Replacement Of Fish Meal Protein Research Articles

When a turbot catches a fly: Evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute — Growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima)

Larvae of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) are commercially produced on agricultural waste streams and convert these into animal body protein and fat. A feeding trial was carried out for 56days in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) by replacing fish meal protein subsequently by Hermetia meal (HM) protein. Six diets were formulated for the replacement and contained 0%, 17%, 33%, 49%, 64%, and 76% of HM (54.1±1.1% crude protein, 13.4±0.7% crude lipid, dry matter basis). The diets were fed to triplicate groups of turbot 54.9±0.9g once a day by hand until apparent satiation. Feed intake was affected by dietary HM inclusion and decreased with increasing HM incorporation due to low palatability. Growth performance was high, but affected by dietary HM inclusion. SGR was lower in all treatments containing HM whereas FCR was significantly higher at HM inclusion levels>33%. Protein retention was highest at HM inclusion≤33% and decreased significantly with increasing HM supplementation. Whole-body protein content was not affected by treatment, while body lipid decreased with increasing HM inclusion levels. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of HM were low for organic matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and gross energy. Chitinase activity or chitinolytic active bacteria were not detected in the mid gut of turbot. The presence of chitin might have influenced the feed intake, availability, and digestibility of the nutrients and therefore growth performance. In general, our study shows that the incorporation of HM protein in fish diets is possible, but limited by its low nutritive value. Considering that HM is produced on local greenhouse waste streams, HM might be a feasible alternative protein source for the partial replacement of fish meal. Further research on HM meal processing to increase nutrient utilization is needed.

Evaluation of feed utilization and growth performance of juvenile striped catfishPangasianodon hypophthalmusfed diets with varying inclusion levels of corn gluten meal

A nutrition trial with striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) juveniles was undertaken to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) protein with corn gluten meal (CGM). A diet with FM as the main protein source was used as the control diet (FM). Five experimental diets (approximately 320 g kg−1 crude protein) were formulated to progressively replace 20% (CGM20), 40% (CGM40), 60% (CGM60), 80% (CGM80) and 100% (CGM100) of FM protein. Fifteen fish per tank (initial weight 11.2 ± 0.6 g) were randomly distributed into 18 80-litre fibreglass tanks connected to a closed recirculation system (temperature 30.3 ± 1.0 °C). The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. The final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets CGM20, CGM40 and CGM60 were not significantly different compared to fish fed the FM diet. Feed intake (FI) tended to decrease with increasing dietary CGM level. Striped catfish fed FM, CGM20 and CGM40 had significantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with fish fed CGM80 and CGM100 (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets was significantly lower than those of all other treatments (P < 0.05). Total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) excretion increased with elevated dietary CGM inclusion. The viscerosomatic index (VSI) of fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed the other treatments. The crude lipid content in the final body composition of the striped catfish was elevated significantly with increasing dietary CGM levels. Fish fed the CGM80 and CGM100 diets displayed haematocrit levels significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. The haemoglobin content in fish was significantly higher in fish fed CGM20 and lower at CGM100 compared to fish fed the FM diet. The results of the present trial indicated that the optimum level of FM protein replacement with CGM determined by quadratic regression analysis was 25.1% on the basis of maximum SGR.

Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein isolate as fish meal substitute for juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima L.) — Impact on growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility and blood physiology

