Five-Year Economic Development Plan Research Articles

한국의 대브라질 수출의 주요 특성에 관한 연구

Purpose - The Korean economy has been growing rapidly with Five-Year Economic Development Plans since the 1960s. It is generally accepted that foreign trade has been a key factor in the rapid growth of the economy. Initially, the growth of Korean exports was concentrated in a small number of countries. Over time, this high concentration became a threat to the stable growth of the Korean economy. This was the main reason why the need for Korean export diversification emerged.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - Most analyses of Korea's foreign trade by Korean researchers have focused on total exports and important countries. On the other hand, there are not many studies on other small and medium-sized countries. With the recent publication of several papers on Korea's exports to Brazil, it is now possible to examine the characteristics of Korean exports to the Brazilian market as a part of diversification of exports.
 Findings - Integrating four recent papers on Korean exports to Brazil, Chapter 3 discusses their main characteristics; the process of Korean penetration into the Brazilian market, the changes in export trends from Korea to Brazil, the relationship between Korean exports to Brazil, and the Brazilian macroeconomic policy/situation, as well as others.
 Research Implications - Despite the limitations of analyzing only one country, Brazil, this paper not only sheds new light on various characteristics of Korean exports to the Brazilian market, but also suggests new approaches and analytical methods for future research on Korea's foreign trade and export diversification.

김정은 정권의 생존전략과 ‘과학·기술·교육’의 역할

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of the Kim Jong-un regime's survival strategy as the topic of "science, technology, and education" emphasized by North Korea in its push for the five-year national economic development plan from 2021. Considering that "science, technology, and education" is an important factor in economic growth in the (neo) growth theory, the Kim Jong-un regime's five-year economic development plan must be key factors for the success of the plan. In addition, an analysis of why the North Korean authorities make "science, technology, and education" an important topic through 2,228 pages published by the 『Rodong』 Newspaper in 2021 showed that the Kim Jong-un regime's "science, technology, and education" has a strong political and social propaganda meaning and is used as a kind of political instigation/control tool. “Science, technology, and education” presented by Kim Jong-un are tools to control the thoughts and actions of internal members to maintain the regime by presenting advanced images to residents.

Construction of Cultural Soft Power Evaluation Index Education System Policy Based On AHP

Aiming at the low evaluation confidence of the traditional cultural soft power evaluation index system, a new cultural soft power evaluation index system is constructed based on AHP. This paper discusses the connotation and constituent elements of cultural soft power, designs a comprehensive evaluation index system of cultural soft power from the five aspects of cultural cohesion, cultural security, cultural productivity, cultural attraction and cultural influence, and calculates the weight of each index by using AHP analytic hierarchy process, It can be used as a reference for the theoretical research and practical operation of cultural soft power. The experimental results show that the evaluation confidence of the experimental group is significantly higher than that of the control group, which can solve the problem of low evaluation confidence of the traditional cultural soft power evaluation index system. The Bay area economy is the most significant model of current coastal economy, which has been effectively adopted across the globe. Similar natural circumstances and processes have led to several successful models, each with its own unique set of blueprints and philosophies. China's 13th Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan identifies the Greater Bay Area as consisting of two special administrative areas and nine cities in Guangdong. It serves as both the precursor of China's reform and opening up and the growing pole for economic development in 2016.

A Path Analysis of Political Institutionalization and Economic Policy under the Kim Jong-un Regime

This study explores North Korea’s pathway to attain the goal of an economic powerhouse sustaining the party-centric politics and Kim Jong-un’s monolithic leadership system. The economic-nuclear parallel development policy strongly envisioned by the Kim Jong-un regime worked for political institutionalization and core national strategy in a transition period. The strategic priority of the policy was given to nuclearization although North Korea carried out economic measures including “Five-year Economic Development Strategy” to ameliorate people’s living. The plenary meeting of the central committee of the party revised the parallel policy on April 20, 2018. On the declaration of the accomplishment of nuclear arsenal, “All-out Concentration Policy for Economic Building” was suggested as a new national strategy. Confronting the economic sanction and the COVID-19 pandemic, North Korea came forth with “Five-year Economic Development Plan” admitting the failure of the previous economic strategy. Nonetheless, the general situation is unfavorable to North Korea in spite of its strong drive to the new economic development plan. In the sake of soothing the current difficult situation and becoming a normal state, North Korea has to consider enhancing credibility with South Korea and improving relations with the United States.

