Fish Oil Supplementation Research Articles

Fish oil supplementation as an omega-3 fatty acid source during gestation: effects on the performance of weaned male goat kids.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil supplementation, as an omega-3 fatty acids source, to ration of does in the different periods of pregnancy on the fattening performance of kids after weaning. Eighty German Fawn × Hair crossbred does were randomly divided into two groups; half were given fish oil in the first half of pregnancy (FO group), while the other half were given saturated fat (PF (control) group). Then, the goats in the FO and PF groups were randomly divided into two subgroups, and half of the goats were fed fish oil during the second half of pregnancy (FO-FO and FO-PF groups), while the other half was fed saturated fat (PF-FO and PF-PF groups). Thus, study groups of kids were formed according to the nutrition program of the does described above. Forty-seven male kids (84.6 ± 2.44 days old; 14.5 ± 3.09 kg live weight, mean ± standard deviation) were fed for 56 days after weaning, and their weight, feed consumption, serum biochemical parameters, carcass performance, and meat quality characteristics were evaluated. Maternal nutrition significantly affected live weight gain and serum AST, glucose, total protein, and globulin concentrations (P ≤ 0.050). The live weight gain of kids in the PF-PF and PF-FO groups was higher than that in the FO-FO and FO-PF groups. Maternal nutrition tended to affect the hot and cold carcass weights of male kids (P = 0.078 and P = 0.084, respectively). In conclusion, fish oil supplementation during gestation could negatively affect the fattening performance of kids after weaning, especially the daily live weight gain, although it tended to positively affect hot and cold carcass weights.

Selenium Ameliorated Oxidized Fish Oil-Induced Lipotoxicity via the Inhibition of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, Remodeling of Usp4-Mediated Deubiquitination, and Stabilization of Pparα.

Aims: Studies demonstrated that oxidized fish oil (OFO) promoted oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial dysfunction and lipotoxicity, which attenuated beneficial effects of fish oil supplements in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The current study was performed on yellow catfish, a good model to study NAFLD, and its hepatocytes to explore whether selenium (Se) could alleviate OFO-induced lipotoxicity via the inhibition of oxidative stress and determine its potential mechanism. Results: The analysis of triglycerides content, oxidative stress parameters, and histological and transmission electronic microscopy observation showed that high dietary Se supplementation alleviated OFO-induced lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury and dysfunction. RNA-sequencing and immunoblotting analysis indicated that high dietary Se reduced OFO-induced decline of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα) and ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (Usp4) protein expression. High Se supplementation also alleviated OFO-induced reduction of thioredoxin reductase 2 (txnrd2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level and activity. The txnrd2 knockdown experiments revealed that txnrd2 mediated Se- and oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid (oxEPA)-induced changes of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and further altered Usp4 mediated-deubiquitination and stabilization of Pparα, which, in turn, modulated mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and metabolism. Mechanistically, Usp4 deubiquitinated Pparα and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated Pparα degradation contributed to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Innovation: These findings uncovered a previously unknown mechanism by which Se and OFO interacted to affect lipid metabolism via the Txnrd2-mtROS-Usp4-Pparα pathway, which provides the new target for NAFLD prevention and treatment. Conclusion: Se ameliorated OFO-induced lipotoxicity via the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress, remodeling of Usp4-mediated deubiquitination, and stabilization of Pparα. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 433-452.

Fish Oil-Induced Elevated International Normalized Ratio in Patients Taking Warfarin: A Case Report and Literature Review

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant commonly used to prevent thromboembolism. Its pharmacodynamics can be affected by interactions with other drugs and dietary supplements, although there is only limited information available on these interactions. One dietary supplement that has been associated with increased international normalized ratio (INR) levels, potentially leading to supratherapeutic levels, is fish oil. However, the data available on this interaction are not extensive. This case study focused on a sixty-nine years old Thai female who was prescribed warfarin at a weekly dose of 30 milligrams (maintaining an INR range of 2.5-3.5) to prevent thromboembolism resulting from atrial fibrillation (AF) following a mechanical valve replacement at the mitral position. The patient began taking fish oil supplements for a period of 2 months. After initiating the fish oil supplement in addition to the warfarin, the patient’s INR had increased from 2.94 to 4.13, although no bleeding symptoms were observed. When combining fish oil with warfarin, it is important for medical professionals to exercise caution and to monitor the INR levels in all cases to ensure safety and optimize efficacy. KEYWORDS warfarin, fish oil, dietary supplement