The potential of a highly concentrated rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) as partial or total fish meal (FM) alternative in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima L.) was evaluated. In a feeding trial 12 experimental tanks of a saltwater recirculation system were stocked with 15 fish each. Fish were organized in triplicate groups and received isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets with 0, 33, 66, or 100% (designated as control, RPI 33, RPI 66, RPI 100) of FM protein replaced with RPI. Fish were fed over a period of 56days until apparent satiation.Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and growth performance did not significantly vary between fish fed the RPI 33 (129g RPIkg−1 diet) and the control diet. The RPI 66 (258g RPIkg−1 diet) and the RPI 100 (391g RPIkg−1 diet) diets caused reduced feed ingestion and feed efficiencies, resulting in lower growth performance. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and protein calculated on the basis of stripped feces revealed significantly reduced values for fish fed with RPI 66 diet compared to control diet, whereas ADC in the RPI 100 group recovered to control value. Protein retention decreased with increasing FM substitution levels. Body composition of fish showed a significant reduction in dry matter and crude protein values of the RPI 66 and RPI 100 group compared to control group. Gross energy content varied between the RPI 33 and RPI 100 group, while crude lipid and ash content were unaffected among the treatment groups, suggesting no limitations in dietary mineral or phosphorus availability. Blood parameters including hematocrit, glucose, triglycerides and cortisol were similar between the treatment groups. Histopathology of liver tissue revealed a slight hypertrophy of hepatocytes in the control group and a severe hypertrophy in fish fed with RPI 33 diet. In line with a reduced condition factor and hepatosomatic index a slight hypotrophy of hepatocytes was observed in fish fed with the RPI 100 diet. Neither inflammatory nor degenerative changes of the mid gut were observed among dietary treatments.In conclusion, 66% (314gkg−1) of dietary FM could be replaced by RPI (258gkg−1) without affecting physiological parameters of turbot in terms of animal welfare, but growth performance decreased using FM protein replacement levels above 33% (corresponding to 157gkg−1).

A defatted microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) meal as a protein ingredient to partially replace fishmeal in diets of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931)

This trial evaluated the effects of partial replacement of fishmeal protein by a defatted microalgae meal (DMM) in a shrimp diet. The DMM was a by-product of astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis and contained 40.3% crude protein (CP) and 0.9% crude lipid (CL). Test diets were prepared by using DMM (3, 6, 9 and 12% in a diet) to replace 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% or 50% of a fishmeal protein in a control diet (32.3% CP & 8.9% CL). All test diets had similar protein and lipid levels. Each diet was randomly assigned to four tanks (12 juvenile shrimp per tank) in an indoor flow through seawater laboratory. After an 8-week feeding trial, shrimp fed the diet with 12.5% of the fishmeal protein replaced showed a significantly higher growth rate and lower feed conversion ratio than the shrimp fed the control diet (P<0.05). The other three DMM-added diets had a similar effect on the growth of shrimp as the control diet (P>0.05). Shrimp fed the four DMM-added diets appeared redder and contained higher free and esterified astaxanthins than shrimp fed the control diet. The results indicated that DMM could be a valuable alternative protein and pigmentation ingredient in shrimp feed.

Replacement of Menhaden Fish Meal Protein by Solvent‐Extracted Soybean Meal Protein in the Diet of Juvenile Black Sea Bass Supplemented with or without Squid Meal, Krill Meal, Methionine, and Lysine

AbstractThree experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which menhaden fish meal protein (FMP) can be replaced by solvent‐extracted soybean meal protein (SBP) in the diet of juvenile black sea bass Centropristis striata. Diets were formulated replacing FMP by SBP at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% (experiment 1) and 0, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% (experiment 2), with supplementation with squid meal, krill meal, and attractants in both experiments. Experiment 3 was designed to replace FMP by SBP at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% without supplemental squid and krill meal and at 60% and 70% with supplemental methionine and lysine. Diets were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of fish (N = 15 per group) in 75‐L tanks containing recirculating seawater. Fish were fed for 6, 10, and 8 weeks in experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No significant differences in body weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival were observed among treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, no significant differences in percent weight gain were observed among fish fed diets replacing FMP at 0, 60, and 70%. In experiment 3, body weight gain was not significantly different for fish fed supplemental methionine and lysine in 70% SBP diets compared with fish fed 0% SBP diets. No significant differences were observed in whole‐body n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among treatments in experiment 2. Broken‐line regression of the specific growth rate data suggested that the maximum level of FMP replacement with SBP in black sea bass diets was 67.6–68.4% with 75 g/kg squid meal and 50 g/kg krill meal in the diet and 57.2–58.0% without squid and krill meal supplementation.

