Five-step Procedure Research Articles

THIẾT KẾ VÀ SỬ DỤNG “BOARD GAME” TRONG DẠY HỌC CHỦ ĐỀ “NĂNG LƯỢNG HOÁ HỌC” MÔN HOÁ HỌC 10 NHẰM NÂNG CAO HỨNG THÚ HỌC TẬP CHO HỌC SINH

Game-based learning has been increasingly popular in various subjects at different educational levels up to now. In particular, board games are also attracting more attention from worldwide teachers and researchers. Board games used in education are often built with game elements such as storylines, real-life situations, challenges, etc., integrated with the knowledge and skills students need to acquire, to improve student’s interest and motivation in learning. However, designing an effective board game for teaching chemistry is challenging, especially for those without prior game design experience. Based on theoretical and practical research related to the design and application of board games in teaching, we proposed principles and a procedure for creating board games to boost student’s interest in studying Chemistry. The article mentioned a way of using a board game to teach the topic of “Chemical energy” in Grade 10 Chemistry, analyzed the five-step procedure in detail, and gave a specific example of designing a board game of "Explore the World with Chemists”.

Activity Identification, Classification, and Representation of Wheelchair Sport Court Tasks: A Method Proposal.

Monitoring player mobility in wheelchair sports is crucial for helping coaches understand activity dynamics and optimize training programs. However, the lack of data from monitoring tools, combined with a lack of standardized processing approaches and ineffective data presentation, limits their usability outside of research teams. To address these issues, this study aimed to propose a simple and efficient algorithm for identifying locomotor tasks (static, forward/backward propulsion, pivot/tight/wide rotation) during wheelchair movements, utilizing kinematic data from standard wheelchair mobility tests. Each participant's wheelchair was equipped with inertial measurement units-two on the wheel axes and one on the frame. A total of 36 wheelchair tennis and badminton players completed at least one of three proposed tests: the star test, the figure-of-eight test, and the forward/backward test. Locomotor tasks were identified using a five-step procedure involving data reduction, symbolic approximation, and logical pattern searching. This method successfully identified 99% of locomotor tasks for the star test, 95% for the figure-of-eight test, and 100% for the forward/backward test. The proposed method offers a valuable tool for the simple and clear identification and representation of locomotor tasks over extended periods. Future research should focus on applying this method to wheelchair court sports matches and daily life scenarios.

Learning curve for a five-step procedure, transthoracic single-port assisted laparoscopic transabdominal diaphragmatic approach, for Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction

Objective: To investigate the learning curve for a five-step procedure, namely, a transthoracic single-port assisted laparoscopic transabdominal diaphragmatic approach, for Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed relevant clinical data of 66 patients with Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction who had undergone the five-step procedure performed by the same surgeon in the Gastrointestinal Surgery Department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from May 2017 to April 2023. The learning curve were plotted using cumulative summation analysis and selected indicators, including intraoperative blood loss, duration of surgery, time to first flatus, time to first tolerance of liquid food, length of hospital stay, and incidence of perioperative complications at different stages were compared. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Numerical data are presented as cases (%) and data were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Normally distributed measurement data are presented as x±s, and independent sample t-testing was performed for inter group comparison. Non-normally distributed measurement data are presented as M(Q1, Q3) and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for inter group comparison. Results: The five-step procedure had been successfully completed without switching to open surgery in all 66 study patients. There were no perioperative deaths, blood loss was 100 (50, 200) mL and duration of surgery 329.4±87.3 minutes. The equation of optimal fit for the duration of surgery was y=0.031x3-4.4757x2+164.97x-264.4 (P<0.001, R2=0.9797). The cumulative summation learning curve reached a vertex when 25 surgical procedures had accumulated. Using 25 cases as the cut-off, we divided the learning curves into learning and proficiency periods and patients into learning (25) and proficiency period groups (41). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients in sex, age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, history of abdominal surgery, comorbidities, preoperative neoadjuvant therapy, maximum tumor diameter, surgical procedure, or T and N stage of tumor (P>0.05). The following factors differed significantly (all P<0.05) between the learning and proficiency stages: in the latter there was less intraoperative blood loss (100 [50, 100] ml vs. 200 [100, 200] ml, U=-3.940, P<0.001), shorter duration of surgery ([289.8±50.7] minutes vs. [394.4±96.0] minutes, t=5.034, P<0.001), more mediastinal lymph nodes removed (5 [2, 8] vs. 2 [1, 5], U=-2.518, P=0.012), earlier time to first flatus (2 [2, 3] days vs. 4 [3, 6] days, U=-4.016, P<0.001), earlier time to first tolerance of liquid food (5 [4, 6] days vs. 7 [6, 8] days, U=-2.922, P=0.003), shorter duration of hospital stay (8 [8, 10] vs. 10 [9, 12] days, U=-2.028, P=0.043). The incidence of surgical complications did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.238). Conclusion: Satisfactory results can be achieved with the five-step procedure for patients with Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction once 25 procedures have been performed.

