Fireproof Coating Research Articles

Multi-scale ceramic self-extinguishing fire retardant coating based on scale armor layer

Currently, designing an efficient and broadly applicable (suitable for foams, wood, steel, plastic) fire-retardant coating remains a significant challenge. This work introduces a multi-scale micro-nanostructured hybrid fireproof coating. The composite features basic fillers that include ceramic glass microspheres, while its interior comprises an inorganic aerogel made from nano black phosphorus and silicon dioxide nanofibers for reinforcement, with a phosphorus-containing acrylic polymer serving as the base. Upon exposure to elevated temperatures, the coating’s surface transforms into a solid char layer resembling scale armor, effectively functioning as a robust fire barrier to protect the underlying substrate. The coating treated rigid polyurethane foam achieved an exceptionally high Limiting Oxygen Index of 45 %, outperforming comparable products. In terms of flame retardancy and smoke suppression, this innovative coating significantly reduces Peak Heat Release Rate (50.3 %) and Total Smoke Production (54.9 %). Notably, it exhibits rapid self-extinguishing capabilities within seconds during butane flame tests at temperatures exceeding 1100 °C, demonstrating remarkable resistance to high-temperature flames. This research offers a straightforward methodology for developing high-performance fireproof coatings, with promising applications across various industrial settings.

Effects of silica aerogel particles on performance of the coatings for new energy vehicle battery packs

In order to reach the fire protection standard for new energy vehicle battery packs, the incorporation of SiO2 aerogel particles as a functional filler in the nitrogen and phosphorus fire-retardant system is necessary due to the inadequate mechanical properties. The effects of SiO2 aerogel on the properties of the coatings for the electric car battery pack were investigated by fire protection test, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index, UL-94 vertical test, combustion test, mechanical properties test, and weathering resistance test. The backside temperature fireproof coatings containing 1.5% SiO2 aerogel was effectively reduced to 250.2 ± 0.1 °C and the residual weight of the coating reached 32.61 ± 0.01%. The composition and structure of the carbon layer were analyzed further. Especially, the weight loss percentage of the fireproof coating is only 5.87 ± 0.02% in the water resistance test. However, excessive SiO2 aerogel decreased the performances of fireproof coatings.

Effects of biomaterial on the properties of waterborne intumescent fireproof coatings

AbstractSilk fibroin was used to enhance the properties of the fireproof coating, ensuring the safe evacuation of occupants in a fire accident. The effects of biomaterial on the properties of the coatings were investigated by fire protection test, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index, vertical flame test, water resistance test, and mechanical properties test. The carbon layers were characterized after the fire protection test by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition. The results show that the coating with 6% SF demonstrated the best fire protection, thermal stability, and water resistance. The temperature on the backside is only 255.9°C, and the residual weight is 37.52%. However, the coating with 4% SF exhibits good mechanical properties.

Improved flame resistance and thermal insulation properties of steel fireproof coatings based on polyvinyl alcohol @ expandable graphite

Intumescent fireproof coating (IFC) can effectively slow down the temperature rise of base materials by constructing intumescent heat isolation chars. Expandable graphite (EG), combined with a typical intumescent flame-retardant system, shows an excellent expansion effect. However, it is difficult to be evenly dispersed in the coating system due to its low surface energy, thus limiting its application in IFC. In this research, EG encapsulated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film was used in combination with conventional intumescent flame retardants to prepare a fireproof coating. Due to the increased hydrophilicity caused by the hydroxy groups of the PVA, both the dispersion and adhesion of EG can be greatly improved in the coating. Additionally, PVA also plays the role of a charring agent to further upgrade the quality of the produced carbon layer. The prepared IFC displays a satisfying synergistic effect. The experimental results showed that the back-surface temperature of the steel plate coated by PVA@EG was reduced to 232 °C after 20 min, far lower than the 250 °C of the unmodified EG system, and the thermal insulation performance was enhanced significantly. Compared with the untreated EG coating, the HRR, THR, and TSR decreased by 79.5 %, 86.0 % and 24.8 %, respectively, and combustion and smoke suppression performance were improved greatly. All in all, PVA@EG endows the coating with superior flame-retardant and thermal insulation performance and greatly improves the safety of steel structures in buildings.