Legal Analysis of the Competitive Dimensions of the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan

Legal Analysis of the Competitive Dimensions of the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan

Role of Renewable Energy Scenarios in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Forecasting in Iran in Outlook 2030

In recent years, Iran is one of the ten most polluting countries in the world. However, economically, Iran's GDP is lower than other polluting countries, which indicates the high intensity of energy in this country. In this article, Iran's CO2 emissions in 2030 are predicted by regression method under several scenarios of renewable energy use according to the targets of the law on the Five-Year Economic, Cultural and Social Development Plan to examine Iran's commitment to the Paris Agreement. The findings suggest that Iran is unlikely meet its commitment to the Paris Agreement under the current scenario. However, full implementation of some scenarios in the five-year development plan law could have met its 4% or 12% target (lifting sanctions and raising funding) to reduce CO2 emissions by 2030. Of course, this requires a lot of investment in the renewable energy sector, and policymakers in the Iranian energy sector should pay more attention to this issue. However, the government does not have a specific plan in this regard.

Qualitative analysis of Iranian sixth five-year economic, social, and cultural development plan from universal health coverage perspective

BackgroundThis research analyzed the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (6NPD) to shed light on how the plan addresses the Universal Health Coverage (UHC).MethodsThis research was a qualitative study. We systematically analyzed ‘Secs. 14 -Health, Insurance, Health & Women, and Family’ in the 6NPD. Through a content analysis, we converted this section into meaning units and coded them. Coding was guided through the conceptual framework ‘Six Building Blocks of Health System’ and the key principles of UHC.ResultsSix themes and twenty-one subthemes were identified. The subthemes of financing include a fair and secured process of resource pooling, payment methods, revenue generation for the health sector, and a definition of a basic benefits package. The subthemes of governance and leadership consist of social insurance policies’ integration, compliance of providers, a designation of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) as the regulator and the steward of health resources, a payer-provider split, and stakeholders’ participation. The subthemes of health workforce emphasizes balancing the quality and quantity of the health workforce with populations’ health needs and the health system’s requirements. The subthemes of health information systems consist of the electronic health records for Iranians, information systems for organization and delivery functions, and information systems for the financing function. The subthemes of the organization and delivery consider improving effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare delivery, strengthening the family physician program and referral system, and extending the pre-hospital emergency system. Lastly, access to medicine focuses on the design and implementation of an essential drug list and drug systems for approving the coverage and provision of generic medicine.ConclusionsThe 6NPD introduced policies for strengthening the 6 building blocks of the health system. It introduced policies to improve financing particularly resource pooling and the sustainability of financial resources. As mandated by 6NPD, centering the health system’s governance/leadership in MoHME may exacerbate the existing conflict of interests and provoke various arguments, which impede the enforcement of rules and regulation. The 6NPD is a step forward in terms of improving financial protection, yet several other policies need to be made to adequately meet the requirement of UHC regarding equity and effective coverage.

Technical, Economical, and Environmental Feasibility of Hybrid Renewable Electrification Systems for off-Grid Remote Rural Electrification Areas for East Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Nowadays, global warming, air pollution emissions, climate change, and fuel price growth are chronic challenges on a global scale for residential sectors. To overcome this, renewable energy systems would certainly be a potential alternative. Expanding electricity to remote rural areas with no access to grid electricity is a significant concern in the Middle East countries such as northern west of Iran. Off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems (RES) can be an ideal solution for remote rural areas no access is available to grid electricity. This research investigates the application of wind turbine, PV panels, and diesel generator in a hybrid renewable energy system for six off-grid remote villages, with separate locations and various climate statues, for East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Hybrid renewable energy system applies optimal size of several environmentally-friendly sources via HOMER software. In this study, for offering suitable configuration, all possible configurations of the renewable energy system were formulated for each village. These communities were chosen based upon Iran’s Sixth Five-Year Economic and Renewable Energy Development Plan (2017–22). Wind speed and solar radiation data were extracted from Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy Dataset of NASA. For achieving accurate data on wind speed and solar radiation, as well as population for each community, they were extracted from Iran’s Atlas and National Department of Statistics respectively. In order to explore the most cost-effective and efficient design for each community, various models of wind turbine, PV panels, and diesel generator were designed and optimized. In this study, most important economic indicators including initial capital ($), operating cost ($/yr), total NPC ($), and cost of energy ($/kwh) were taken into account. For conducting economic and environmental sustainability, HOMER software was applied. For economic modelling and geographical position, Visio and Arc GIs software were used respectively.