Effect of fish oil supplementation on the concentration of miRNA-122, FGF-21 and liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: Study protocol for a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial

To date, no specific drugs are available for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), though the effect of fish oil supplementation on improving fibrosis in patients with NAFLD has been evaluated. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may modulate the concentration of microRNAs (miRNAs) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, which have been identified as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis. The present study aims to evaluate whether n-3 PUFA supplementation can modulate miRNA-122 and FGF-21 and improve liver fibrosis and steatosis, measured by transient hepatic elastography (THE), in individuals with NAFLD. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the effect of 4g/day supplementation of fish oil (2100mg EPA and 924mg DHA) in patients with NAFLD over a 6-month period. Fifty-two patients aged >19 years will be randomly assigned to either a placebo (olive oil) or treatment (fish oil) group. Anthropometric data, food intake, physical activity, body composition, resting energy expenditure (evaluated using indirect calorimetry), liver enzymes, platelets, lipids and glucose profile, inflammatory markers (such as C-reactive protein, neutrophil/lymphocyte, platelet/lymphocyte, and monocyte/lymphocyte ratios), miRNA-122 and FGF-21 concentration, and incorporation of fatty acids into the erythrocyte membrane (analyzed using gas chromatography) as well as the degree of liver fibrosis and steatosis assessed using THE (Fibroscan® Touch 502, Paris, France) and liver biomarkers Steato-Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, Fatty Liver Index, NAFLD Fibrosis Score, Fibrosis-4 score, and FibroScan-AST score will be evaluated at the beginning and end of the treatment. Continuous variables with normal distribution will be compared between placebo and intervention groups using Student's T test for independent samples; continuous non-parametric variables will be compared using Dunn or Mann-Whitney test. Associations between categorical variables will be analyzed using the chi-square test, and within-group differences will be evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. The criterion for determining significance will be set at 5%. The present study protocol will investigate the supplementation of EPA-rich fish oil as an alternative treatment for NAFLD and its feasibility in affecting the concentration of miRNA-122 and FGF-21 markers. Its findings will offer valuable contributions to the literature. ReBEC number RBR-8dp876.

16S rRNA Sequencing Reveals the Antibacterial Effect of Omega-3 (Fish Oil) against Fibrolytic Bacteria, Altering Fermentation and Volatile Fatty Acids Profile In Vitro

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) constitute a significant lipid class with essential nutritional and health benefits for both animal and human health; however, their effect and interaction with the gut microbiota ecosystem are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of fish oil (FO) on ruminal fermentation and bacterial abundance under high- and low-forage diets. Thirty-six ruminal fluid samples were allocated into two experiments. The first was on high-forage diet and included three groups: the control (basal diet with 70% forage and 30% concentrate), group 2 (basal diet + 5 mL/L FO), and group 3 (basal diet + 10 mL/L). The second experiment was on low-forage diet: the control (basal diet with 30% forage and 70% concentrate), group 2 (basal diet + 5 mL/L FO), and group 3 (basal diet + 10 mL/L). The results showed that although FO supplementation did not affect the pH level among different diets, it significantly decreased methane under a high-forage diet. In addition, regarding the fatty acids profile, FO supplementation in high-forage diet significantly decreased fatty acids in both; however, under a low-forage diet, FO groups showed significantly higher fatty acid content than the control. However, FO supplementation increased the abundance of Anaerovibirio, Selenomonas, pseudobutyrivibrio, and butyrivibrio through a high-forage diet. In contrast, the abundance of Prevotella, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Saccharofermentans was depressed with FO supplementation. Whereas under low-forage diet, FO supplementation increased Ruminobacter, Anaerovibirio, Megasphaera, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Streptococcus, Butyrivibrio, unclassified_lachnospiraceae; it also decreased Prevotella and Rikenellaceae RC9 abundance similar to the high-forage diet. Based on the KEGG pathway results, FO supplementation significantly downregulated genes mainly related to folding, sorting and degradation, environmental adaptation, cell motility, transcription, membrane transport, and signal transduction. The results revealed that FO has a depressing effect on ruminal fermentation and some bacterial population; however, this negative effect can be minimized in high-concentrate diets.