Effect of AlTaO4/APP synergistic action on fire-retardancy and smoke-release of epoxy resin composite coatings

A brand-new fireproof coating (EP1-EP5) was prepared by co-mingling. Here, fire test results show EP5 coating on Q235 steel has a significant cooling gradient (∼843 °C) derived from the synergistic effect of AlTaO4 and APP (ammonium polyphosphate). Compared with epoxy resin, the EP5 coating substantially reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak smoke production rate (PSPR) by 85.9 % and 85.1 %, respectively. Furthermore, the combustion dramatically lowered CO and CO2 emissions by 80.6 % and 76.5 %, respectively. This study supports the notion that combining AlTaO4 and APP helps develop a dense, stable, and continuous char layer, which effectively retards the burning rate of epoxy, thereby reducing fire risk. Additionally, the reaction products (Al2O3 and AlPO4) of AlTaO4 and APP as an enhancement phase improve the oxidization resistance of the char layer in the high-temperature process. Hence, the combined influence of AlTaO4 and APP favors the flame retardant and smoke inhibition capabilities of fireproof coatings. This finding presents a straightforward and efficient approach to advancing the development of fireproof coatings.

Теплофизические характеристики стали и огнезащитных покрытий при нормированных температурных режимах пожара

PURPOSE. The article is devoted to the experimental study of thermophysical characteristics of steel on an experimental model – a metal plate of 600×600×5 mm, and to determining effective thermophysical characteristics of a fireproof coating made of a two-component epoxy composition under standardized temperature conditions. METHODS. In this work the finite element method implemented in the Ansys Mechanical software complex was applied for numerical thermotechnical calculation. The inverse heat conduction problem method was also applied for determining thermophysical characteristics of fireproof coatings. FINDINGS. As a result of the study the temperature fields were obtained in the cross section of steel structures with a fireproof coating under various fire temperature conditions. The conducted analysis showed that the discrepancies between numerical modeling and experimental data were satisfactory. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results obtained can be applied for designing passive fire protection systems for building structures at construction facilities. As a result of the calculations, a number of values of fire resistance limits of structures with a fireproof coating from a two-component epoxy composition were obtained, taking into account the influence of standardized temperature fire regimes. All these data are put down in the tables of structures fire resistance ratings for three critical temperatures values based on which the corresponding nomograms were built. CONCLUSIONS. The study confirms the effectiveness of epoxy-based fireproof coatings to improve fire resistance of steel structures. Thermotechnical calculation and experimental modeling make it possible to determine the effectiveness of fireproof materials and justify their application in buildings and structures designed in accordance with standardized temperature fire modes requirements.

Fire Resistance Test and Numerical Simulation on the Tube Structure of Steel–Concrete–Steel Immersed Tube Tunnel

To provide references for the fire prevention design of steel–concrete–steel immersed tube tunnels, four types of test conditions—no fire protection, fireproof coating insulation, single-layer seam fireproof boards, and double-layer seam fireproof boards—were carried out using partial full-size structural test members. Additionally, the thermal insulation effects of various fireproofing technology solutions were contrasted and analyzed. Combined with the numerical simulation analysis, the temperature distribution law inside the tube structure under various fireproofing measures and the temperature rise law of measuring points at different depths were studied, and the protective effect of the fireproof layers on the tube structure under high fire temperature was demonstrated. The results of the numerical simulation and the experimental data agree well. The results show that adding fireproof layers can significantly lower both the steel shell’s surface temperature and the depth of fire impact. Without fire protection, the surface temperature of the bottom steel shell exceeds 300 °C at 69 s, and the member bursts. The fireproof coatings are cracked and flaking and cannot meet the fire resistance limits. Both single-seam and double-seam schemes of calcium silicate boards can meet the fire resistance limit requirements and the latter has a better heat insulation effect.

