Five-membered Ring Systems Research Articles

Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrazoles - a mini-review

Heterocyclic compounds including pyrazole have a serious area in the field of medicinal chemistry and modern drug development studies. Pyrazole is a five-membered ring system containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. Pyrazole attracts great attention due to its wide biological activity scale and potential in the development of new drug molecules. Traditional methods have been used in the general synthesis methods of pyrazole for a long time, but since these methods can be performed within certain limits, it is necessary to benefit from new and sustainable methodologies. In this review, the use and benefits of microwave (MW)-assisted techniques under the general title of green chemistry will be emphasized. The use of MW techniques stands out with its advantages such as increasing the efficiency of synthesis, obtaining selective products and preventing environmental pollution. The area of use of the MW method in pyrazole synthesis, synthesis mechanisms, organic synthesis methods and benefits are examined in this study. The MW method used in the synthesis of the pyrazole ring, which stands out with its bioactive diversity, will be encountered much more in the coming years.

Catalyst-Free [4+1] Annulation of α-Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides and Diazo Compounds Enabling the Modular Synthesis of 2-Indanones and 3(2H)-Furanones.

A novel substrate-regulated [4+1] annulation of α-imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides with diazoketones under catalyst-free conditions is described. The reaction proceeds through a coupling of sulfoxonium ylides and in situ-generated ketenes to form the key reactive zwitterionic intermediates, followed by selective formation of C-C or C-O bonds to achieve five-membered ring systems. The cascade reaction permits the direct synthesis of synthetically useful 2-indanones and 3(2H)-furanones, which expands the reaction pattern of sulfoxonium ylides in annulation transformation.

Synthesis of Bridged Five-Membered Ring Systems by Type II [3 + 2] Annulation of Allenylsilane-ene.

The first type II intramolecular [3 + 2] annulation of allenylsilane-ene has been achieved, enabling diastereoselective and efficient construction of synthetically challenging bridged five-membered ring systems such as bicyclo[3.2.1]. This mild and direct process shows a broad substrate scope and is highly stereospecific. Particularly, this work represents the first stereoselective method for the direct synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.1] ring systems from acyclic precursors. Additionally, the first asymmetric total syntheses of (+)- and (-)-strepsesquitriol, and the efficient formation of the synthetically challenging tetracyclic core of pierisjaponol D are achieved by this type II [3 + 2] annulation reaction.

Synthesis of Bridged Five-Membered Ring Systems by Type II [3＋2] Annulation of Allenylsilane-Ene

Synthesis of Bridged Five-Membered Ring Systems by Type II [3＋2] Annulation of Allenylsilane-Ene

Anticancer Potential of Compounds Bearing Thiazolidin-4-one Scaffold: Comprehensive Review

Thiazolidin-4-ones is a versatile and privileged nucleus comprising of a five five-membered heterocyclic ring system possessing sulphur heteroatom and a cyclic amide bond. Extensive research and review studies mainly published in the last decade explored the diverse types of biological activities of this nucleus with potential therapeutic applications. Various silent features like drug likeness behaviour, suitability for diversity-oriented synthesis, and its sensitivity toward the redox tumour m

Recent Advances in [3+2]-Cycloaddition-Enabled Cascade Reactions: Application to Synthesize Complex Organic Frameworks

Abstract Many natural products and biologically important complex organic scaffolds have convoluted structures around their core skeleton. Interestingly, with just changing the outskirts, the core reflects new and unique degrees of various physical and chemical properties. A very common but intriguing core is a five-membered ring horning heaps of organic molecules crafts. The power of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions to generate five-membered ring systems allocate chemists to envision synthetic procedures of wonder molecules and if it is facilitating a cascade sequence, then the end product will imbibe significant level of complexity having applications in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields. This Account highlights the broad interest in assembling recent advances in cascade reactions involving [3+2] cycloaddition as the power tool in order to conceive breakthrough organic architectures reported in the last ten years. We foresee that our comprehensive collection of astonishing [3+2] cycloaddition enabled cascades will provide valuable insights to polycyclic molecular construction and perseverant approach towards nonconventional synthetic procedures to the organic community.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Oxindoles Skeleton3 Synthesis of Oxazoles Skeleton4 Synthesis of Oxadiazoles Skeleton5 Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles6 Synthesis via Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition7 Synthesis of Miscellaneous Scaffolds8 Conclusion

Synthesis of Five-Membered Ring Systems Bearing gem-Difluoroalkenyl and Monofluoroalkenyl Substituents via Radical β-Bromo Fragmentation