Challenges of Home Health Care During COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran.

The pandemic of COVID-19 is the second one in the 21st century after H1N1 Swine Flu in 2009-2010, which infected more than 4.9 million and caused more than 327000 death as of 23 May 2020 worldwide.1 This pandemic has overwhelmed the health systems, specially hospitals, and the need for ICU beds and ventilators increased while many of patients with mild symptom of COVID-19 could be recovered at home.2 In addition, early discharge of hospitalized patient and referring for Home Health Care (HHC) would be a suitable strategy for decreasing the overload of patient in hospitals and its consequences such as nosocomial infections. On the other side, many patients who receive HHC for other conditions (usually old people with chronic disease) need special attention during the pandemic for ensuring continuation of care and prevention of COVID-19 threat. The first patient in Iran was officially reported on February 19, 2020 in Qom city. According to World Health Organization about 129 341 Iranians were infected by Novel Corona Virus and 7249 died till 23 May 2020.1 As the nurses are frontline health worker who provide services in hospitals as well as in home settings, Deputy for Nursing of MOHME published the guideline for Home care for COVID-19 patient and about 405 institute for Home Care services were active to care of patient in their homes.3 Regardless of the availability of detailed information about hospitalized COVID-19 patients by means of integrated Hospital Information Systems (HIS), there is no information about the number, characteristics and health outcomes of people who receive professional HHC in Iran during this pandemic. It is not only the problem of Iran’s Health system, but European countries have also encounter with lack of home care data.4 The history of HHC, as an industry in Iran, dates back to 1999 when the first bylaw for HHC was ratified by Health Minister. In recent years, Act on the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Cultural and Social Development Plan of Iran for 2017-2022 enforced the MOHME to expand the HHC in community and insurance coverage for HHC is on the High Council of Health Insurance’s agenda. Thus, nowadays home health care is becoming integrated in the health system of Iran more than ever. One of the problems of HHC during the COVID-19 in Iran (at least in the beginning of epidemic) was lack of appropriate and adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the staff who worked in HHC settings directly with patients and families and raised fear of the risk of cross-infections by the staff and patients. The lack of information and data about home care in Iran’s healthcare system, lack of adequate and accurate monitoring, and inability of supervising have been among the challenges of HHC in Iran,5 which during COVID-19 epidemic became more challenging. The lack of data has weakened the ability of policymakers for evidence-based and timely decisions to combat the disease. Using Information Technology (IT) in HHC has many advantages such as gathering and sharing information, supervising and providing telenursing. The HHC teams and patients as well as policymakers can benefit from IT implementation in HHC. This issue is especially a priority in the disasters like COVID-19 pandemic when the health system needs integrated and real-time data. On the other hand, to minimize the contacts between nurses and patients aiming to decrease the cross-contamination, Telenursing can be used for frequent contact between the nurses and patients to manage the condition by telephone or video call without direct contact. According to lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic, using IT in Home Health Care, especially implementation of Home Health Care Information System and its integration into national Electronic Health Record (EHR) and using Telenursing are among the important factors for developing the role of HHC in the health system of Iran; this could help to better manage the outbreaks. It is not a simple policy to implement and needs a national determination and plan with multi-sectoral cooperation.

Integrated Development Planning for the Mongolian Economic Development Planning

This paper deals with challenges of Mongolian government regarding Economic Development Plan (hereafter EDP). EDP has a long history, appearing first in the socialist countries, then in European countries following the European Reconstruction Plan after the Second World War, and then in many developing countries after they gained independence from the colonial rule. Major challenges of the Mongolian EDP are largely related to the absence or lack of integrated approach. We will propose a new integrated framework based on the approach suggested by UNDP. The new framework consists of 5 core areas; 1) institutions and governance, 2) evidence-based and empirically backed policy options, 3) development of budgeting and financial system, 4) and monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 5) capacity development. In order to identify challenges in Mongolia, the new integrated approach was applied to diagnose current states. To understand current states of EDP in Mongolia, survey regarding EDP in Mongolia was conducted for the 43 officials of Ministry of Finance. The same approach was applied for Five-Year Economic Development Plans in Korea to compare performances with EDP in Mongolia. On the basis of comparative analysis of EDPs in Mongolia and Korea, some lessons are suggested.