Evaluation of fermented soybean meal in the practical diets for juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

The study was designed to investigate the influence of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% or 65% replacement of fish meal with FSBM on a protein basis. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish with an initial weight 4.59 ± 0.2 g for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when FSBM inclusion was 391 g kg−1 or greater, replacing more than 45% fish meal protein. A significant negative relationship was observed between growth response and the level of fish meal protein replacement with FSBM. Methionine and Lysine content decreased as FSBM inclusion levels increased, consequently compromising growth performance. Feed intake (FI) were unaffected by dietary FSBM levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D-0, D-15, D-25 and D-35 diets was significantly lower than those fed other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest FSBM inclusion level. Experimental diets D-0, D-15, D-25 and D-35 had apparent dry matter digestibility ranging from 71.2% to 72.6% and apparent protein digestibility (ADPs) from 89.1% to 90.1%, while the diets with higher FSBM inclusion (D-45 to D-65) had a significantly lower apparent dry matter digestibility range (69.7–70.3%) and ADPs range (88.5–88.9%). It is concluded that FSBM is an acceptable alternative plant protein source that can replace up to 35% of fish meal protein in diets without significant adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition.

Effect of size-fractionated fish protein hydrolysate on growth and feed utilization of turbot (Scophthalmus maximusL.)

Four experimental diets were fed to turbot to examine the effect of fish hydrolysate and ultra-filtered fish hydrolysate on growth performance, feed utilization and non-specific immune response. Fish hydrolysate was produced by enzymatic treatment and size fractionated using ultra-filtration (UF). The permeate (molecular weight <1000 Da) after UF and the non-ultra-filtered fish hydrolysate (NUF) were tested as feed ingredients. Diets UF1, UF2 contained 3.7%, 1.2% ultra-filtered fish hydrolysate to replace fish meal protein respectively. The diets UF1, NUF were identical in composition except that the molecular weight of fish hydrolysate in the diet. Fish meal was used in the control diet. All diets were made equal in protein, lipid and energy. Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile turbot (27.87 ± 0.04 g) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Results of this study indicate that the best overall growth and feed utilization of turbot juveniles were obtained with a diet containing higher dose of the small molecular weight compounds in fish hydrolysate. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were not affected by diet. Total antioxidant capacity was improved with increasing level of low molecule weight fish hydrolysate (UF1).

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal protein with soybean meal proteinon the growth, body composition and hematology indices ofSchizothorax prenanti

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacement of fish meal by soybean meal protein on the growth,body composition and hematology indices of juvenile Schizothorax prenanti.Healthy S.prenanti [with the initial weight(14.67±0.51) g]were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates of 30 fish.Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain different levels of soybean meal based upon the basal diet to replace fish meal protein 0(A1),20%(A2),40%(A3),60%(A4),80%(A5) and 100%(A6).The experiment lasted for 45 days.The results showed that the weight gain ratio(WGR),the specific growth ratio(SGR) and protein efficiency ratio(PER) were highest(118.08%,1.95%/d,207.22%,respectively),the feed conversion ratio(FCR) was the lowest(1.27) when the replace-ment ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 60%(P0.05).The WGR,SGR,PER were signifi-cantly lower when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein of 100%,while the FCR was significantly higher than that of the other groups(P0.05).Based on quadratic regression analysis,the best replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 34.25% 45.46%.There were no significant difference in whole body moisture,crude ash and the condition factor(CF) with the replacement ratio of fish meal pro-tein by soybean meal increased,the crude protein in whole body was highest(15.53%) when the replace-ment ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 60%.The crude protein and lipid in whole body had no significant difference when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was less than 80%(P0.05).while the hepatopancreas somatic index(HIS) increased as soybean meal protein ratio in-creased,but there were no significant differences when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soy-bean meal was 0 80%(P0.05).Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities have a certain fluctuation as soy-bean meal protein ratio increased,at the same time,SOD activities were highest when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 40%.Lysozyme(LSZ) activities were gradually increased when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 20% 60%(P0.05).The aspartate ami-notransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activities increased as soybean meal protein ratio increased,but there were no significant differences when the replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was less than 80%(P0.05).The AST and ALT activities were significantly higher than the control group and other experimental groups(P0.05).Results of above show that a certain percentage soybean meal protein ratio in diet could promote the growth,and improve feed protein metabolism and immunity of S.prenanti.In conclusion,the maximum replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 80% in the diets of S.prenanti,and the most suitable replacement ratio of fish meal protein by soybean meal was 34.25% 45.46%.

