Fish Feed Ingredients Research Articles

Nutritional value and mineral content of seaweed from Binuangeun Beach, Indonesia and potential use as fish feed ingredient

Seaweed represents an important economical resource in Indonesia. They are potentially as good source of nutrient. Furthermore, they have the most nutritious and rich in mineral than any other feedstock. The levels of minerals are ten to twenty times from total mineral content of terrestrial plants. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the nutritional value and mineral content of several seaweeds namely Caulerpa, Palmaria and Ulva, in order to utilize as fish feed ingredient. Seaweeds were collected from Binuangeun Beach, Banten and south coast of Java Island. Carbohydrate by different (NFE) and ash contents were the most two abundant components. Seaweeds Caulerpa, Palmaria and Ulva contained 44.73%, 53.74%, 55.31% NFE; and 27.36%, 22.81%, 20.51% ash based on dry weight, respectively. These contained high amounts of Na, K, Ca, and Mg ranged 0.72-5.65 g 100g−1, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn ranged 2.09x10−4-0.09 g 100g−1. The quantity of the bio-essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu) followed as Fe>Zn>Cu. The iron content was rich in the sequence of Caulerpa>Palmaria>Ulva and its range was found to be 0.01-0.09 g 100 g−1 in dry weight. The result showed that Caulerpa, Palmaria and Ulva are valuable resource and potentially to be utilized as fish feed ingredient.

The Effects of Different Storage Temperatures and Durations on Peroxide Values of Fish Feed Ingredients

The growth of fish in intensive fish farming is carried out completely by the feeds supplied from externally. Different ingredients are used in feed production. The nutritional content of these ingredients is checked when purchased or brought to the factory. These ingredients are then stored until feed production. Storage duration and storage temperatures directly affect the freshness criteria of feed ingredient materials. Especially when high-energy ingredients with high levels of fat are stored in poor storage conditions, the fats in the ingredients are oxidized, therefore the peroxide number increases and the ingredient becomes bitter. Oxidation not only destroys the lipids in fish feeds but also vitamins. Slow growth, poor feed evaluation, color darkening, lethargy and deaths have been reported in fish fed with diets that are oxidized and inadequate in vitamin E. In this study, oxidation levels of fish feed ingredients were determined due to different storage conditions. Generally, the number of peroxides increased due to the increase in storage time and temperature, depending on the type of raw materials and oil content.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Screw-like Fish Pelletizer

Good and balanced meals are required for fish to stay healthy and the production of these meals requires some machines like pelletizer. This study therefore contributes to the improvement of existing models of this machine by designing, fabricating and evaluating the performance of a new pelletizer. After fabrication, 5 kg fish feed ingredients weight was processed for 2.5 minutes in the machine in quadruplicate. The average discharge efficiency, percentage loss due to residue ingredients and production rate for the machine are 92.25 %, 7.75 % and 110.7 kg/h, respectively. The results showed that an increase in drying days led to a corresponding increase in percentage moisture content removal with a similar reduction in the weight of the pelletized fish meal. This machine will be of great assistant to medium and small-scale aquaculture farmers, thereby reducing the need for foreign sources of fish feed in fish farming sector.

Fermented chicken feathers using Bacillus subtilis to improve the quality of nutrition as a fish feed material

Chicken feather meals constitutes 80-85% protein, the main component being betakeratin, a fibrous and insoluble structural protein extensively cross linked by disulfide bonds. The keratins can not be absorbed directly in the digestive system, therefore a processing technique is required to make it more absorbable. Processing technique can be fermentation by microorganism Bacillus subtilis to degrade keratin by secretion of keratinase. The aim of this study was to examine fermentation of chicken feather meal with B. subtilis to improve the quality of fish feed ingredients. The treatments were: no-fermented; fermentation of chicken feather meals: 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 ml inoculum fermentation using B. subtilis, respectively for chicken feather meal as much as 2 g. The results showed that the processing fermentation with 10 ml inoculum B. subtilis gives the best results in the highest keratinase activity (273.33 U/ml), increased the protein content of chicken feather meals (74.16 to 85.20%), but decreated of lipid content (2.44 to 1.42%) and carbohydrate content (7.86 to 2.05%) with a change in the physical properties of white -yellow (color), soft (texture), and less typical sting (smell).

The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value.