CFD-Based Fire Risk Assessment and Control at the Historic Dong Wind and Rain Bridges in the Western Hunan Region: The Case of Huilong Bridge

The Dong wind and rain bridges in western Hunan are among the most extraordinary historical buildings that express the unique culture of the Dong people, and are an unparalleled display of history, culture, aesthetics and architectural skills, but they are exposed to various disasters. However, fire poses a serious challenge to historical wind and rain bridges. This study investigated the fire risk of wind and rain bridges in terms of building materials, structural forms, fire habits, and fire loads. Fire dynamics simulator software and SketchUp modeling software were used to visualize and numerically simulate fire conditions. The survey results indicated that the fire load of the Huilong bridge was 1,794,561 MJ. After a fire, the central pavilion underwent a flashover at 200 s. By 600 s, the maximum temperature of the bridge was 1200 °C, and the entire bridge was in flashover condition. Furthermore, targeted fire-mitigation strategies were proposed according to the architectural characteristics and cultural environment of the wind and rain bridges in terms of the following four components: automatic fire-extinguishing equipment, fireproof coatings, suspended ceiling, and skylights. The effectiveness of the fire-resistance performance of the strategies was also evaluated. The fireproof coating measures were the most effective, and the bridge sections delayed reaching the flashover state by 40–80 s. The reported results can help reduce the fire-related risks of wind and rain bridges and protect our historical heritage more effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, this study can serve as a reference for other historic wooden structures to develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

Fire resistance of post-earthquake steel beams insulated with a novel fire-resistive coating- FR-ECC

Cementitious fire-resistive materials (CFRM) of steel structures, though widely used, feature several notable disadvantages, such as low mechanical properties, susceptible to crack and delamination from the steel substrate, which reduces the resilience of steel structures. A novel ultra-high ductility fire-resistive engineered cementitious composites (FR-ECC) was developed to address those advantages. The fire resistance of post-earthquake steel beams insulated with FR-ECC was investigated. Eight steel beams with the protection of CFRM, FR-ECC and FR-ECC matrix (without fiber) were designed, among which five beams were pre-damaged by reversed cyclic loading. The damage of fireproof coatings and the hysteretic behavior of steel beams after cyclic loading were evaluated before fire exposure. The vertical displacement, the temperature distribution of steel beams and the damage of fireproof coatings under fire exposure were obtained. The FR-ECC demonstrated milder damage than those of FR-ECC matrix and CFRM after cyclic loading. The fire-resistance test results further revealed a more excellent fire-protection performance of FR-ECC as a novel fireproof material. The advantages of the newly developed fireproof coating FR-ECC have been experimentally proved, which laid the foundation for its future application.

Development of ultra-high ductility engineered cementitious composites as a novel and resilient fireproof coating

Fireproof coatings are essential for the fire safety of steel structures. A major disadvantage of conventional cementitious fire-resistive material (CFRM) is the susceptibility to crack or delamination from the steel substrate under the combination of fire and loading due to its brittleness. Unlike brittle CFRM, ultra-high ductility engineered cementitious composites (ECC) holds promise to increase the cohesion between coating and steel substrate. The objective of this research is to develop a lightweight ECC as a novel and resilient fire-resistive engineered cementitious composites (FR-ECC). The tensile and compressive properties, dry density, bonding strength, and thermal conductivity of FR-ECC were systematically investigated. The cohesive performance between FR-ECC and steel substrate was determined by reversed flexural tests. The FR-ECC specimens exhibit robust strain-hardening performance in tension as well as large deformation capacity in compression due to the fiber-bridging effect. FR-ECC demonstrates lower bond strength but superior integrity with steel substrate compared to those of CFRM. The successful development of FR-ECC lays the groundwork for its future application in protecting the steel structures under fire.