Synthesis of Five-Membered Ring Systems Bearing <i>gem</i>-Difluoroalkenyl and Monofluoroalkenyl Substituents via Radical β-Bromo Fragmentation

Application of LFER to the N(1)-H Acidities of Five-Membered Nitrogen Heterocyclic Ring Systems: A Review on Graduate Chemical Education Exercise

Abstract: An attempt is made for the first time in our laboratory to apply the Hammett and Taft equations to the five-membered heterocyclic ring systems pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazole, and triazoles. It is shown that the pKa values of N(1)-H acidities of 3-X-pyrroles, 3-Xpyrazole, 4-X-pyrazole, 4-X-imidazole, 3-X-1,2,4-triazole and 4-X-1,2,3-triazole correlated well with Hammett σ values.

Benzothiazole Derivatives as Multifunctional Antioxidant Agents for Skin Damage: Structure–Activity Relationship of a Scaffold Bearing a Five-Membered Ring System

Skin diseases often give multifactorial damages; therefore, the development of multifunctional compounds represents a suitable approach especially against disorders that are induced by oxidative stress. Thus, taking into account the successful results we achieved on benzimidazoles, we have devised a new series of isosteric benzothiazoles and investigated their antioxidant, photoprotective, antifungal and antiproliferative activity. Particular attention has been paid to synergistic antioxidant and photoprotective properties. For compounds 9a and 10a, a multifunctional profile was outlined, supported by an excellent filtering capacity, mainly UVB, which has higher capacities than those of the reference PBSA which is currently in the market as a UV sunscreen filter. The two compounds were also the best in terms of growth inhibition of dermatophytes and Candida albicans, and 10a also showed good antioxidant activity. Furthermore, 9a was also effective on melanoma tumor cells (SK-Mel 5), making these compounds good candidates in the development of new skin protective and preventive agents.

Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Neutral Nitroxide Radicals with 2-Propanol Studied by Multifrequency EPR/ENDOR

The hydrogen bond plays a key role in weak directional intermolecular interactions. It is operative in determining molecular conformation and aggregation, and controls the function of many chemical systems, ranging from inorganic, organic to biological molecules. Although an enormous amount of spectroscopic information has been collected about hydrogen-bond formation between molecules with closed-shell electronic configuration, the details of such interactions between open-shell radicals and closed-shell molecules are still rare. Here we report on an investigation of hydrogen-bonded complexes between pyrroline-type as well as piperidine-type neutral nitroxide radicals and an alcohol, i.e., 2-propanol. These nitroxide radicals are commonly used as EPR spin labels and probes. To obtain information on the geometry of the complexes and their electronic structure, multi-resonance EPR techniques at various microwave frequencies (X-, Q-, W-band, 244 GHz) have been employed in conjunction with DFT calculations. The planar five-membered ring system of the pyrroline-type nitroxide radical was found to form exclusively well-defined in-plane σ-type hydrogen-bonded complexes with one 2-propanol molecule in the first solvation shell in frozen solution. The measured hyperfine parameters of the hydrogen-bridge proton and the internal magnetic parameters describing the electron Zeeman and the electron-nuclear hyperfine and nuclear quadrupole interactions are in good agreement with values predicted by state-of-the-art DFT calculations. In contrast, multi-resonance EPR on the non-planar six-membered ring system of the piperidine-type nitroxide radical (TEMPOL) reveals a more complex situation, i.e., a mixture of a σ-type with, presumably, an out-of-plane π-type complex, both present in comparable fraction in frozen solution. For TEMPOL, the DFT calculations failed to predict magnetic interaction parameters that are in good agreement with experiment, apparently due to the considerable flexibility of the nitroxide and hydrogen-bonded complex. The detailed information about nitroxide/solvent complexes is of particular importance for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) and site-directed spin-labeling EPR studies that employ nitroxides as polarizing agents or spin labels, respectively.