호텔 조직의 Y세대와 Z세대 간 세대갈등 및 관계회복의 의미

The purpose of this study is to unveil the meanings of generational conflict and relationship recovery experiences between Gen Y and Gen Z hotel employees. To this end, this study adopted the phenomenological research method of Giorgi (1985) to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the meanings of their generational conflict experiences at hotels? 2) What are the meanings of their relationship recovery experiences at hotels? The data were collected through in-depth interviews of those working at domestic hotels for at least a year. The data analysis followed an advanced five-step analysis procedure of Giorgi et al. (2017). The results revealed 12 themes, 43 meaning units, and 388 meaningful statements. First, the themes of Gen Y’s generational conflict experiences were ‘Gen Z has a free spirit’, ‘the different levels of passions and professionalism in the service field’, and ‘loneliness that no one recognizes.’ Second, the themes of Gen Z’s generational conflict experiences were ‘Gen Y are young boomers’, ‘feeling frustrated by demands for excessive service mind’, and ‘painful emotions that make me cry but hold back tears.’ Third, the themes of Gen Y’s relationship recovery experiences were ‘relationship recovery is an extension of work,' ‘I’m holding back because Gen Z is still young’, and ‘I try my best but cannot embrace everything.’ Fourth, the themes of Gen Z’s relationship recovery experiences were ‘relationship recovery is an essential choice,' ‘I was at a loss, but I felt reassured and calm’, and ‘efforts to approach first are a self-growth opportunity.’ This study provides fundamental data and in-depth insights into Gen Y and Gen Z hotel employees by exploring the meanings of their generational conflict and relationship recovery experiences.

Developing an action-oriented performance framework for sustainability measurement in the new product development

PurposeThe integration of sustainability, performance measurement and new product development (NPD) is key for aligning environmental and social objectives with business strategies. While previous research has initiated proposals for integrating sustainability into NPD or incorporating sustainability into corporate measurement systems, there is a notable deficiency in studies that comprehensively integrate these three perspectives. In this sense, this study proposes a performance framework (PF) to integrate sustainability performance indicators (PIs) into the measurement system considering the company’s NPD phases.Design/methodology/approachThe PF was developed through a literature review and action research (AR). This resulting PF was positively evaluated by the practitioners in the company.FindingsFirst, the review enabled the synthesis of an initial conceptual PF with 188 sustainability PIs and a five-step procedure. Then, the empirical results of the AR led to a new PF that presents the systematisation of the PIs database and a practice-based seven-stage approach.Research limitations/implicationsThis action-oriented research limits the extent to which this study’s findings can be generalised. Future research should apply the PF in different research designs to produce managerially relevant knowledge.Practical implicationsThis PF may provide managers with actionable knowledge that best supports the measurement system integration with sustainability PIs considering the NPD phases.Originality/valueIntegrating sustainability, performance measurement and the NPD has been recognised as critical for supporting decision-making concerning the impact of processes and products. Compared with previous frameworks, the proposed PF extends the existing literature by introducing a systematised PIs database and a novel procedure for integrating sustainability measurement throughout the NDP.