The Conflict between Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) and Law on the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Cultural, and Social Development Plan for 1396-1400 (2016-2021): A Case Study of Tobacco Industry in Iran

The Conflict between Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) and Law on the Sixth Five-Year Economic, Cultural, and Social Development Plan for 1396-1400 (2016-2021): A Case Study of Tobacco Industry in Iran

Efficient Management Plan of Human Resources Using Chang Po-Go Trade Network

Korea launched the first Five-Year Economic Development Plan in 1962. Since then, the Korean economy has grown rapidly by adopting the economic development policies based on the export-led growth strategy and therefore it has become the large trading nation it is today. However, it can be traced back in time that the maritime trader, Chang Po-Go, contributed a lot to make Korea known as a trading nation about 1200 years ago during the Silla era. His maritime trade activities were not limited to simple historical hypotheses, but were recognized as true objective facts. He established his trading network in the overseas market by utilizing foreign communities. Through such trade network, it was then possible to establish a basis for continuous trade activities and to maximize trade profits. Korea needs to diversify its trade partners, which are concentrated on some developed countries, in order to open up the $2 trillion trade era. As part of that strategy, this paper proposes the construction of a multicultural trade network based on Chang Po-Go’s trade network.

Measuring Employment Inertia in a Period of Crisis: An Interpretation of Brechling Short-Run Model

In this paper, the Brechling model is used to measure employment inertia in five sectors of the Congolese economy between 1983 and 1993. During that period, the Congolese economy found itself at a crossroad. On the one hand, the implementation of the 1982-1986 five-year economic development plans involved considerable infrastructure investment. On the other hand, given the market reversal observed since 1985, the infrastructure funding and the tempo became less. A structural adjustment program had to be undertaken with the World Bank in 1987-1989 with its measures entirely designed to restore the country’s macroeconomic balance and to enable it to resume regular and sustainable growth over time. Thus, the result from the short-run employment model taken over the period in question demonstrates that there is strong employment inertia in the sectors investigated.

Prediction of Iran's renewable energy generation in the fifth development plan

Although Iran has rich reserves of oil and gas, it should not only rely on these resources and should take policies to develop renewable energies (REs). This study developed two forecasting models (ANN and ARIMA) to estimate the renewable energy generation of Iran. After comparison of the developed models, the best model is chosen to predict the renewable energy generation by 2015. Then the prediction is compared with government plan by the end of the Fifth Five-Year Economic Development Plan. The results indicated that RE generation will increase, but, the government will not meet its objectives of producing 5% of total electric power generation through RE resources.

The Comparative Analysis of the Financial Performance of Public Organizations Before and after Transfer in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)

Privatization is a lengthy process with long term influences. Since it aims to increase the efficiency and improve financial performance of organizations, the transfer of business activities to the private sector and the detachment of government from all such activities are said to possibly resolve economic problems and increase economic growth. In Iran, privatization took place for the first time in the form of the first five-year economic, social and cultural development plan (1990-1995), and then was continued in the second plan (1995-2000). With the establishment of the Privatization Organization in 2002 during the third plan (2000-2005), the transfer programs took a new turn, and finally it was in the fourth plan (2005-2010) that the transfer programs gained much impetus. Thus, this study has attempted to answer two questions as follows:1. Has the transfer of organizations to the private sector helped improve their financialperformance?2. Do the privatized organizations enjoy higher returns than the market average?Therefore, organizations and their financial performance have been investigated during the two six year periods i.e. twelve years Before and after the transfer to the private sector. In order to adjust the undesirable effects of homogenization of organizations with the stock market, the compliance method has been used.The hypotheses having been analyzed, it was found out with a 95% confidence level that given the three ratios of profitability, liquidity, and leverage, the privatized organizations financially outperformed compared to the period before their privatization. The activity ratio was the only one which was rejected with poor confidence level. In the case of the hypothesis II, all the findings were confirmed with a 95% confidence level. In other words, the returns of the organizations under study were on the average (in 95 cases out of 100) 15.9531 times more than their returns during the period before their privatization.