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal protein with silkworm pupae on the growth performance, body composition, and health status of Cyprinus carpio var. specularis fingerlings

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal(FM)with silkworm pupae(SWP)on juvenile Cyprinus carpio var.specularis[(12.10±0.89) g].FM diet(fish meal 10%,silkworm pupae 0%,CP 36.18%,EE 5.18%)and SWP diet(fish meal 5%,silkworm pupae 5.5%,CP 35.38%,EE 5.06%)were formulated to feed the fish three times daily to visual satiety in indoor circulating water system for 61 days.The results showed that final body weight(FBW),weight gain rate(WGR),special growth rate(SGR),protein efficiency ratio(PER),feed conversion ratio(FCR),survival rate(SR)of the SWP group and FM group were not significantly different(P0.05),while no difference was found in condition factor(CF),viscerossomatic index(VI),hepatosomatic index(HI),spleen index(SI),intestine index(II),as well as the content of moisture,crude lipid,crude protein,crude ash of the fish tissue(P0.05).The contents of Lys in whole body and Tyr in muscle of SWP group were significantly lower than those in FM group(P0.05).The contents of C14∶ 0,C16∶ 1n-7 and C18∶ 1n-7 in muscle of SWP group were significantly lower than those in FM group,and the contents of C18∶ 3n-3 and ∑n-3PUFA in muscle of SWP group were significantly higher than those in FM group(P0.05).On the other hand,the contents of C18∶ 3n-3 and C22∶ 5n-3 in hepatopancreas of SWP group were significantly higher than those in FM group(P0.05).No significant difference was found in serum biochemical indices,index of atherogenicity(IA)and index of thrombogenicity(IT)between the two groups(P0.05).There are no significant differences in mucosa amount,mucosa height,mucosa width and submucosa thickness of foregut and midgut(P0.05),however,the muscular coat thickness of foregut was significantly lower in SWP group than FM group(P0.05).It is concluded that silkworm pupae is an acceptable alternative animal protein source,which can replace up to 50% of fish meal protein in C.carpio var.specularis diet without significant adverse impact on the health status,althought it affects the tissue amino acid and fatty acids profiles,and has a tendency to promote the growth performance and feed utilization.

Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for juvenile cobia ( Rachycentron canadum)

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a partial replacement of fish meal protein in the commercial diets for juvenile cobia. Five isonitrogenous (approximately 45%) and isolipidic (about 11%) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of PBM, and fish meal protein was replaced with a pet food-grade PBM at 15, 30, 45, 60% level (PBM15, PBM30, PBM45, PBM60, respectively) without lysine and methionine supplementation. The reference diet (PBM0) contained fish meal and soybean meal as protein sources. Each diet was fed to groups of 20 juvenile cobia initially averaging approximately 5.8 g in triplicate 500-l tanks twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that growth performance and survival for fish fed PBM-supplemented diets were not significantly lower compared to fish fed the reference diet ( P > 0.05). However, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency ratio were significantly affected by the replacement level of fish meal protein with PBM, fish fed the PBM30 and PBM45 diets had higher PER and FER than fish fed the reference diet and the other diets. The condition factor, viscerosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments, however, fish fed the PBM45 diet had a higher hepatosomatic index than fish fed the other diets. There were no significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus content in whole body among all treatments, but the fish fed the reference diet had higher crude protein in whole body than fish fed the PBM-supplemented diets. There were no differences in liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidases activities among fish fed the experimental diets. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell and total immunoglobulin were not significantly affected by the replacement level of fish meal protein with PBM. With the exception of plasma glucose content, there were no significant differences in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total protein concentration in fish fed the experimental diets. The results of this study indicated that good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace fish meal in the commercial diets for cobia, and the optimal level of fish meal replacement with PBM was determined by quadratic regression analysis to be 30.75% on the basis of maximum protein efficiency ratio.