Pre-Registered Interim Analysis Designs (PRIADs): Increasing the Cost-Effectiveness of Hypothesis Testing

Abstract The difficulty of determining how many observations to collect is a source of inefficiency in consumer behavior research. Group sequential designs, which allow researchers to perform interim analyses while data collection is ongoing, could offer a remedy. However, they are scarcely used in consumer behavior research, probably owing to low awareness, perceived complexity, or concerns about the validity of this approach. This article offers a tutorial on group sequential designs and introduces Pre-Registered Interim Analysis Designs (PRIADs): A practical five-step procedure to facilitate the adoption of these designs in marketing. We show that group sequential designs can be easily adopted by marketing researchers, and introduce a companion app to help researchers implement them. We demonstrate multiple benefits of PRIADs for researchers engaged in confirmatory hypothesis testing: They facilitate sample size decisions, allow researchers to achieve a desired level of statistical power with a smaller number of observations, and help conduct more efficient pilot studies. We validate this cost-saving potential through a comprehensive re-analysis of 212 studies published in the Journal of Consumer Research, which shows that using PRIADs would have reduced participant costs by 20–29%. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and possible alternatives to PRIADs.

Developing 360-degree stimuli for virtual tourism research: a five-step mixed measures procedure

Developing 360-degree stimuli for virtual tourism research: a five-step mixed measures procedure

Ecotoxicological risks of heavy metals in floodplain sediments: Linking current conditions to future threats

Given increasing concerns about the environmental impact of heavy metal pollution, assessing the level of contamination in floodplain suspended sediments is an important task. Effective environmental management and the preservation of an ecosystem depend on understanding existing pollution levels and potential concerns in the future. For this reason, floodplain-suspended sediments from major industrialized cities in Southeast Nigeria were sampled and analyzed for heavy metal contents. The investigation was conducted to evaluate the immediate and long-term bioavailability and pollution status of heavy metals in receptor organisms. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was adopted to fractionate iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, cadmium, and chromium to determine the geochemical phases in which they were distributed. Generally, the heavy metals were partitioned in the following order: residual >> oxidizable > carbonate > reducible > exchangeable. This indicates that a significant portion of the metals were tightly bound to the soil matrix, rendering them not readily bioavailable to the biota, except over an extended period. The levels of heavy metals, except for lead and cadmium in specific areas, were below the saturation point in terms of their bioavailability. Furthermore, the pollution assessment indices, such as the geo-accumulation index, reflected high levels of cadmium, copper, and lead contamination. This suggests a potential ecotoxicological risk to organisms near the sampling sites. The sites were classified as moderate and high risk in terms of immediate and future risk assessment, respectively. This research has established connections between current conditions and future threats and contributed valuable insights for understanding and mitigating potential environmental hazards. Proper cleaning methods and potential site reclamation are imperative to minimize or contain these heavy metals in stable forms within urban areas to prevent bioaccumulation.

Manganese diagenesis in different geochemical environments of the ria de Vigo (Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula)

Manganese is one of the most abundant elements in marine sediments and plays an essential role in sediment redox processes. However, unlike Fe or S, the Mn cycle has not received the same attention. Mn is a ubiquitous redox-active metal in marine systems; however, its influence on C and S cycling is still poorly understood. In particular, we hypothesize that conditions that favor high H2S production can lead to high Mn pyritization. In the Ria de Vigo, large methane fields have been identified at different depths within sediments, ranging from the surface to 2 m below the surface. Four sediment cores from different locations (outermost, middle, and innermost) within the Ria de Vigo were analyzed. Samples were subjected to a general characterization and a five-step Mn sequential extraction procedure, and analyses were complemented with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAS). The results showed that the main geochemical forms of Mn undergo intense spatial and depth-related variations in sediments. Two geochemical scenarios were identified: one corresponding to the innermost section and another one to the middle and outermost sections of the ria. The former was characterized by intense Mn pyritization and by the absence of the Mn‑carbonate fraction due to the high production of H2S because of anaerobic oxidation of methane. The formation of MnS bonds was only identified by EXAS. Conversely, in the middle and outermost part of the ria, with or without the presence of methanogenesis in deep sediment layers, the Mn‑carbonate fraction was dominant even at depth, along with the presence of methane, high concentrations of H2S and, therefore, high degrees of Fe pyritization. These results suggest that, once Mn‑carbonate is formed under suboxic conditions (with low or no presence of H2S) at or near the surface, it remains stable after burial, even under conditions of high H2S concentration.