Two thirds of the world is covered by oceans, whose upper layer is inhabited by algae. This means that there is a large extension to obtain these photoautotrophic organisms. Algae have undergone a boom in recent years, with consequent discoveries and advances in this field. Algae are not only of high ecological value but also of great economic importance. Possible applications of algae are very diverse and include anti-biofilm activity, production of biofuels, bioremediation, as fertilizer, as fish feed, as food or food ingredients, in pharmacology (since they show antioxidant or contraceptive activities), in cosmeceutical formulation, and in such other applications as filters or for obtaining minerals. In this context, algae as food can be of help to maintain or even improve human health, and there is a growing interest in new products called functional foods, which can promote such a healthy state. Therefore, in this search, one of the main areas of research is the extraction and characterization of new natural ingredients with biological activity (e.g., prebiotic and antioxidant) that can contribute to consumers’ well-being. The present review shows the results of a bibliographic survey on the chemical composition of macroalgae, together with a critical discussion about their potential as natural sources of new functional ingredients.

Investigation on the effects of nitrate and salinity stress on the antioxidant properties of green algae with special reference to the use of processed biomass as potent fish feed ingredient

Antioxidant properties of four common green algal genera viz. Cladophora glomerata, Chaetomorpha aerea, Rhizoclonium crassipellitum, and Pithophora cleveana collected from Sunderban areas of Eastern India were tested in controlled and nutrient stress conditions. Experimental algae were exposed to growth media with variations in nitrate and NaCl salt concentrations from 0 to 1500 ppm level for a period of 21 days. A dose-dependent upregulation in total phenols, flavonoids, pigment, and antioxidant property in relation to % DPPH activity and % ferrous ion chelating activity was observed. Maximum phenol content was observed for algal biomass exposed to 1500 ppm nitrate stress conditions (52.55 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW-16.48 ± 0.041 mg GAE/g DW) with Rhizoclonium showing the maximum contents. In the case of total flavonoid content, maximum upregulation was noted in the hypersaline conditions and Pithophora showed the highest contents amongst all (71.8 ± 0.21 mg QE/g DW). The highest carotenoid contents were observed in 750 ppm stress condition. Optimally stressed algal biomass having maximum carotenoid levels and high antioxidant levels were selected as fish feed ingredients, based on dose- and time-dependent two-way Anova and Tukeys test (750 ppm nitrate, 7 days). The processed biomass was included as fish feed ingredient to study the nutritive effects on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Algal feed (AF) was prepared from algal biomass only, which was further mixed with the commercial feed (CF) in varying proportions to formulate three different types of value-added feed (VAF). The experimental feed (25% VAF, 50% VAF, 75%VAF and AF) were tested against commercial feed (control) for 30 days in artificially aerated static aquaria system. The feed type formulated as 50% VAF was found to be most effective in terms of skin pigmentation, growth, and antioxidant activities of experimental fishes showing almost (1.44–4-folds increase) compared to the control setup. Statistically significant results were obtained regarding nutritive properties of experimental feed and fishes using PCA and Tukeys test respectively. Body weight gain and specific growth rate also changed significantly in experimental fishes.

Recent trends in fish feed ingredients – mini review

Fish farming is commonly described as being extensive, semi-intensive or intensive. The continuous growing of aquaculture sector (around 8 % per year) led systems to be more and more intensive. In intensive farming, the fish are kept at high stocking density, that’s why the fish are dependent on the feed provided. Last decades aquaculture became more and more effective, but it has not been without concern for natural resource use, environmental impact and social judgement. Increasing fishmeal (FM) cost, irregular supply, decreasing availability, and poor quality of FM have put forward highlighting on its partial or complete substitution with other alternative protein sources. The fish feed industry has to be very responsible about to use FM alternatives. Scientists have to share on this burden to achieve sustainable, cost-effective aims. Indicators of sustainability in aquaculture could be energy efficiency, use of water, nutrient utilisation efficiency and production costs. The climate change is also affecting the sector, such as the predicted changes in ocean circulation pattern might also have a negative influence on the reliability of small pelagic stocks that being utilized for FM production or the appearance of mycotoxins on terrestrial plants, what could be possible alternative ingredients. The increase of the amount of non-marine ingredients in feeds is the result of years of investment and research in feed formulation to provide the nutrients the fish need to growth and remain healthy. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in reducing levels of FM in commercial feeds for farmed fish. Common obstacles associated with consumption of plant-based protein diets, because many times we face the facts with amino acid imbalances and deficiencies, high levels of indigestible carbohydrates present in certain grain products, and varying antinutritive factors (ANFs) that negatively affect fish growth and health. In this study the recent trends in alternative fish feed ingredients had been reviewed shortly. In conclusion, complete replacement of fishmeal in fish feeds is more difficult and will require further research efforts to achieve the expected goals, but there are many auspicious alternatives.

Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe

Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.

Palm Kernel Meal as a Fish-feed Ingredient for Milkfish (Chanos chanos, Forskall 1755): Effect on Growth and Gut Health

Palm Kernel Meal as a Fish-feed Ingredient for Milkfish (Chanos chanos, Forskall 1755): Effect on Growth and Gut Health

Species-Specific Discrimination of Insect Meals for Aquafeeds by Direct Comparison of Tandem Mass Spectra.

Simple SummaryAquaculture is amongst the most efficient ways to produce animal protein for human consumption, and this sector is expected to continue to grow worldwide. Inclusion of novel protein sources, like insect meal, may help to mitigate the expected scarcities of feed resources and reduce environmental pressure. However, considered as processed animal protein (PAP), insect meal must comply with the respective legal constraints associated with PAP legislation to guarantee its safety for use as fish feed ingredients. Therefore, there is a need for the development of methods to identify and quantify the species origin of insect-based ingredients in aquafeed. In this study, we propose high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and differentiation of 18 different insect meal samples from the species Hermetia illucens (8), Tenebrio molitor (5), Alphitobius diaperinus (3) and Acheta domesticus (2). Using high throughput proteomics tools in combination with direct spectral comparison, we were able to differentiate the insect meal samples according to the taxonomic classification of the insect species. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful tool for the species-specific discrimination of insect meals for feed formulations.Insect protein has the potential to become a sustainable feed ingredient for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. In the European Union, insect derived protein is placed under the same legislation as processed animal proteins (PAP). It is therefore of interest to develop methods for regulatory use, which unambiguously identify the species origin of insect-based ingredients. We performed (i) total protein quantification of insect samples using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25 and the sum of anhydrous amino acids, (ii) quantitative amino acid profiling and (iii) high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry to describe and differentiate 18 different commercial-grade insect meal samples derived from Hermetia illucens (8), Tenebrio molitor (5), Alphitobius diaperinus (3) and Acheta domesticus (2). In addition, we investigated and compared different protein extraction and digestion protocols for proteomic analysis. We found that irrespective of sample preparation, shotgun proteomics in combination with direct spectral comparison were able to differentiate insect meal according to their taxonomic classification. The insect specific spectral libraries created in the present work can in future be used to develop more sensitive targeted methods of insect PAP identification and quantification in commercial feed mixtures.

Determination of the Proximate Composition of Available Fish Feed Ingredients in Bangladesh

Determination of the Proximate Composition of Available Fish Feed Ingredients in Bangladesh

Proximate Composition of Some Common Alternative Flour as Fish Feed Ingredient

Indonesia has very large territorial water, so it supports the development of the economy in the field of fisheries, one of which is through aquaculture. Recently fish meal has become the most expensive protein ingredient in aquaculture feeds. We aim to proximately analysis of some common alternative flour as fish feed ingredient i.e. fish flour, shrimp head flour, soybean flour, and bran flour to get best-recommended flour for type cultured fish. Fish flour, shrimp head flour, soybean flour, and bran flour was purchased from the fish farmer in Malang who use alternative fish feed flour for their aquaculture. Proximate analysis carried out by protein content, Moisture content, Fat and Fiber. Proximate analysis was conducted in the Fishery Products Engineering laboratory, Brawijaya University on April 2018. The results showed that shrimp head flour had higher protein content than others flour that is about 48.71%, fat and carbohydrate content about 7.99%, and 18.34% respectively. Soybean flour contains protein, fat and carbohydrate about 31.29%, 20.75%, and 30.45% respectively. Carnivorous fish culture can use high protein flour as an alternative ingredient for feed such as fish flour and shrimp head flour; balance proximate composition for omnivorous fish cultures such as soy flour and high carbo flour such as bran flour for herbivorous fish culture. Keywords: Bran flour , Shrimp head flour, Soybean flour, Proximate analysis.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR FISH FEED FORMULATION OF MYSTUS NEMURUS SP. CATFISH: OPTIMIZING GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENTS

This study integrates mathematical model in the plan of producing a fish feed formulation by reducing the total cost without neglecting the nutrient requirements. This study focuses on producing the perfect combination of fish feed for Mystus nemurus sp. catfish in different stages of life. The mathematical model developed will consider their required nutrients in each stage, the cost of each ingredient and the amount of nutrients to be consumed (nutrient composition of fish feed ingredients). This research employs AIMMS mathematical software to assist with the computation. The results from this study obtain a much better combination of different ingredients compared to available commercial pellets in terms of nutrient composition and production cost. The combinations yield much cheaper costs yet boosts up the nutrient consumptions, which is an eye-opener for independent local fish farmers. Thorough discussion on utilizing the results with future research directions will also be included.