Replacement of fish meal protein by surimi by‐product protein in the diet of blue gouramiTrichogaster trichopterusfingerlings

Based on the nutrient requirement of Trichogaster trichopterus, a fish meal-based basal diet with 350 g/kg diet crude protein and 16.7 MJ/kg energy was formulated, in which the fish meal protein was replaced by surimi by-product protein at 0.0 (control), 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels. The formulated diets were fed ad libitum to T.trichopterus fingerlings (4.80 ± 0.03 g) in triplicate groups for 45 days in a closed water system. Eighteen fibre-reinforced plastic tanks with 200 l of water were used for rearing the fish. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed/gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio, nutrient retention and digestibility (protein and energy) of fish were not affected (p > 0.05) up to 50% fish meal protein replacement level by surimi by-product protein. While whole-body protein content of fish was marginally decreased, the lipid content was increased with increase in surumi by-product incorporation level in the diet. The study results suggest that the fish meal protein, which is scarce and costly nowadays, could be replaced up to 50% by surimi by-product protein in the diet of blue gourami without hampering the growth and nutrient utilization of fish.

Effects of Dietary Supplements on Growth Performance and Phosphorus Waste Production of Australian Catfish, Tandanus tandanus, Fed with Diets Containing Soybean Meal as Fishmeal Replacement

Effects of dietary phytase, amino acid (AA), and inorganic phosphorus (P) in soybean meal (SBM) diets on the growth, feed utilization, and P waste of Australian catfish, Tandanus tandanus, were evaluated. In Experiment 1, SBM replaced 30% of fishmeal (FM) protein in the four test diets, supplemented with phytase (1000–3000 FTU/kg). In Experiment 2, SBM replaced 45% of FM protein in the four test diets, supplemented with phytase, AAs, inorganic P, or their combinations. Inclusion of 3000 FTU/kg significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization of catfish. Ortho‐P waste was significantly lower in fish fed with SBM diets. At 30% FM protein replacement, dietary SBM did not reduce the total P waste of catfish while dietary phytase significantly did. At 45% FM protein replacement, phytase alone did not significantly improve the growth and feed utilization of catfish fed with SBM diets while significantly better results were obtained when both phytase and AAs were supplemented. Dietary inclusion of inorganic P significantly decreased P utilization and increased P waste of the fish. Dietary phytase significantly improved P utilization of catfish in both experiments.

Effects of Replacement of Menhaden Fish Meal Protein by Solvent‐Extracted Soybean Meal Protein Supplemented with or without l‐Methionine and l‐Lysine in the Diet of Juvenile Southern Flounder

AbstractTwo feeding experiments were conducted to study the effects of different levels of solvent‐extracted soybean meal on the growth and body composition of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. In experiment 1, seven diets were formulated, replacing menhaden fish meal protein (FMP) with soybean meal protein (SBP) at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% without supplementing amino acids. In experiment 2, eight diets were formulated, replacing FMP with SBP at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% and supplementing with l‐methionine and l‐lysine. In the test diets, l‐methionine and l‐lysine were supplemented to approximate the methionine and lysine level found in the 45% whole‐body protein of southern flounder. All diets were formulated to have the same crude protein (45%) and lipid levels (12%), and all diets contained 9% squid meal and 5% krill meal to improve palatability. Each of the test diets was fed two times a day to triplicate groups of flounder (average weight = 0.61 g for experiment 1 and 1.63 g for experiment 2). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted for 42 and 60 d, respectively. Fish were held in 75‐L recirculating seawater tanks at 15 fish per tank. In both experiments, no significant differences were observed in body weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios, and the whole‐body proximate composition among fish fed diets replacing 0–40% of FMP with SBP. When compared with fish fed 0% SBP, WG decreased significantly for the fish fed more than 40% SBP. Broken‐line regression showed that the optimum levels of FMP replacement with SBP in the diet of southern flounder without and with supplemental methionine and lysine were 35.1% and 38.9%, respectively, when diets contained 9% squid meal and 5% krill meal.