The Effect of a Fish Oil and/or Probiotic Intervention from Early Pregnancy Onwards on Colostrum Immune Mediators: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial in Overweight/Obese Mothers.

Modifying the composition of colostrum by external factors may provide opportunities to improve the infant's health. Here, we evaluated how fish oil and/or probiotics supplementation modify concentrations of colostrum immune mediators and their associations with perinatal clinical factors on mothers with overweight/obesity. Pregnant women were randomized in a double-blind manner into four intervention groups, and the supplements were consumed daily from early pregnancy onwards. Colostrum samples were collected from 187 mothers, and 16 immune mediators were measured using bead-based immunoassays. Interventions modified colostrum composition; the fish oil+probiotics group had higher concentrations of IL-12p70 than probiotics+placebo and higher FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3L) than fish oil+placebo and probiotics+placebo (one-way analysis of variance, post-hoc Tukey's test). Although the fish oil+probiotics group had higher levels of IFNα2 compared to the fish oil+placebo group, these differences were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. Multivariate linear model revealed significant associations between several immune mediators and the perinatal use of medication. Fish oil/probiotics intervention exerted a minor effect on concentrations of colostrum immune mediators. However, medication during the perinatal period modulated the immune mediators. These changes in colostrum's composition may contribute to immune system development in the infant.

Effect of supplementing cellulase, carnitine and lemuru fish oil in feed on chemical composition of Muscovy duck meat

Muscovy duck in Indonesia has good potential to be developed as a meat producer, but currently its production and performance are still relatively low. additional feed is needed to increase it, such as cellulase enzymes, L-carnitine, and lemuru fish oil. where this combination, enzymes can increase nutrient digestibility, fish oil which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and L-carnitine as a metabolic facilitator needed to oxidize long chain fatty acids. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing cellulase, carnitine and fish oil in feed on performance, EPA and DHA composition of Muscovy duck meat. In total, 120 Muscovy ducks in grower period were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 6 ducks. The treatments consisted of T0 = basal ration, T1 = T0 supplemented with 0.1% cellulase, T2 = T1 supplemented with L-carnitine 40 ppm, and T3 = T2 supplemented with 4% lemuru fish oil. The dietary treatments were fed for 90 days. The results of study showed that the effects of supplementing fish oil and L-carnitine in rations containing cellulase enzyme have a significant value (P<0.01) on the performance (feed consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion and IOFC) of male Muscovy duck grower phase and have a significant value (P<0.01) on EPA and DHA level in Muscovy duck meat. The supplementation can decrease feed consumption, meanwhile it increase daily body weight gain, improve feed conversion ratio, increase IOFC value, EPA and DHA level.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are "essential" fatty acids mainly obtained from diet sources comprising plant oils, marine blue fish, and commercially available fish oil supplements. Many epidemiological and retrospective studies suggested that ω-3 PUFA consumption decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but results of early intervention trials have not consistently confirmed this effect. In recent years, some large-scale randomized controlled trials have shed new light on the potential role of ω-3 PUFAs, particularly high-dose EPA-only formulations, in cardiovascular prevention, making them an attractive tool for the treatment of "residual" cardiovascular risk. ω-3 PUFAs' beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes go far beyond the reduction in triglyceride levels and are thought to be mediated by their broadly documented "pleiotropic" actions, most of which are directed to vascular protection. A considerable number of clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs in the regulation of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. These effects occur mostly through regulation of the vascular tone that could be mediated by both endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the results of both experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on blood pressure, highlighting the mechanisms of their action on the vascular system and their possible impact on hypertension, hypertension-related vascular damage, and, ultimately, cardiovascular outcomes.

Comparative analysis of oxidized fish oil and coenzyme Q10 on the intestinal microecology of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides at different growth stages