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of New Pyrimido[1,2-c]quinazolines, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolines and (quinazolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazoles Hybrids

New hybrid compounds with functionalized quinazoline derivatives and derived tricyclic compounds with varied condensed six and five-membered ring systems were synthesized from simple compounds. The 4-quinazolinimine, 2H-pyrimido[1,2-c] quinazolin-2-one, the pyrido[1,2-c]quinazoline and the [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazoline systems were synthesized starting form the key 4-azido compound and its isosteric analogue; 4-hydrazinyl derivative. Furthermore, a hybrid compound incorporating varied active motifs, the substituted tricyclic structural analog; 3-oxo-2-(quinazolin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivative, in which the pyrazole ring was attached to the quinazoline system via substitution at quinazoline-C4, was also prepared. The synthesized compounds were studied for their cytotoxic activity against the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. The tested compounds possess a high effect against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), and compounds 6b, 6e, 8, and 11 showed comparable results to those obtained for the reference drug doxorubicin. The results also showed the effect of substituents in the pyrimidoquinazoline and triazoloquinazoline ring systems on the cytotoxic activity. Additionally, the docking studies revealed that the compounds 6b, 6e, 8, and 11 bound well within the active sites of EGFRWT and EGFRT790M kinases and could be the lead molecules in the discovery of anticancer agents targeting inhibition of EGFRWT and EGFRT790M.

Austins-Type Meroterpenoids from a Mangrove-Derived Penicillium sp.

Three unusual austins-type meroterpenoids penicianstinoids C-E (1-3) were obtained from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. TGM112. The structures of 1-3 including absolute configurations were determined by detailed NMR, MS spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction analysis, and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Penicianstinoid C (1) was the first austins-type meroterpenoid with a unique 6/6/6/5 rearranged tetracyclic skeleton possessing two unusual spirocyclic moieties (2-oxaspiro[5.5]undeca-4,7-dien-3-one and 6-methylene-2-oxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,4-dione). Penicianstinoid D (2) was an unusual austins-type meroterpenoid with a 6/6/6/6 tetracyclic skeleton containing an octahydro-2H-chromen-2-one unit. Penicianstinoid E (3) possessed a 6/5/6/6/6/5 fused hexacyclic skeleton with an uncommon five-membered ether ring system. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1-3 is also proposed. Compounds 1 and 3 inhibited the growth of newly hatched Helicoverpa armigera Hubner larvae with IC50 values of 100 and 200 μg/mL, respectively.

Acidic Stabilization of the Dual-Aromatic Heterocyclic Anions

Recently, we discovered that the delocalization of nitrogen lone-pair electrons (NLPEs) in five-membered nitrogen heterocycles created a second σ-aromaticity in addition to the prototypical π-aromaticity. Such dual-aromatic compounds, such as the pentazole anion, were proved to have distinct chemistry in comparison to traditional π-aromatics, such as benzene, and were surprisingly unstable, susceptible to electrophilic attack, and relatively difficult to obtain. The dual-aromatics are basic in nature, but prefer not to be protonated when confronting more than three hydronium/ammonium ions, which violates common sense understanding of acid−base neutralization for a reason that is unclear. Here, we carried out 63 test simulations to explore the stability and reactivity of three basic heterocycle anions (pentazole anion N5¯, tetrazole anion N4C1H1¯, and 1,2,4-triazole anion N3C2H2¯) in four types of solvents (acidic ions, H3O+ and NH4+, polar organics, THF, and neutral organics, benzene) with different acidities and concentrations. By quantum mechanical calculations of the electron density, atomistic structure, interatomic interactions, molecular orbital, magnetic shielding, and energetics, we confirmed the presence of dual aromaticity in the heterocyclic anions, and discovered their reactivity to be a competition between their basicity and dual aromaticity. Interestingly, when the acidic ions H3O+/NH4+ are three times more in number than the basic heterocyclic anions, the anions turn to violate acid−base neutralization and remain unprotonated, and the surrounding acidic ions start to show a significant stabilization effect on the studied heterocyclic anions. This work brings new knowledge to nitrogen aromatics and the finding is expected to be adaptable for other pnictogen five-membered ring systems.

Identification, Characterization, and Suppression of Side Products Formed during the Synthesis of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.

In recent years, radiolabeled tracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have had a tremendous impact on prostate cancer management. Here, we report on the formation of radioactive impurities formed during the clinical production of 177Lu-labeled PSMA-617. We provide compelling evidence that these impurities are the result of a spontaneous, thermally mediated condensation reaction of the Glu-CO-Lys moiety resulting in the formation of three different five-membered ring systems. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the condensation and cyclization of the Glu-CO-Lys moiety is thermodynamically spontaneous. In cell experiments, no affinity of these cyclized compounds toward PSMA was observed. HPLC analyses of urine samples from patient studies showed rapid renal excretion of these radioactive cyclized species. Radiolabeling conditions were identified that significantly reduced the formation of cyclized side products yielding 177Lu-labeled PSMA-617 in high radiochemical yield and purity in concordance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) requirements.