Influence Factors and Prediction Model of Bond Strength of Tunnel Fireproof Coating under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

The freeze–thaw resistant performance of a tunnel fireproof coating (TFC) has an important impact on bonding property and durability. The influence of redispersible emulsion powder, polypropylene fiber and air-entraining agent on TFCs was studied. Transverse fundamental frequency and ultrasonic sound velocity were used to evaluate the damage degree of TFC, and the mechanism was revealed by SEM and pore structure. The results show that the most beneficial effect on bond strength of TFC is redispersible emulsion powder, followed by air-entraining agent, and then polypropylene fiber. After freeze–thaw cycles, the cumulative pore volume of micropores in the TFC increases obviously, while the porosity of macropores does not change significantly. A prediction model was proposed, which can calculate the bond strength from the damage degree of TFC under freeze–thaw cycles. The achievement can promote the application of TFC in cold regions.

Experimental Investigation on the Fire Resistance of Glued-In Rod Timber Joints with Heat Resistant Modified Epoxy Resin.

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the fire resistance of glued-in rod timber joints using epoxy resin, with and without modification. A heat-resistant modified resin was designed by adding inorganic additives into the epoxy resin, aiming to improve the heat resistance. Joints that were made using the modified epoxy resin at room temperature showed a bearing capacity comparable to those with commercial epoxy resin. Twenty-one joint specimens with the modified epoxy resin and six with a commercial epoxy resin were tested in a fire furnace to evaluate the fire resistance. The main failure mode was the pull-out of the rod, which is typical in fire tests of this type of joints. As to the effects of the test parameters, this study considered the effects of adhesive types, sectional sizes, stress levels, and fireproof coatings. The test results showed that the fire resistance period of a joint can be evidently improved by modifying the resin and using the fireproof coating, as the improvements reached 73% and 35%, respectively, compared with the joint specimens with commercial epoxy resin. It was also found that, for all specimens, the fire resistance period decreased with an increase in the stress level and increased with an increase in the sectional sizes.

Quality control of fireproof coatings for reinforced concrete structures

The article analyzes methods of quality inspection of fireproof coatings (work flow, measuring, laboratory, etc.). In modern construction there is a problem of lack of distinct monitoring for the fire protection testing. There is a description of this testing for reinforced concrete structures. The article shows the results of calculation quality control of hatches as an example of fireproof coating for reinforced concrete structures.

Preparation and Properties of Water-Based Ultra-Thin Fireproof Coating for Steel Structures

The water-based ultra-thin fireproof coating for steel structures was prepared by using polyvinyl acetate emulsion as binder, using flame retardant composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) , pentaerythritol (PTH) and melamine (MEL) as basic flame retardant system, using titanium dioxide as inorganic filler, then use expandable graphite (EG) to improve the thickness and compactness of char layer. The experimental results show that the coating has the best properties when the content of polyvinyl acetate emulsion is 32 % and the flame retardant is 38 % by mass, furthermore if added 4 % EG, the properties of coating would be better.

Experimental Research on Fireproofing Measure of Slabs Strengthened by Carbon Fiber Sheet Bonded with Inorganic Adhesive

Because of high temperature above 1000°C on fire, and Oxidation of carbon fiber at high temperature, fireproofing measure should be make to take advantage of inorganic adhesive for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive. The problem of which fireproofing material should be choose and how to make fireproofing measure needs to resolve. Fireproofing test is make for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive protected by Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for steel structure (TFCSS) and Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for tunnel (TFCT). Typical damage state of the two typical coating is compared during and after fire, Temperature field of slab specimen is analyzed, and fireproofing effect is compared. The test results indicate that, steel wire mesh in the middle of coating layer can prevent coating from falling fully, so steel wire mesh is necessary for fireproofing coat which is not too thick. under the protection of fireproof coating with proper construction, TFCT and TFCSS can supply effective fireproofing protection for carbon fiber sheet, but the former is inferior to the latter because the latter is easier to drop and crack in fire. So, TFCT with steel wire mesh can supply the most effective protection for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive.