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a powerful antioxidant that is gradually being used in aquafeeds. Here, we examined the influence of oxidized fish oil and CoQ10 supplementation on intestinal microbiota of Micropterus salmoides at different growth stages. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 100% fresh fish oil (FFO), 100% oxidized fish oil (OFO) and OFO + 0.1% CoQ10 (QFO) and were fed to Micropterus salmoides (95 ± 0.60 g) for 70 days. Furthermore, three different growth stages (28-day, 49-day, 70-day) were selected to observe the dynamic changes of intestinal microbiota. The growth performance of fish fed QFO were significantly higher than that of fish fed OFO after a 70-day’s feeding. Intestinal microbial community of Micropterus salmoides was significantly affected by different growth stages more than diets. The abundance of phylum Proteobacteria showed an increasing trend, while the abundance of Firmicutes decreased with increased feeding time. Compared with OFO, diet supplemented with CoQ10 significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes, and decreased Proteobacteria on the 28- and 70-day of feeding. When fish fed OFO and QFO, Simpson and Shannon indices significantly increased with increased feeding time from 28 to 70 days. Fish fed QFO significantly decreased the value of Bray-Curtis distance than those fed FFO on the 70-day of feeding. Moreover, Bray-Curtis distance showed an increased trend with increased feeding time. Notably, intestinal microbial functional prediction indicated that OFO suppressed amino acid metabolism, while long-term oral administration of CoQ10 could improve amino acid metabolism and detoxification of Micropterus salmoides. This study demonstrated that prolonged application of CoQ10 is needed to produce some beneficial effects to Micropterus salmoides.

Fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters reflects dietary fat intake after dietary interventions in a multinational population

BackgroundThe effects of different dietary fatty acids (FA) on cardiovascular risk still needs clarification. Plasma lipids composition may be a biomarker of FA dietary intake. PurposeTo evaluate in a composite population the relationships between changes in dietary fat intake and changes in FA levels in serum cholesterol esters. MethodsIn a multinational, parallel-design, dietary intervention (KANWU study), dietary intakes (3-day food record) and FA composition of serum cholesterol esters (gas-liquid chromatography) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months in 162 healthy individuals, randomly assigned to a diet containing a high proportion of saturated (SFA) or monounsaturated (MUFA) fat, with a second random assignment to fish oil or placebo supplements. ResultsMain differences in serum lipid composition after the two diets included saturated (especially myristic, C14:0, and pentadecanoic, C15:0) and monounsaturated (oleic acid, C18:1 n-9) FA. C14:0 and C15:0 were related to SFA intake, while C18:1 n-9 was associated with MUFA intake. Fish oil supplementation induced a marked increase in eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids. After the 3-month intervention, Δ-9 desaturase activity, calculated as palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid (C16:1/C16:0) ratio, was more reduced after the MUFA (0.31±0.10 vs 0.25±0.09, p<0.0001) than SFA diet (0.31±0.09 vs 0.29±0.08, p=0.006), with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0.0001). ConclusionsThis study shows that serum cholesterol ester FA composition can be used during randomized controlled trials as an objective indicator of adherence to experimental diets based on saturated and monounsaturated fat modifications, as well as fish oil supplementation.

Membrane Stabilization and Vascular Permeability as Mechanisms for the Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Action of Omega-3-poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid Oil Extract

Introduction: The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for omega-3 PUFAs’ biological effects are mediated by the production of pro-resolving mediators, which have been proposed to modulate and likely resolve inflammatory responses. The anti-inflammatory action of dietary omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in animal models has been studied using membrane stabilization and vascular permeability methods. This study is, therefore, focused on the long-term therapeutic safety and efficacy of fish oil supplements as a safer alternative to traditional NSAIDs. Also, whether these methods serve as mechanisms of antiinflammation has been confirmed further. Method: Animals were distributed in six groups of five each (n = 5). Group 1 was administered 300mg/ml omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) containing 180mg/ml EPA and 120mg/ml DHA; group 2 received 600mg/ml n-3 FA containing 360mg/ml EPA and 240mg/ml DHA; group 3 received 900mg/ml n-3 FA containing 540mg/ml EPA and 360mg/ml DHA; group 4 was administered 300mg/ml of the fish oil along with 20mg/ml celecoxib; group 5 was given 20mg/ml celecoxib that represented the positive control, and group 6 was administered 2 ml phosphate buffer saline alone, which served as the vehicle control group. Membrane stabilization of the rat’s red blood cells and aceticacid-induced vascular permeability were assayed. The percentage inhibition was determined. The analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat version 5 software and subjected to the Bonferroni test for the separation of means. Result: The results of membrane stabilization assays exhibited 30.59%, 27.70%, 49.63%, 55.41%, 57.28%, and 13.13% inhibitions, and vascular permeability inhibitions were found to be 80.05%, 53.27%, 74.31%, 86.33%, and 90.43%, respectively. The results provide scientific evidence for the use of dietary omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid as a food supplement capable of resolving inflammatory conditions without side effects produced by traditional NSAIDs. Conclusion: The restoration of altered membrane permeability and vasculature is a testament to the efficacy of omega-3 as an anti-inflammatory agent and indeed shows these methods as anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The bioactive components in omega-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in fish oil are capable of interrupting the prostaglandin metabolic pathway by competing with arachidonic acids for the COX active site, thereby inhibiting their synthesis.