Data and Knowledge Organization for Natural Language Processing: Searching and Identifying Better Arrangements of Texts Based on Multimodal Information Architecture

Processing texts of multiple knowledge areas is a hard task. This article presents an Information Science contribution to natural language processing based on artificial neural networks through data arrangement. An extended concept of Information architecture was used, aggregating a multimodal view of organizing data. The Multimodal Information Architecture definition served as foundations for a five-step procedure to design, analyze and transform data used for artificial neural networks training and learning methods, complementing gaps identified by authors focused on Computer Science implementations. The proposal was validated with three datasets formed by texts coming from 16 knowledge areas. Results obtained through the usage of pre-processed data and raw data where compared. In each of the three datasets, the method identified arrangements which led to better and worst results, separating which corpus samples are more susceptible for knowledge extraction.

교육과정 재구성을 통한 메타버스 플랫폼 활용 초등 사회과 지역화 수업 사례 연구

Objectives This study aims to reconstruct the elementary social studies curriculum using the simulated environment platform, implement it in 3rd and 4th grades’ regional learning, and confirm its effect on elementary school students’ competency.&#x0D; Methods Simulated environment-assisted regional learning curriculum was developed following the design thinking model for a total of 31 students, and they were asked to complete surveys and interviews concerning their digital citizenship and self-directed learning. The regional learning class consists of five stages; Understanding the region, Setting the goal, Preparation, Using the simulated environment, and Applying.&#x0D; Results As a result of the study, the possibility of classes using the simulated 3D environment for elementary school students was confirmed through the five-step procedure, and it was found that it was appropriate and effective to use the simulated environment to reconstruct social studies regional classes. In addition, as a result of analyzing the difference in students' competency changes, digital citizenship scores were significantly improved, and in particular, there was a significant difference in social responsibility and digital social understanding. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in self-directed learning, but there was a difference in learning independence among the sub-items. As a result of qualitative analysis, the attitude of students to recognize and use the simulated environment for an educational purpose has changed positively, and students have actively participated in class activities such as setting goals on their own.&#x0D; Conclusions This suggests regional learning classes using the simulated environment plays an important role in developing the competencies necessary for students to live in the future society. In addition, it suggests that elementary school students can also become the leading subject of virtual space production rather than simply experiencing the platform. Based on this study, it is expected that classes using simulated environment can be applied at various school levels.&#x0D;

노인의 인지기능 저하 예방을 위한 청각 집중력 게임 개발에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to develop an auditory concentration game to prevent cognitive decline in the elderly. Previous studies have identified that hearing loss affects cognitive function due to the process of aging, and it has been confirmed that it is necessary to prevent this. Accordingly, based on Keller's (2013) ARCS model, an auditory concentration game was developed to prevent cognitive decline in the elderly with advice from two board game developers and an education expert. The auditory concentration game is, first, a card image and sound source that consider the emotions of the elderly with the goal of maintaining and improving cognitive function of the elderly. Through the auditory concentration game, interest and motivation for the prevention of cognitive decline were induced through the auditory concentration game, and the will to prevent dementia was promoted to improve cognitive function. Second, the stage of game development was reorganized into ideas and concept planning → category and mechanism → game rule production → game design and component production → game test five-step procedure, and it was produced with images and sound source considering the emotions of the elderly. Third, the sound source is significant in that it can be recorded in consideration of the emotions of the elderly and enjoyed various game methods, and can be applied to the cognitive program of the elderly by adjusting the difficulty of the game. Based on this study, the following studies are needed in subsequent studies. First, since it was developed as an auditory concentration game to prevent cognitive decline in the elderly, it is necessary to analyze whether it has an effect on the improvement of cognitive function. Second, it is necessary to analyze the correlation or difference because it was targeted at the entire elderly regardless of gender. Third, it is necessary to develop a specific instructional plan that can be used for the cognitive program of the elderly, and it is expected to be used as a cognitive program for the elderly such as senior citizen centers after supplementing and modifying the currently developed auditory concentration game to produce a complete game.