Factors influencing risk assessments of brominated flame-retardants; evidence based on seafood from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are considered hazardous to human health. Due to their persistence, they are still present in the environment and in biota and seafood is major contributor of BFRs to human exposure. Here, we used data from >9700 samples of wild and farmed fish, fish feed and fish feed ingredients collected from the North Atlantic between 2006 and 2016 aiming to investigate factors influencing the risk assessments of BFRs.Due to most representative number of analyses, PBDEs were the main focus of investigation. Mean ∑PBDE in fillet samples ranged from below quantification in Atlantic cod fillet to 2.0 μg kg−1 in Atlantic halibut. The main congener contributing to the ∑PBDE in all species was BDE 47. Factors affecting the level of BFR in seafood were multifaceted, and the levels were within species mainly determined by fish age, geographical origin and time of sampling. BDE 47, 99, 153 and HBCD were selected for margin of exposure (MOE) evaluation. When other sources of BFR than seafood were excluded, our risk assessment showed low risk at the current dietary intake of seafood. However, the dietary intake of BDE 99 may be of concern for toddlers when all sources are considered. The choice of fish species, dietary studies, choice of statistics, as well as exposure from other sources than seafood, were all factors that influenced the final MOE of BFRs. We propose the use of regression on order statistics as a tool for risk assessment, to illustrate means and spreads in large surveillance datasets to avoid the issue of measurements below the limit of quantification. A harmonized, updated evaluation of the risk associated with exposure to BFRs from diet, air and dust is warranted, where the fish species most commonly consumed also is taken into consideration.

Brewer’s spent grains (BSGs) as feedstuff for striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings: An approach to transform waste into wealth

The surging demand for conventional fish feed ingredients resulted in rising cost of fish feed, which is considered as a limiting factor for the expansion of aquaculture industry. There is need of alternative protein sources, especially those are by-products, and not suitable for human consumption and having the environmental concern of their safe disposal such as brewer’s spent grains (BSG). An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of substitution of soybean meal with brewer’s spent grains on growth, survival, nutrient utilization efficiency in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings. Five iso-nitrogenous (365 g protein. kg−1 diet) and iso-caloric (20.44 MJ kg−1) experimental diets were formulated with different graded level of brewer’s spent grains like 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% in replacement for soybean meal and designated as control, T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively. The BSG contributed 0%, 24.26%, 47.10%, 69.51 and 91.26% of the total protein in the diets. Each diet was randomly assigned to 15 experimental tanks containing 20 fish in triplicates and fed to satiation twice daily at 09:00 h and 17:00 h. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain percentage (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) parameters were found significantly (p < 0.5) higher at 50% brewery waste level but also found non-significant with control and 25% brewery waste level fed group. Fat retention, body indices, and survival rate were found non-significant (p > 0.5) among different dietary treatments. Significantly higher moisture content (p < 0.5) was recorded in fish fed with 0% dietary BSG group (control). Maximum crude protein content was found to be significantly higher (p > 0.05) in fish fed with 50% BSG level compared to the other BSG fed groups. Total ash and ether extract content did not change within treatment groups. Overall, this study suggests that brewer’s spent grains can serve as an alternate protein source with 50% level substitution of soybean meal without any adverse effect on growth, nutrient utilization and feed conversion. The finding could help in reducing the environmental concern of disposal of an agro-industrial waste by transforming a waste in the feed for commercially important fish species of aquaculture.