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy attenuates sex-specific changes induced by perinatal maternal high-fat diet in mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle at weaning

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

The effects of fish oil supplementation on arterial stiffness and cognitive function in healthy adults: a pilot study

Introduction: Elevated aortic and carotid artery stiffness are associated with subclinical brain damage and cognitive impairment. Fish oil (FO) is a popular dietary supplement that lowers blood pressure and aortic stiffness. However, the hypothesis that FO supplementation reduces carotid artery stiffness and improves cognitive function in healthy adults requires further investigation. Our objective was to determine the effects of FO supplementation on arterial stiffness and cognitive function in healthy adults. We hypothesized that 6-weeks of FO supplementation would lower arterial stiffness and improve cognitive function. Methods: 25 healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arms intervention to investigate the effects of 6-week FO supplementation (4g/day) on vascular and cognitive function. Aortic stiffness was measured using applanation tonometry and quantified as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and beta-stiffness index (bstiff), and carotid artery stiffness was determined using ultrasonography. Cognitive function was assessed using NIH toolbox cognitive battery. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in treatment groups over time. Results: The mean (± SD) baseline age, body mass index, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure was 40.4 ± 20.6 years, 23.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2, 120.9 ± 14.7 mmHg, and 74.9 ± 12.4 mmHg in the fish oil group and 33.3 ± 14.5 years, 25.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2, 120.8 ± 6.4 mmHg, and 71.9 ± 7.8 mmHg in the placebo group, respectively. Compared to the national averages, our participants scored slightly above average (within one standard deviation) on all tests within the NIH cognitive battery. Within-group comparison revealed no differences in central or peripheral blood pressure, aortic or carotid stiffness, and cognitive function after fish oil supplementation (all p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Our preliminary data suggest that in healthy, cognitively normal adults, 6- weeks of FO supplementation does not impact indices of arterial stiffness or cognitive function. Further investigation with more participants and of longer duration is needed to confirm our findings regarding the effects of fish oil supplementation on carotid artery stiffness and cognitive function. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Choline and Fish Oil Can Improve Memory of Mice through Increasing Brain DHA Level.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly enriched in the brain, and is essential for normal brain development and function. However, evidence suggests that currently used supplements, such as fish oil, do not significantly increase brain DHA levels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether combined fish oil and choline supplementation could affect the type and enrich the content of DHA in the brain. The results revealed that the combined intake of fish oil and choline upregulated the expression of key transporters and receptors, including MFSD2A, FATP1, and FABP5, which increased the uptake of DHA in the brain. Additionally, this supplementation improved the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the brain, which, in turn, enhanced the learning and memory abilities of mice. These findings suggest that the combined intake of fish oil and choline improves the bioavailability of DHA in the brain.

Fish oil supplementation in diabetic nephropathy prevents: inflammatory and oxidative stress target

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of progressive kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. The major treatment strategy for the prevention and cure of diabetic nephropathy development and progression is based on the management of blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Fish oil is important for human health because of its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3. Inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways are potential targets of omega-3 fish oil for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Many studies have proven the activity of fish oil for both single and adjuvant therapy. However, not all experiments on animal models are effective in human research. This review provides thoughts on progress in research on a pre-clinical and clinical study of fish oil as a diabetic nephropathy therapy. According to a literature search, fish oil inhibits inflammation, specifically tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and nuclear factor-κB. Several markers have an influence on oxidative stress, including glutathione, superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde. Several investigations have shown that research findings in experimental animals are not always the same as those in clinical trials. The main findings of this review were to identify the main causes of oxidative stress and inflammation from the use of fish oil in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Different results were found in several animal experiments and clinical tests, but they should be considered when treating diabetes. In the future, things like where the oil comes from and how good the fish oil is must also be considered carefully.

