approximately the same for both reservoirs whole oil and asphaltenes. The reaction region, peak, and burnout temperatures of the samples were also determined. The Arrhenius equation provides kinetic data: activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and order of the reaction. The kinetic analysis showed similar activation energy for the ...

Trace Element Geochemistry of Brackish-Water Coals in the Central Alberta Plains, Canada

Concentrations of the elements As, B, Br, Cl, Cr, Mn, Na, Sb, Th, U, V, and Zn were determined in ply-by-ply samples from two sections of subbituminous coal from seam 3, Vesta Mine, Alberta Plains. The elemental mean concentrations in section 1 were As l.0 ppm, B 215ppm, Br 2.3ppm, Cl 29ppm, Cr 7.4ppm, Co 1.1 ppm, Mn 24.5 ppm, Mo 2.5 ppm, Na 4900ppm, Sb 0.4 ppm, Se 0.8 ppm, Ti 270 ppm, U 1.4 ppm, Th 2.8 ppm, V 2.9 ppm, and Zn 9.5 ppm. In section 2, the mean concentrations were As 0.7 ppm, B 201 ppm, Br 1.6 ppm, CI 24 ppm, Cr20ppm, Co 1.7 ppm, Mn 30.0ppm, Mo 2.8ppm, Na 4200ppm, Sb 0.3 ppm, Se 0.7ppm, Ti 340ppm, U 0.8 ppm, Th 1.8 ppm, V 4.4 ppm, and Zn 68 ppm. Total sulfur content averaged 0.44% in section 1 and 0.48% in section 2. Mean concentrations of these elements are low when compared to western Canadian coals of similar rank, or to world coals (Swaine, 1990). Antimony, barium, and boron are enriched, with the latter being a reflection of the coal-forming environment. Despite the short lateral distance between the sections (∼100 m), seam 3 in section 1 has slightly higher mean concentrations of As, B, Br, Cl, Na, Sb, Se, U, and Th than in section 2. Seam 3 in section 2 has slightly higher mean concentrations of Cr, Co, Mn, Mo, Ti, V, Zn, and S than in section 1. Elements were differentiated on the basis of their inorganic association, organic association, or intermediate (mixed) association. Thus, As, Ba, Cr, Mo, K, Na, and U in section 1 have a positive correlation with ash and aluminum contents of the coal, while Ca and Co show a weak to moderate relationship with ash content. Iron and Mn do not exhibit a clear relationship to ash in coal from section 1. In section 2, the elements As, Ba, Fe, Mg, Mo, K, Na, Th, U, V, Cr, and Co show a weak to strong relationship with ash content, while Ca and Mn show a moderate relationship. The halogens show a negative relationship with ash content in both sections. An inertinite-rich layer in section 1 has higher concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Fe, when compared to huminite-rich layers above and beneath. It also has the lowest boron concentration (25 ppm), lowest sulfur content (0.19%), and highest fixed carbon value in the section. The high boron concentrations in the Vesta Mine coals (mean is 208 ppm) indicate interaction of the peat with brackish waters during deposition, except for the inertinite-rich layer. The study also shows that sulfur content in coal does not always show a correlation to marine influence during coal formation. Perhaps, differences in the paleoenuiron-mental setting may be responsible for the boron/sulfur relationship in the Vesta Mine coals.

The conversion of brown coal to a dense, dry, hard material

A technology has been developed for transforming run-of-mine brown coals into a dense, dry, hard product. Raw coal is attritioned in batch or continuous kneaders to a mean particle size of approximately 10 μm. This size reduction releases the water naturally occurring within the porous coal structure, such that a paste-like material results. The paste can then be easily formed into products of the desired shape and size by extrusion devices. A hard, low-moisture content briquette-equivalent product is produced by the evaporative removal of water at or near ambient atmospheric drying conditions. The resultant product exhibits considerable strength, which may be further improved by the addition of pH modifiers in the case of suitable coals. Advantages of this densified brown coal process are that a hard, dense, fuel product can be manufactured from a raw brown coal of high initial water content without the need for, or prolonged, expensive drying conditions at elevated temperature. The resultant product is suitable either as a briquette equivalent fuel, or as feedstock for the manufacture of smokeless fuels, chars and activated carbons. The product retains the Volatile and Fixed Carbon values of the raw coal but possesses a Net Wet Specific Energy equivalent to that of a high rank coal. The densified coal has an advantage over a black coal in that dependant upon the coal stock selected the mineral content can be quite low. The process is more general and has been applied to other feedstocks — a peat and some lignites as well as brown coals have been found suitable. The chemical analyses indicate the involvement of phenolic residues in the coal as reactive centres. Reactions of these residues are initiated by the shearing-attritioning step in which fresh and reactive surfaces of the coal particles are exposed. The reactive centres are brought together by extrusion allowing cross-linking reactions to occur during drying.