The effect of adding coconut pulp resulting from Aspergillus oryzae fermentation in commercial feed on the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract. Elyana P, Pangastuti A, Nugraheni ER. 2018. The effect of adding coconut pulp resulting from Aspergillus oryzae fermentation in commercial feed on the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Cell Biol Dev 2: 33-42. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) is one type of fish with the potential as an animal protein source. Quality feed, particularly feed containing basic protein nutrients, is required to increase fishery product production. Coconut pulp is one type of household waste with a relatively high nutritional content, particularly protein, and the potential to be processed into fish feed ingredients. Coconut pulp is initially processed through a fermentation process with Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlb.) Cohn, which is expected to increase protein digestibility. This study aims to determine the effect of adding fermented coconut pulp as a mixture in feed on the protein content and growth of Nile tilapia. This study used an experimental method called Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This study lasted 60 days and included four treatments containing fermented coconut pulp and commercial pellets. The composition of each treatment I, II, III, and IV was 75%:25%; 50%:50%; 25%:75%; and 0%:100%. Each treatment was replicated three times. Data analysis revealed that adding 75% fermented coconut pulp to the feed increased the water, fat, and crude fiber content by 25.72%, 20.36%, and 10.56%, respectively. In addition, the growth of Nile tilapia increased after they were fed fermented coconut pulp. The concentration of adding coconut pulp to the optimal feed for Nile tilapia growth and protein content was 25%. However, it is necessary to improve the nutritional composition of the feed to increase growth and meat protein.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Accumulation in Farmed Salmon Evaluated Using a Dynamic Sea-Cage Production Model.

Food is an important source of human exposure to hazardous chemicals. Chemical concentration in a food item depends on local environmental contamination, production conditions, and, for animal-derived foods, on feed. Here, we investigate these influences on the accumulation of individual polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs) in farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). We develop a dynamic model over a full sea-cage salmon production cycle. To assess the influence of metabolic debromination on PBDE congener profiles, in vitro measurements of debromination rates in fish liver cells were extrapolated to whole-body metabolic rate constants. Model results indicate that the dominant factors governing PBDE concentration in Atlantic salmon fillet are uptake via contaminated feed and fish growth, whereas the influence of metabolic debromination is minor. PBDE concentrations in fish feed depend on several factors, including the geographic origin of fish feed ingredients, which are produced and traded globally. Human exposure to PBDE via salmon consumption is less influenced by environmental concentrations at the location of salmon farming than by environmental concentrations influencing feed components. This dependence of PBDE concentrations in salmon on the origin and composition of feed reveals the complexity of predicting contaminant concentrations in globally traded food.

KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG AMPAS KELAPA SEBAGAI CAMPURAN PAKAN UNTUK IKAN LELE DUMBO, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Coconut waste is one of the industrial waste or household waste that potentially can be mixed in feed, because it contains of 5,7% protein, 16,3% fat, 38,1% carbohydrate, 31,6% rough fiber, 5,5% water, and 2,6% ash. The aim of this study was to learn the effectivity of adding shredded coconut waste as fish feed ingredients for dumbo catfish fry. This research was carried out in 60 days in Aquaculture laboratorium, Fisheries and Marine, Agriculture Faculty, University of Lampung. This research used completety randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. Treatment A (0% of coconut waste flour), treatment B (10% of coconut waste flour), treatment C (20% of coconut waste flour), and treatment D (30% of coconut waste flour). The parameters in this research were growth rate, daily growth rate, and feed conversion ration and protein retention and water quality. The result showed that the use of coconut waste flour in feed gave no effect to the growth rate, daily growth rate, and feed conversion ratio for the dumbo catfish.

Aflatoxin levels in selected fish feedstuffs and fish feeds sold Inoko Oba Area of Lagos State, Nigeria

This study determined the level of aflatoxin contamination in some fish feeds and fish feed ingredients sold in Lagos. Nigeria. Sixty-two (62) samples: fish feed (12), fishmeal (10), groundnut cake (10), soybeans meal (10), wheat offal (10) and crushed maize (10) were randomly purchased from an agro feeds market inOko oba area of Lagos. Aflatoxin analysis was carried out using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method-RIDASCREEN FAST Aflatoxin Total. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in approximately 50% of the fish feeds, while 70 – 100% of the feedstuffs were highly contaminated. The aflatoxin concentrations in the samples ranged from 1.85 - > 45μg/Kg. There were no significant difference (p 0.05) ranging from 1.86 to 2.44%. Most of the feedstuffs were highly contaminated. There is therefore a need to create more awareness among stakeholders in the aquaculture industry on the need to source for good quality feedstuffs and the inherent dangers in the use of aflatoxin-contaminated fish feeds and feedstuffs. Keywords: Aquaculture, feed safety, fungi, contamination

The use of macro- and microalgae as functional ingredients in diets for meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso 1801)

The use of macro- and microalgae as functional ingredients in diets for meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso 1801)