Analysis on Fire-Resistance Performance of Beams Strengthened by Carbon Fiber Sheet Bonded with Inorganic Adhesive

Fire-resistance performance of beams can be improved if the beam strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive instead of organic epoxy adhesive with low softening temperature. However, Fire-resistance performance of the strengthened beams is not understood fully. Considering this issue, finite element analysis is done. Stating from building valid model of finite element, computing results are compared with experimental results, and rationality of the model is verified. Then plenty of parameter analysis is done. Effect of some parameters, such as Range of carrying capacity increase by sheet, reinforcement ratio, load ratio to carrying capacity and width of section, on fire-resistance performance of the strengthened beams is analysis. The results demonstrates that reinforcement ratio and load ratio to carrying capacity is the main factors influencing fire-resistance performance of the beam strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive, While, range of carrying capacity increase by sheet and width of section have little influence on it. Beams, strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive, and protected by Thick-typed Fireproof Coating, perform good fire behavior.

Experimental Research on Fireproofing Measure of Beams Strengthened by Carbon Fiber Sheet Bonded with Inorganic Adhesive

Because of high temperature above 1000°C on fire, and Oxidation of carbon fiber at high temperature, fireproofing measure should be make to take advantage of the inorganic adhesive for beams strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive. The problem of which fireproofing material should be choose and how to make fireproofing measure needs to resolve. Fireproofing test is make for beams strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive protected by Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for steel structure (TFCSS) and Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for tunnel (TFCT). Typical damage state of the two typical coating is compared on and after fire, Temperature field of specimen is analyzed, and fireproofing effect is compared. The test results indicate that, under the protection of fireproof coating with proper structure, TFCT and TFCSS can supply effective fireproofing protection for carbon fiber sheet, but the former is inferior to the latter because the latter is easier to drop and crack in fire

Analysis on Fire-Resistance Performance of Slabs Strengthened by Carbon Fiber Sheet Bonded with Inorganic Adhesive

Fire-resistance performance of slabs can be improved if the slab strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive instead of organic epoxy adhesive with low softening temperature. However, Fire-resistance performance of the strengthened slabs is not understood fully. Considering this issue, finite element analysis is done. Stating from building valid model of finite element, computing results are compared with experimental results, and rationality of the model is verified. Then plenty of parameter analysis is done. Effect of some parameters, such as range of carrying capacity increase by sheet, reinforcement ratio, load ratio to carrying capacity and thickness of slab, on fire-resistance performance of the strengthened slab is analysis. The results demonstrate that thickness of slab is the main factors influencing fire-resistance performance of the slab strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive. While, range of carrying capacity increase by sheet, width of section and load ratio to carrying capacity have little influence on it. Slabs, strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with inorganic adhesive, and protected by Thick-typed Fireproof Coating, perform good fire behavior.

Standard fire resistance tests for wire cloths sprayed with intumescent fireproof coating

In this study, an experiment was performed on the fire exposed area (1×1 m) of a standard wall furnace; a radiometer, thermocouple and theoretical analysis were used to examine the fire behaviour of wire cloths sprayed with an intumescent fireproof coating. The experimental results showed that using wire cloths sprayed with intumescent fireproof coatings achieves a 1 h fire integrity rating for fire prevention and reduces the radiant heat of the fire resistance. The results proved that spraying an intumescent fireproof coating on wire cloths is a feasible fireproofing technique that can be applied to buildings.

Monitoring of Thermal Degradation of Fireproof Coating

Under the fire conditions, the resistance of cable distribution is required for a fixed period, depending on the intended use of the cable. To increase the fire resistance of cables a fireproof coating may be applied. Article deal with the behavior of the fireproof coating during elevated temperature. Concretely, the aim is monitored a coating weight change under the conditions of dynamically increasing temperature and with or without using air-flow. It is also monitored the change in weight, depending on the isothermal temperatures in dynamic air atmosphere.