Origin of San Miguel Lignite Deposit and Associated Lithofacies, Jackson Group, South Texas

The stratigraphy and depositional environment of the San Miguel lignite deposit, southeastern Atascosa and northern McMullen Counties, Texas, were determined from the analysis of 3 continuous cores and 600 borehole logs. Five units can be recognized by their characteristic composition, texture, sedimentary structures, paleontology, and morphology. Lithofacies 1 is a light-green to gray, cross-laminated sandstone and conglomerate unit. The grain size decreases upward in the bedsets and the unit contains abundant plant and carbonaceous material. These characteristics indicate a fluvial origin. Lithofacies 2, a gray-green bioturbated siltstone and claystone unit, has abundant root structures and was deposited in a coastal grassflats environment. Lithofacies 3 was deposited i a lagoonal environment. It is a green, massive claystone with numerous fossiliferous and marly beds. The fossil mollusks have modern counterparts which flourish in open bays or lagoons. Lithofacies 4 is a coarse, carbonaceous sandstone. Deposition in a barrier-flat environment is indicated by the sequence of roots and bioturbation structures overlying a massively bedded zone. The lignite interval is an alternating sequence of lignite and clay partings. The lignite represents accumulation of plant debris and peat development in a coastal marsh adjacent to a lagoon. The clay partings formed through repeated floodings of the marsh by coastal streams. This marsh was part of the south Texas Jackson Group lagoonal-coastal plain system, an updip equivalent of the south Texas strandplain-barrie bar system. The mining of lignite can be made more efficient by determining the stratigraphy and depositional environment of the lignite and associated units. Analysis of cores and borehole logs makes it possible to predict that the San Miguel lignite will have (1) high sulfur and ash content; (2) low Btu and fixed carbon values; (3) lateral continuity; and (4) relatively constant thickness.

To Biomassa Tempurung Buah nyamplung (Callophyllum spp) untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif

Nyamplung shell is a biomass whose existence has not been optimally utilized. Biomass is a solid waste that can be used again as a source of fuel. Favorable characteristics of the biomass is an energy source that can be utilized in a sustainable manner because it is renewable. Biomass of Nyamplung shell can be processed become a form of solid fuel with a same specific dimension, it is resulting from compression of bulk materials, powders, and the relatively small size commonly referred to as charcoal briquettes. The aim of this research is to test the feasibility of nyamplung shell as a raw material for making briquettes on the households by conducting analysis of quality parameters briquette specimens including physical properties (water content, calor value, and density), briquette durability (persistence press), chemical (ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter content) and the rate of burning charcoal briquette. The treatment in this aim is a mixture composition of raw materials (charcoal of Nyamplung shell) who were given the same amount of adhesive and compressed by compressing hydraulic briquette. The results showed that, charcoal briquettes made from the Calophyllum shell can be used as alternative energy, with a characteristic range of values from 3,39-3,83% moisture content, calor value ranges from 3.646,14-5.431,35 calories / gram, the range of density values 0,663-0,721 gram/cm3, the range of persistence press value 1,98-5,39 kg/cm2, the range of ash content value 19,89-24,51%, the range of fixed carbon value 33,09-40,86%, the range of volatile matter value 35,03-38,57%, and the range of rate of burning from 0,0574-0,0898 grams/second. The low value of moisture content can lead to higher heating value of charcoal briquettes. High/low levels of volatile could affect fast/slow rate of burning charcoal briquettes. Key words : nyamplung shell, biomass, charcoal briquette

Vacuum differential thermal analysis of coal

Samples of 25-30 mgs of various coals and their constituents were analyzed by vacuum differential thermal analysis using a heating rate of 20 degrees C per minute. Exothermic and endothermic peaks obtained by this technique provide graphic representations of the net thermal effects from the physical and chemical changes that take place during carbonization. Replicate analyses show that both peak temperature and the area under a peak can be reproduced readily.Thermograms of vitrains selected from a number of coals of widely different rank show an increase in peak temperature with increasing rank. Similar correlation is obtained between peak temperatures and fixed carbon values using vitrains from coals of the bituminous A group.A study of samples of known petrographic composition reveals that neither exinite nor opaque matter exerts any evident control on the peak temperature. Peak temperatures of average samples of coal from different intervals in a column sample show no correlation with the percentages of fixed carbon. The peak temperatures are relatively constant for average samples taken from a given column sample, but the fixed carbon values show considerable spread. It is concluded that the fixed carbon of a vitrain provides a better index of rank than the fixed carbon of an average sample.Further conclusions are that thermographic analysis is a useful method for the detection of cellulose in lignites and that the chemical fraction of the coal extractable with pyridine gives rise to the peaks. The suggestion is made that future investigators should consider the possibilities of relating the thermographic curves to the coking properties of coal.