Effect of dietary plant proteins on flesh quality traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The reduction of fish meal in aquaculture feeds is a priority goal for the further expansion and sustainability of the farmed fish production. Some encouraging results, also in carnivorous species as salmonids, are obtained by partial and even total replacement of dietary fish meal protein with plant protein (Kaushik et al., 1995). However, the consequences of the protein source on the infra vitam fish performances and on quality traits of the final product are little investigated. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of total replacement of animal protein...

Fish meal replacement with solvent-extracted soybean meal or soy protein isolate in a practical diet formulation for Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus, L.) reared in low salinity

Two 8-week growth trials were conducted with juvenile Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus fed 0–1000 g kg)1 replacement of fish meal (FM) protein with soybean meal (SBM) or soy protein isolate (SPI). Practical-type diets were formulated with at least 360 g kg)1 digestible protein and 24 mg kJ)1 digestible protein/digestible energy. Weight gain and efficiency were not different between 0 and 800 g kg)1 FM protein replacement with SBM. Regression of weight gain and protein productive value suggested a conservative level of SBM substitution was 380 g kg)1 FM protein. It appeared that lysine could be limiting beyond 400 g kg)1 FM replacement. No significant differences were detected in fish fed 0 and 200 g kg)1 FM protein replacement with SPI. A decrease in weight gain and efficiency parameters occurred at 400 g kg)1 protein replacement, and fish fed a replacement of 600 g kg)1 or greater with SPI exhibited signs of starvation. A third trial indicated intake and growth were significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) in fish fed 600 g kg)1 relative to 0 g kg)1 FM protein replacement with SPI. Poor palatability of diets containing 400 g kg)1 or more FM protein replacement with SPI appeared to be the causative factor for poor performance.

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by soybean protein concentrate on growth performance and phosphorus discharging of juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The 8-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (10.70 ± 0.04 g). Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 or 40% (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). Diets except T1 were supplemented with phytase at 2000 phytase activity U kg−1. The results showed that survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization were not significantly affected by increasing dietary SPC. Fish fed diet T3 had higher feed intake compared to those fed T1, T2 and T5 diets. Whole body compositions of black sea bream were significantly influenced by SPC replacing FM except for protein, ash and phosphorus content. Condition factor of fish was significantly lower in T2 than that of fish in T3 group. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter was higher in fish fed T6 diet than those of fish fed T1 and T2 diets, ADCs of phosphorus increased with dietary SPC level up to T3 and then decreased. The results obtained in this study indicate that FM protein could be effectively replaced by SPC protein with phytase in diet of black sea bream.

Fish meal replacement by soybean meal in diets for Tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes

This study investigated the effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal (FM) by defatted soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance of the juvenile tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. Triplicate groups of juvenile tiger puffer (initial weight of 20.1 g) were fed one of five experimental diets which were formulated to replace FM protein by SBM at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, or 60% (designated as SBM0, SBM15, SBM30, SBM45, or SBM60, respectively). Although negative effects were observed with SBM45 and SBM60 after 15 weeks of feeding, up to 30% of the dietary FM protein was successfully replaced without significant growth depression. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma phosphorus concentrations exhibited the same trend observed in growth performance. Plasma triacylglycerol and total cholesterol of fish fed the SBM60 diet were significantly lower compared to those of fish fed the SBM0 diet. Hepatosomatic index significantly decreased as dietary SBM inclusion increased. Results indicated that at least 30% FM protein can be replaced in diets for the tiger puffer by defatted SBM with supplemental monocalcium phosphate and limiting amino acids, lysine, and methionine. Further study is needed to focus on a decrease in dietary taurine by FM replacement with plant protein sources.