Genomic scanning enabling discovery of a new antibacterial bicyclic carbamate-containing alkaloid

Non-ribosomal peptides are a group of structurally diverse natural products with various important therapeutic and agrochemical applications. Bacterial pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), containing a scaffold of two fused five-membered ring system with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead, have been found to originate from a multidomain non-ribosomal peptide synthetase to generate indolizidine intermediates, followed by multistep oxidation, catalysed by single Bayer-Villiger (BV) enzymes, to yield PA scaffolds. Although bacterial PAs are rare in natural product inventory, bioinformatics analysis suggested that the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that are likely to be responsible for the production of PA-like metabolites are widely distributed in bacterial genomes. However, most of the strains containing PA-like BGCs are not deposited in the public domain, therefore preventing further assessment of the chemical spaces of this group of bioactive metabolites. Here, we report a genomic scanning strategy to assess the potential of PA metabolites production in our culture collection without prior knowledge of genome information. Among the strains tested, we found fifteen contain the key BV enzymes that are likely to be involved in the last step of PA ring formation. Subsequently one-strain-many-compound (OSMAC) method, supported by a combination of HR-MS, NMR, SMART 2.0 technology, and GNPS analysis, allowed identification and characterization of a new [5 + 7] heterobicyclic carbamate, legoncarbamate, together with five known PAs, bohemamine derivatives, from Streptomyces sp. CT37, a Ghanaian soil isolate. The absolute stereochemistry of legoncarbamate was determined by comparison of measured and calculated ECD spectra. Legoncarbamate displays antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 with an MIC value of 3.1 μg/mL. Finally, a biosynthetic model of legoncarbamate and other bohemamines was proposed based on the knowledge we have gained so far.

Synthesis, 3D-pharmacophore modelling and 2D-QSAR study of new pyridine-3-carbonitriles as vasorelaxant active agents

A new set of pyridine-3-carbonitriles (3a–v) conjugated with various five-membered ring systems at pyridinyl C-6 were designed and synthesized as vasorelaxant active agents.

Homocoupling Reactions of Azoles and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry.

Pyrazole, a member of the structural class of azoles, exhibits molecular properties of interest in pharmaceuticals and materials chemistry, owing to the two adjacent nitrogen atoms in the five-membered ring system. The weakly basic nitrogen atoms of deprotonated pyrazoles have been applied in coordination chemistry, particularly to access coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks, and homocoupling reactions can in principle provide facile access to bipyrazole ligands. In this context, we summarize recent advances in homocoupling reactions of pyrazoles and other types of azoles (imidazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles) to highlight the utility of homocoupling reactions in synthesizing symmetric bi-heteroaryl systems compared with traditional synthesis. Metal-free reactions and transition-metal catalyzed homocoupling reactions are discussed with reaction mechanisms in detail.

Improvement in zinc complexes bearing Schiff base in ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone: A five-membered ring system

Improvement in zinc complexes bearing Schiff base in ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone: A five-membered ring system

(R,R/S,S)-9-Benzyl-3-methyl-7-phenyl-1,6-dioxa-3,9-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,8-dione

The title compound, C19H18N2O4, a rare example of a spirocyclic orthoamide, was synthesized by a double cyclization of a N-Boc protected sarcosine derivative. The crystal structure of the racemic (R,R/S,S) modification reveals two near-orthogonal five-membered heterocyclic ring systems, each in an envelope configuration.

Stabilization of the Dual-Aromatic cyclo-N5- Anion by Acidic Entrapment.

Pentazole anion, the best candidate for full-nitrogen energetic materials, can be isolated only from acidic solution for unclear reasons, which hinders the high-yield realization of a full-nitrogen substance with higher energy density. Herein, we report for the first time the discovery of the dual aromaticity (π and σ) of cyclo-N5-, which makes the anion unstable in nature but confers additional stability in acidic surroundings. In addition to the usual π-aromaticity, similar to that of the prototypical benzene, five lone pairs are delocalized in the equatorial plane of cyclo-N5-, forming additional σ-aromaticity. It is the compatible coexistence of the inter-lone-pair repulsion and inter-lone-pair attraction within the σ-aromatic system that makes the naked cyclo-N5- highly reactive to electrophiles and easily broken. Only in sufficiently acid solution can the cyclo-N5- become unsusceptible to the electrophilic attack and gain extra stability through the formation of hydrogen-bonded complex from surrounding electrophiles; otherwise, the cyclo-N5- cannot be productively isolated. The dual aromaticity discovered in cyclo-N5- is expected to be universal for pnictogen five-membered ring systems.