Determinants of seeking needed outpatient care in Iran: results from a national health services utilization survey.

To assess the inequity in seeking needed outpatient services in Iran and to investigate its influential factors. The data were taken from a nation-wide Iranian health survey conducted in 2003. This study is based on individuals aged 15 years and over who had mentioned their need to seek outpatient care within two weeks prior to the day of the interview. The outcome was seeking needed outpatient care. The independent variables included respondents' age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, index of household economic status, health insurance status and residential place (urban vs. rural). Sixty-nine point five percent of those in need sought outpatient care. The rich (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.64 - 3.43) and the health insured (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.25 - 2.08), the pensioners and the retired (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.22 - 4.20), the housewives (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.07 - 2.95) were more likely to seek outpatient care than other occupations. On the other hand, people living in remote rural areas (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.28 - 0.57) were less likely to seek their needed outpatient care than those living in main rural areas and urban areas. As in different parts of the world, differences in seeking needed healthcare still exist across different groups in Iran. Indeed, seeking outpatient care in Iran is related not only to health system functions--like health insurance and health facilities--but also on factors beyond the scope of health authorities such as economic status and occupation. This study can be instrumental for the recent five-year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of Iran which identified the reduction of inequalities in social determinants of health [corrected]

Macroeconomic Policies and Performance in Iran

This paper reviews Iran's macroeconomic policies and performances during the last 3 decades, starting with the macroeconomic situation before the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Iran emerged from the 8-year war with Iraq in 1988 with a highly centralized economy. Iran then initiated an ambitious reconstruction program of three Five-Year Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans (FYDPs). The Third FYDP was a growth-oriented macroeconomic management program that led to the rapid growth of the non-oil sector, a decline in the unemployment rate, a reduction in external debt, accumulation of official international foreign reserves, and improvements in key social indicators. The key challenges facing Iran's economy are highlighted and some distinctive features of the Fourth FYDP (for 2005–2009) are summarized.

Beijing's coordinated development of population, resources, environment, and economy

SUMMARY Since the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing at 2008, the urban development plan of Beijing deserves special attention. The essence of regional sustainable development is that population (P), resources (R), environment (E) and economy (E) could develop with sustenance, order and coordination during a certain period, which forms a complex system called the PREE complex system. For this system, a multi-objective integrated model is formulated and solved by a nonlinear goal programming technique. Beijing's PREE complex system is then used as an empirical study. Twelve interesting goals are carefully selected, the parameters of each goal function were estimated by using Beijing's 50-year (1949–1999) statistical data, and their ideal goal limits for 2000 and 2005 are chosen according to the 9th and 10th Five-Year Economic Development Plans of Beijing. The results showed that population size is the most sensitive element in Beijing's PREE complex system. Furthermore, some suggestions related to public policies about the urban development of Beijing are proposed.

Health care systems in transition. II. Korea, Part I. An overview of health care systems in Korea.