Effects of Partial Replacement of Fish Meal Protein by Microalgae on Growth, Feed Intake, and Body Composition of Atlantic Cod

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight, 40.7 g) in which a combination of dried Nannochloropsis sp. and Isochrysis sp. replaced fish meal protein in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. Three experimental diets (55% protein, 16.5% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,328 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 15, or 30% of dietary fish meal protein. At the conclusion of the 84‐d study, no differences in survival, feed conversion ratios, viscerosomatic indices, and n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids in the muscle were found among the treatment groups. Feed intake and growth, which were proportional to the level of algal incorporation, were significantly reduced in the algae‐fed fish and were probably due to palatability problems. Feed intake improved in the fish fed the diet with 15% fish meal protein replacement as the study progressed, but hepatosomatic indices indicate that those fed the diet with 30% replacement were approaching starvation.Received July 13, 2010; accepted September 8, 2010

Use of Yeast-Fermented Canola Meal to Replace Fishmeal in the Diet of Asian Sea Bass Lates Calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)

Fishmeal is a significant protein source for aquatic feed, especially for carnivorous fish. Currently, the price of fishmeal is increasing, also it is mentioned as a competition of human food fish. Replacing fishmeal by other protein sources is therefore an important target. This study tested yeast-fermented canola meal in the diet of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer to determine its effects on growth, feed acceptance, feed utilization, nutrient digestibility, body proximate, minerals and their utilization. Diets consisted of a 35% fishmeal base (control) and four diets in which fishmeal protein was replaced by yeast-fermented canola meal at levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. For each diet, three groups of fish with an initial weight of 5 g were fed to satiation twice a day for 60 days. Feed intakes and survival rates of test fish fed the diets with up to 50% replacement were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Fish fed the diet with 100% replacement rejected the feed and all died within two weeks. Fish fed the diet in which 75% of fishmeal protein replacement had lower final mean weight, daily weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, nutrient digestibility and higher feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) than fish fed the control, 25% and 50% replacement diets. Increasing the protein replacement level lowered body crude protein, ash, Ca, Mg, P and their utilization of Asian sea bass (P < 0.05). This seemed to relate to increasing dietary phytic acid as the inclusion level of yeast-fermented canola meal increased. It was concluded that 50% of fishmeal in the diet of Asian sea bass could be replaced by yeast-fermented canola meal without overall impact on growth. This study also showed the possibility of < 10% dietary fishmeal for this species since fish accepted a diet containing only 8.75% fishmeal.

Effect of using okara meal, a by-product from soymilk production as a dietary protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) mono-sex males

The main objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial and total replacement of fishmeal protein by okara meal (OM) protein in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) mono-sex males. Fish of an average initial weight of 2.67 ± 0.01 g were stocked in 15 glass aquariums (80 L each) at a rate of 15 fish per aquarium. Fishmeal protein (18% of the diet) was used as the sole source of animal protein in the control diet. Percent replacement of fish meal (FM) by OM on the basis of crude protein was as follows: 0% (control diet A), 25% (diet B), 50% (diet C), 75% (diet D) and 100% (diet E). Diets were fed to fish at a rate of 5%, and then gradually reduced to 4% of the total fish biomass daily, for a period of 12 weeks. The results revealed that the fish fed diets A (100% FM control), B (25% OM), C (50% OM) and D (75% OM) had significantly the best average body weight, weight gain g, specific growth rate (SGR % day−1), weight gain % and feed intake g fish−1 compared with diet E (100% OM) which had the lowest values. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among all experimental diets and control in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival rate %. Whole body protein contents for fish fed diets B, C and D were superior to the control diet. Incorporation of OM in the diets increased significantly whole body fat content. Incorporation of OM in the diets significantly increased apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein crude fat and energy. Therefore, these findings suggest that up to 75% of FM protein can be replaced by OM protein in Nile tilapia, mono-sex male diets.