ANTi-microhistory of social innovation: humanistic education at Robert Owen’s New Harmony experiment

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present ANTi-microhistory of social innovation in education within Robert Owen’s communal experiment at New Harmony, Indiana. The authors zoom out in the historical context of social innovation before zooming into the New Harmony case. Design/methodology/approach The authors used ANTi-microhistory approach to unpack the controversy around social innovation using the five-step procedure recently proposed by Mills et al. (2022), a version of the five-step procedure originally proposed by Tureta et al. (2021). Findings The authors found that the educational leaders of the New Harmony community preceded proponents of innovation, such as Drucker (1957) and Fairweather (1967), who viewed education as a form of social innovation. Originality/value The authors contribute to the history of social innovation in education by exploring the New Harmony community’s education society to uncover the enactment of sustainable social innovation and the origin story of humanistic management education.

Optimisation of Approaches to Adverse Event Analysis in Bioequivalence Clinical Trials

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. The safety assessment of investigational medicinal products is a mandatory step in clinical trials of all phases, including bioequivalence studies. However, there are no approaches providing for the individualised assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which contributes to the quality of decisions on the safety of pharmacotherapy.AIM. The study aimed to develop and justify approaches to the individualised assessment of the safety of pharmacotherapy based on quantitative integrative analysis of adverse events (AEs).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors carried out a systematic review of open-access publications and adapted quantitative integrative analysis methods for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy in clinical trials involving healthy volunteers. The developed methodology is a step-by-step individualised assessment of ADRs, where each case is assigned a certain score and a weight, with subsequent data aggregation to obtain an integrated indicator at the system/organ and organism levels.RESULTS. The authors developed a five-step procedure for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy based on quantitative integrative ADR analysis. This procedure involves scoring an AE, converting the score using membership functions, assigning weights, aggregating data to obtain an integrated indicator, and interpreting individual and group indicators. The sequential implementation of the analysis steps in accordance with the proposed procedure makes it possible to assign each volunteer (study subject) to a specific group in accordance with the likelihood of developing AEs. In addition to individual assessment, the article presents an algorithm for interpreting indicators for groups of study subjects, depending on the treatment group (study or comparator medicinal product).CONCLUSIONS. The described algorithm for converting and presenting integrative AE assessments will improve the reliability and validity of conclusions on the safety of medicinal products, which is important for planning and implementing further clinical development programmes.

The role of ethical and social values in psychosocial measurement

In the natural sciences, measurement is taken as a reliable source of knowledge because it requires a special kind of rigour. This is usually understood as an epistemic kind of rigour. We argue that in psychometrics, the science of measuring mental traits, attitudes, and experiences, the quality of knowledge supplied by measurement procedures must be established through ethical as well as epistemic justification. We reject views that restrict the role of ethics in measurement to guarding against potential harmful consequences and show that ethical and social value judgments are intrinsic to the design, validation, interpretation, and use of psychometric tools. We propose a five-step procedure called ‘ethical iterations’ that allows researchers, decision makers, and other interested parties to ensure that measurement practice is aligned with their aims and values. We substantiate our claims with evidence from our work with Foundry, a youth health organization in British Columbia, Canada.

The “direct five-step procedure” for the design of added viscous dampers to be inserted into existing buildings: formulation and case study

The “direct five-step procedure” for the design of added viscous dampers to be inserted into existing buildings: formulation and case study

Dihydroartemisinin and zerumbone esters of ataluren and its analogs as anticancer agents and EGFR inhibitors

In a five-step procedure, 18 new esters (20a–i and 21a–i) of ataluren and its analogs with dihydroartemisinin and zerumbone were synthesized from methyl 3-cyanobenzoate. The screening for their cytotoxic activity against two cancer cell lines, HepG2 and MCF-7, showed that most esters exhibit activity against the tested cell lines, with IC50 values in the range of 1.61–36.52 µM. Among the tested compounds, ester 21f containing 4-methoxy in structure R did not show cytotoxic activity. The interactions of these new derivatives with the epidermal growth factor receptor protein were also investigated by molecular docking studies. The obtained binding conformation revealed several notable results, demonstrating similarities between molecular modeling theory and experiment. These results contributed to interpreting the in vitro cytotoxicity of esters and proposed the basis for predicting the mechanism of their cytotoxic action.