Anti-inflammatory effect of combining fish oil and evening primrose oil supplementation on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled, 12-week supplementation trial, investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary intake of fish oil and evening primrose oil (EPO), in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were changes in the nutritional status and inflammatory cytokines of patients during the study. The secondary outcomes were changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile. Of the 32 eligible patients, half of them is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with fish oil and EPO (n = 16), or a control arm (n = 16) with mineral oil as a placebo. The intervention group was taking 2 gel capsules of fish oil and 3 gel capsules of EPO (400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid, and 351 mg gamma-linolenic acid) fish oil and evening primrose oil for 12 weeks, during their chemotherapy. The control/placebo group was taking 5 gel capsules of 1g of mineral oil. One of the patients dropped out due to discontinuation of the treatment (in the placebo group) and two did not show up at the post-treatment measurements (in the intervention group), thus, 29 women completed the study. The results showed an increase in plasma levels of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), total n-3PUFA, vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the intervention group. An increase in the plasma level of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) was observed in the placebo group. There was no difference in plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, while the level of IL-6 decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in the intervention group at the end of the study. In conclusion, this supplementation improved the PUFA status and decreased the level of IL-6 in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Consequently, this treatment may help reduce cancer complications resulting from impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03516253. Date of registration 04/05/2018.

Eating more sardines instead of fish oil supplementation: Beyond omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a matrix of nutrients with cardiovascular benefits.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) play a significant role in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases associated with a mild chronic pro-inflammatory background, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, and fatty liver disease. The effects of n-3 PUFA supplements specifically, remain controversial regarding reducing risks of cardiovascular events. n-3 PUFA supplements come at a cost for the consumer and can result in polypharmacy for patients on pharmacotherapy. Sardines are a well-known, inexpensive source of n-3 PUFA and their consumption could reduce the need for n-3 PUFA supplementation. Moreover, sardines contain other cardioprotective nutrients, although further insights are crucial to translate a recommendation for sardine consumption into clinical practice. The present review discusses the matrix of nutrients contained in sardines which confer health benefits for cardiometabolism, beyond n-3 PUFA. Sardines contain calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, taurine, arginine and other nutrients which together modulate mild inflammation and exacerbated oxidative stress observed in cardiovascular disease and in haemodynamic dysfunction. In a common serving of sardines, calcium, potassium, and magnesium are the minerals at higher amounts to elicit clinical benefits, whilst other nutrients are present in lower but valuable amounts. A pragmatic approach towards the consumption of such nutrients in the clinical scenario should be adopted to consider the dose-response relationship effects on physiological interactions. As most recommendations currently available are based on an indirect rationale of the physiological actions of the nutrients found in sardines, randomised clinical trials are warranted to expand the evidence on the benefits of sardine consumption.

Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oil supplementation, and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 440,750 participants.

Cohort studies report inconsistent associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) or fish oil and dementia risk. Furthermore, evidence relating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) with dementia is scarce. Here, we included 440,750 dementia-free participants from UK Biobank to comprehensively investigate the associations between plasma levels of different types of PUFA, fish oil supplementation, and dementia risk. During a median follow-up of 9.25years, 7768 incident dementia events occurred. Higher plasma levels of five PUFA measures showed consistent associations with lower dementia risk (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals] for per standard deviation increment of plasma concentrations 0.85 [0.81-0.89] for total PUFAs; 0.90 [0.86-0.95] for omega-3 PUFAs; 0.92 [0.87-0.96] for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); 0.86 [0.82-0.90] for omega-6 PUFAs; 0.86 [0.82-0.90] for linoleic acid (LA); all p < 0.001). Compared with non-users, fish oil supplement users had a 7% decreased risk of developing all-cause dementia (0.93 [0.89-0.97], p = 0.002), and the relationship was partially mediated by plasma n-3 PUFA levels (omega-3 PUFAs: proportion of mediation = 57.99%; DHA: proportion of mediation = 56.95%). Furthermore, we observed significant associations of plasma n-3 PUFA levels and fish oil supplementation with peripheral immune markers that were related to dementia risk, as well as the positive associations of plasma PUFA levels with brain gray matter volumes and white matter microstructural integrity, suggesting they may affect dementia risk by affecting peripheral immunity and brain structure. Taken together, higher plasma PUFA levels and fish oil supplementation were associated with lower risk of incident dementia. This study may support the value of interventions to target PUFAs (specifically n-3 PUFAs) to prevent dementia.