The republic of Korea occupies the southern half of the Korean peninsula. Japan lies to the south east across the Sea of Japan and in the north the peninsula shares borders with China and Russia. The country is characterized by abundant hills and mountain ranges, which take up about 70 per cent of the land surface. In 1995 Korea had a population of 44.6 million, with one of the highest population densities in the world, at 440 persons per square kilometre. Approximately 6 million Koreans reside in foreign countries and 500 000 foreigners live in Korea. Koreans form a single ethnic group with common language and culture. The main religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism and other traditional religions originally from Korea. Accelerating population growth was once a serious social and economic problem, but the rate of population growth dropped from 3.00 in 1960 to an average of 0.88 by 1996. Health policy and the health care system reflect changes in society and health conditions. Korea is one of the most rapidly industrialized economies in the world. It has experienced fast development with unprecedented social and cultural changes since the early 1960s, despite the fact that Korea was impoverished for at least a decade after the Korean war. Korea's per capita GNP in 1961 was one of the lowest even among less developed countries (Table I). Accordingly, health status was poor. During the immediate post-war period, the average life expectancy was 53.0 for males and 57.8 for females, and the infant mortality rate (IMR) was as high as 45.4 per 1000 births in I960. About 30 years of rapid economic progress, initiated and promoted by the Government's five-year economic development plans since 1962, have profoundly transformed the country from an agricultural to a highly urbanized and industrialized society. With the growth rate close to 10 per cent per year, the per capita GNP reached $10000 in 1995, more than 100 times the 1960s level. The accelerated rate of urbanization, which was due to economic growth, is also remarkable. The proportion of population residing in urban areas has risen from 43.7 per cent in 1961 to 88.4 per cent in 1995. The adult literacy rate is currently estimated to be around 97 per cent By 1993, the life expectancy had increased to 68.9 years for men and 76.8 years for women (Table 2), and the IMR in 1990 had come down to 12.8 per 1000 births. As a result of longer life expectancy, the proportion of the people aged more than 65 years increased to 5.5 per cent in 1990. A more distinct change can be found in the transition of mortality and morbidity patterns. Communicable diseases, which had been the main causes of death and illness until 1970, have mostly been replaced by chronic diseases as in other developed societies. A country with such rapid economic and social development masks wide health disparities between problems associated with poverty on the one hand and those of more affluent populations on the other. In this respect, Korea retains similarities with many other developing countries. For instance, the high prevalence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis occurs concurrently with emerging problems such as cancer, ischaemic heart disease and other chronic illnesses.

Direction for Developing the Korean Civil Service System

To keep pace with the trend toward a stronger and wider scope of administrative authority, quantitative and qualitative changes in public administration, in the areas of specialization, technology, and efficiency, governments seek more specialized civil servants to satisfy the idea of is best when it serves most. In the more than 40 years that have passed since the legislation and promulgation of the National Civil Service Act in 1949, the civil service system has changed gradually to accommodate Korea's current situations in public administration. The 1960s and 1970s saw Korean civil servants accomplish national development goals in the public as well as the private sectors. This was made possible to a succession of successful five-year economic development plans that supplemented the weaker segments of the private sector with Well-organized public administration based was on a firm foundation of public administrative power, expertise, and know-how. Even in the period of transformation during the 1980s, a stable organization allowed Korean civil servants to continue to perform. The performance fostered social stability, ensured continued economic growth, and promoted a spirit of autonomy, participation, and unity. At the same time, however, their performance was passive, cloaked in an atmosphere permeated with authoritarianism, coercion, favoritism, shortsighted and reactive policy-making, and secrecy. This situation was the predictable result of the inflexible approach adopted by the Korean government to carry out national policy. In the 21st century Korea will face many challenges, including efforts to achieve democratization, local autonomy, scientific and information-orientation, and internationalization. Collectively, these challenges will require new approaches to public administration and an urgent requirement to realign the functions and roles of the civil service. Changes in public administration will require civil servants to change their roles and attitudes. First, pluralization will make it necessary for civil servants to coordinate conflicts and disputes among numerous and diverse special interest groups. Second, consistent with their expanded role in developing national policy, civil servants must be willing to accommodate the advice, wisdom, and initiative spirit of all special interest groups and individuals. Such an objective approach will improve the effectiveness of national policy goals and foster the highest possible level of public acceptance of the national policy making process. Third, the variety of public administrative demands and the complexity and specialized nature of public administration make it imperative that civil servants acquire and use special techniques and state-of-the art technology in performing their roles. They can no longer use flawed common sense and culturally influenced approaches. At the same time, they must be willing to shoulder the responsibility of preparing themselves to deal with the ever-changing environment in public administration. Fourth, civil servants must develop the ability to anticipate potential problems and deal with them before they become actual problems. To do this, civil servants, at all levels, must foster a positive creative atmosphere for solving problems and carrying out effective public administration. Fifth, with the advent of a democratic society, civil servants must avoid authoritarianism and control-oriented performance of administrative affairs. At the same time, they must work to establish an image of civil servants who are dedicated to the goal of national development. Improving the Environment of Public Administration Balanced Development of Political and Public Administration Developing political democracy depends on how well the executive and legislative branches can separate and coordinate their respective functions with the other; how well the legislature can perform its mandated inspections and, at the same time, maintain the balance of separation and coordination; and how well the legislature controls the diverse functions of the civil service system. …