Sequential extraction procedure of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash targeting grain size and the amorphous fraction

Introduction: Bottom ash (BA) constitutes a significant by-product obtained during the incineration of municipal solid waste in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. BA is a heterogeneous material made of different fractions, glass, minerals, metals, and unburned residual organic matter. Due to the non-hazardous nature of the unburned material, BA can be effectively recycled, becoming a valuable resource. However, BA displays a high content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) within its finer grain size. The presence of these elements raises concerns regarding the potential toxicity associated with BA.Materials and methods: The release of PTEs in the smaller fraction (0.063–0.2 mm; 0.3–0.5 mm; 2–4 mm; bulk &amp;lt;4 mm) of BA collected from the Parma WtE plant was investigated using a new five-step sequential extraction procedure (SEP). Through this method, both leached solutions and solid residues were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This integrated approach provided valuable insights into the mineralogy, chemical composition, and PTEs leachability of BA.Results and discussion: The novelty of this work is the development of a new SEP protocol specifically designed and planned for an anthropogenic material such as BA. The weight reduction recorded after each step is linked to the progressive disappearance of both crystalline and amorphous phases. Water-soluble phases, such as salts, are the first to react, followed by the carbonate fraction in the second step. At the end of the procedure, only quartz, corundum, and Ti-oxide are identified. Among the PTEs, Pb exhibits the highest release, particularly during the acid attack, followed by Zn. The significant release of Ni during the oxidizing and reducing steps can potentially be linked to hydroxides and metallic alloys, respectively. The integration of XRF and Rietveld refinement results on solid residues enabled the identification of several types of amorphous materials and their chemical evolution during the sequential extraction.

Course repetition in pre-licensure nursing students: A scoping review.

Nursing student attrition is a global issue affecting students, nursing programs, and the profession. One group of nursing students at risk for attrition are those that have failed and need to repeat a required nursing course. These students experience academic consequences such as delayed graduation and entry into the workforce, further contributing to the nursing shortage. Unfortunately, current literature about nursing student repeaters remains inadequate, and evidence of support measures is minimal. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature on course repetition in pre-licensure nursing students and identify gaps in the literature about this population. Arskey and O'Malley's (2005) five-step procedure was used as the organizing framework to explore course repetition in pre-licensure nursing students. There were twenty articles relevant for this scoping review. The findings revealed nursing student repeaters are at an increased risk for subsequent failure and attrition. Students experienced shock, sadness, and uncertainty when course failure ensued. Nursing students sought additional help while repeating failed courses, but interventions solely harnessed toward student repeaters can be beneficial. Nursing student repeaters are a unique population that requires a multifaceted approach, including academic and non-academic support structures, to ensure they meet the educational standards of the repeated course. Future studies regarding this population should include progression policies' impact on student success and strategies and interventions that create positive outcomes among student repeaters.

CitySim: A Drone-Based Vehicle Trajectory Dataset for Safety-Oriented Research and Digital Twins

The development of safety-oriented research and applications requires fine-grain vehicle trajectories that not only have high accuracy, but also capture substantial safety-critical events. However, it would be challenging to satisfy both these requirements using the available vehicle trajectory datasets do not have the capacity to satisfy both. This paper introduces the CitySim dataset that has the core objective of facilitating safety-oriented research and applications. CitySim has vehicle trajectories extracted from 1,140-min of drone videos recorded at 12 locations. It covers a variety of road geometries including freeway basic segments, weaving segments, expressway merge/diverge segments, signalized intersections, stop-controlled intersections, and control-free intersections. CitySim was generated through a five-step procedure that ensured trajectory accuracy. The five-step procedure included video stabilization, object filtering, multivideo stitching, object detection and tracking, and enhanced error filtering. Furthermore, CitySim provides the rotated bounding box information of a vehicle, which was demonstrated to improve safety evaluations. Compared with other video-based trajectory datasets, CitySim had significantly more safety-critical events, including cut-in, merge, and diverge events, which were validated by distributions of both minimum time-to-collision and minimum post encroachment time. In addition, CitySim had the capability to facilitate digital-twin-related research by providing relevant assets, such as the recording locations’ three-dimensional base maps and signal timings.