Az n-3 zsírsavak hatása nagy teljesítményű tenyészkocák fontosabb termelési és szaporodásbiológiai paramétereire

Összefoglalás. A kutatás célja olyan n-3 zsírsavakra alapozott takarmányozási módszer fejlesztése, ami javíthatja a nagy teljesítményű tenyészkocák termelési mutatóit, és ezáltal gazdaságosabbá teheti termelésüket. A kifejlesztett kiegészítő takarmányok hatásainak vizsgálata nagyüzemi körülmények között, több kísérletben, különböző dózisokban és eltérő időszakokban etetve történt. Az eredmények pontosabb értékelése céljából a hagyományos vizsgálatok mellett gyorsvizsgálati módszerek (pl. elektronikus orr) alkalmazására is sor került. A kísérletek eredményei alapján olyan etetési stratégia kidolgozása van folyamatban, amely hatékonyan képes kiegészíteni a magyarországi sertés késztakarmányok esszenciális zsírsavkészletét, és hosszú távon eredményesen javíthatja a tenyészkocák teljesítménymutatóit. Summary. The research aimed to develop a feeding strategy based on n-3 fatty acids, which can improve the production parameters of high-performance breeding sows and thereby make their production more economically advanced. To earn this, the effects of the developed supplementary feeds on the performance of sows and their piglets in several large-scale swine farm experiments, at different doses and periods were investigated. In the first trial, the effects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the performance parameters of sows and the fatty acid profile of sow milk were examined. Besides traditional fatty acid analysis, a novel electronic nose method was also used. The control group received 10 g of sunflower oil-based supplementation rich in n-6 fatty acids per kg feed. Experimental animals received the same amount of fish oil as an n-3 fatty acid source. The diets were corn- and soybean meal-based. Supplementation of fish oil reduced the wean to oestrus interval (non-significantly) in the trial group and decreased the number of sows having oestrus later than seven days after weaning. The treatments did not affect the performance of the subsequent farrow of sows. Supplementation of fish oil significantly increased the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3), in the milk (p &lt; 0.001). The chemical composition of milk was not affected by the treatments. The electronic nose could separate milk samples collected from control and trial groups based on their odour profile. In the second trial, the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the performance parameters of sows and their piglets were investigated in a special nutritional situation when α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3) was already high in the sows’ compound feeds. The control group received no supplementation during the trial, but experimental animals received 5 g of fish oil-based supplement instead of linseed meal-based supplementation. The diets were corn- and soybean, and linseed meal-based. Supplementation of fish oil during lactation reduced the weaning mortality of piglets in the trial groups (1st replication: p &lt; 0.00; 2nd replication: p &lt; 0.04). Wean to oestrus interval decreased significantly in the case of the trial group in the 1st replication (p &lt; 0.019) but was not changed in the 2nd. The rate of late oestrus, conception, and farrowing were apparently improved in the trial group in both replications compared to the control. The results of the subsequent farrow were also better in the trial group, where the number of live-born piglets increased in both replications compared to the recent farrow. Based on the results, a feeding strategy is being developed that can effectively supply Hungarian sow feeds with those n-3 fatty acids, which can improve the long-term performance parameters of breeding sows.

Fish Oil Supplementation Improves the Repeated-Bout Effect and Redox Balance in 20-30-Year-Old Men Submitted to Strength Training.

Herein, we investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation combined with a strength-training protocol, for 6 weeks, on muscle damage induced by a single bout of strength exercise in untrained young men. Sixteen men were divided into two groups, supplemented or not with fish oil, and they were evaluated at the pre-training period and post-training period. We investigated changes before and 0, 24, and 48 h after a single hypertrophic exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the redox imbalance were increased in response to the single-bout session of hypertrophic exercises at baseline (pre-training period) and decreased during the post-training period in the control group due to the repeated-bout effect (RBE). The fish oil supplementation exacerbated this reduction and improved the redox state. In summary, our findings demonstrate that, in untrained young men submitted to a strength-training protocol, fish oil supplementation is ideal for alleviating the muscle injury, inflammation, and redox imbalance induced by a single session of intense strength exercises, highlighting this supplementation as a beneficial strategy for young men that intend to engage in strength-training programs.