Firearms Research Articles

Evaluation Of Characteristic Findings Suggestive Of Manner Of Firearm Injury: An Autopsy Based Retrospective Study

Incidence of deaths due to firearm weapons are rising in developing countries. There are only a few studies published on firearm injury in Gujarat. Pattern wise distribution of firearm injury is largely uncovered. This study is on characteristic findings suggestive of manner of firearm injury. Here a retrospective study of15 years is conducted. In this study, young aged males are affected the most as they are socially most active so are having high probability of interpersonal violence.On the spot death of the victim is observed in 85% cases. Rifled firearm is most commonly used. Single shot observed in majority of cases. Homicide is observed more than suicide.Stricter legislation on the ownership and use of firearm weapon is needed. Increase in suicidal pattern in police officials by using firearm weapon is major concern and proper psychological evaluation with mental support will definitely reduce this mortality.

Perioperative Outcomes Using Single-Fire Stapler

BackgroundLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is the most common bariatric surgery performed worldwide. The Titan stapler aims to standardize the sleeve gastrectomy by eliminating inconsistencies and simplifying the procedure.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on all patients > 18 years of age undergoing LSG using the Titan. Pre-operative demographics, perioperative findings, and post-operative complications were all abstracted from the MBSAQIP database.ResultsA total of 807 LSG have been performed using the latest iteration of the Titan stapler since November 2022. Data from these patients was compared to 3829 patients who underwent LSG using a sequential staple firing technique from September 2016–September 2021. The median age of Titan patients was 42 years (IQR 33–52) compared to 44 years (IQR 35–54) for sequential firing. The median pre-operative BMI was 47.1 (IQR 43.5–52.1) for Titan versus 47.6 (IQR 43.1–53.3) for sequential staple firing. After propensity matching, operative duration was significantly less for the Titan. Titan patients had decreased hospital length of stay, experienced fewer 30-day readmissions, and had less post-operative nausea/vomiting. Post-op bleed rates were similar between the two cohorts. Weight loss at 6 months favored the sequential fire arm, but our preliminary data shows this difference diminishes at 1 year.ConclusionsHere we report our data on patients undergoing LSG using the latest Titan stapler. We show the device is safe, effective, and has resulted in an improvement in length of stay, readmissions, and post-operative nausea/vomiting. We also noted reduced operative time with this technique.Graphical

A retrospective study of mandibular fractures in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi.

Objective: To check the prevalence and causes of mandibular Fracture in the teaching hospital of Karachi Pakistan. Study Design: Crossectional, Observational, Retrprospective. Setting: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Karachi Medical and Dental College Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Baqai Dental College University, Karachi. Period: 1st December 2018 to 30th November 2019. Methods: This study was based on randomly selected cases of one year of work at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Baqai Dental College Baqai Medical University Karachi. Results: Road traffic accident like Bike accidents were top in position with 69 %, falls were next in position with 12 %, assault were recorded 10%, sports injuries were 7% and fire arm injuries2%. Mandibular fractures were found to occur at a rate of 22.1% in the parasymphysis, 12.8% in the body, 11.42% at the angle of the jaw, 12.1% in the condyle, 12.14% in the dento alveolar area, 6.4% in the symphysis, and 2.85 % in the ramus. Conclusion: To properly reduce and fix the fractures, a variety of treatment methods were employed. It has been determined that most patients were masculine and between the ages of 20 and 50. The most frequent locations for mandibular fractures were the parasymphysis and body, and the most common cause of trauma in the study participants was auto accidents.

Police Use of Deadly Force in Serbia: The Police Officers’ Perception

The use of deadly force in the Republic of Serbia is regulated by the Law on Police and the Rulebook on Police Powers. Empirical research on the use of deadly force or on refraining from the use of deadly force has never been undertaken in Serbia. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is the first on this important topic. It focuses on the use of firearms, abstinence from the use of firearms, and training in the use of firearms. In order to assess the competence of members of the Police Directorate of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia in the use of firearms (FA), a structured questionnaire developed by using close-ended, multiple-choice questions, and 5-point Likert scale questions (1 for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree) was used in the study. The research was conducted from September to October 2022. The research showed that the use of deadly force by members of the police in Serbia is rare, and that it generally does not differ largely from other European countries.

Development of tactical skills in handling automatic firearms among cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

The object of the research of the article is the tactical basics of handling automatic firearms during fire training. The subject of the research is the tactical basics of possession of automatic firearms during the training of fire arms handling. The purpose of the study is to identify the most effective methods for conducting fire training classes aimed at developing handling skills of the students. Research aim is to determine the most effective and accessible methods in the process of handling automatic firearms. The practical significance of the conducted research consists in identifying the most effective methods for fire training training, necessary for practical application. At the same time, attention is paid to strict compliance with safety measures when handling both training and combat weapons during training. The methodology of the conducted research is determined by its purpose and objectives. It is based on a systematic approach to the study of methods of training police officers in the practical use of firearms. The novelty of the scientific article lies in the development of author's methods in the study and testing of tactical actions of cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the handling of automatic firearms during fire training. When practicing tactical skills, actions with automatic firearms were carried out both idling and during live firing. The training exercises were practically tested during the training of cadets and trainees at the stage of the practical part of fire training. The development of tactical actions allowed the trainees to form confident practical skills in handling automatic firearms, which in turn affected the increase in the level of general discipline and the readiness of employees to act in practice.

Nigeria’s Border Porosity and Implications for National and International Security

The evolution of modern borders can be traced to the partitioning of Africa during the Berlin Conference negotiations from November 15, 1884 to February 26, 1885. The artificial borders so created are accompanied with extreme porosity leading to myriads of transnational and cross-border criminalities which threatens the peace, security and stability of the region as a whole and Nigeria in particular. This study therefore seeks to examine the causes of Nigeria’s border porosity, emerging cross-border related security threats, government and other stake holders efforts at curbing the menace and to interrogate the implications Nigeria’s Border porosity on peacebuilding, national and international security. Talcott Parson’s Theory of Functional Prerequisites served as the framework while the mixed method research design was adopted for the study. A total of eighty (80) respondents were sampled for the study while purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants who could provide valuable insights into the topic. This research has been able to highlight various factors responsible for Nigeria’s porous borders, the emerging cross-border related security threats, various efforts by government and other stakeholders in addressing the menace of border porosity and the various implications for peace, stability and security of the country. While the various efforts of government and other stakeholders are duly acknowledged, it must be stated that a lot more needs to be done to secure Nigeria’s borders. It is evident that addressing Nigeria’s border porosity is crucial for ensuring peace, stability, national and international security and mitigating the various security threats associated with illegal migration, proliferation of fire arms, trafficking (drug and human), transnational crimes, smuggling, banditry and terrorism holistically requires comprehensive strategies that focus on strengthening border control measures, enhance regional cooperation and collaboration, promote information sharing, develop joint strategies to combat transnational crimes, terrorism, cross-border conflicts, addressing root causes of insecurity, promoting development and governance in the region.

SOME ASPECTS OF TRAINING IN THE INTERACTION OF POLICE OFFICERS WHEN USING PHYSICAL FORCE

In their daily work, police offi cers often have to act in extreme situations involving the use of physical force, special means and fi rearms. The success of the performance of operational and offi cial tasks related to the prosecution and detention of the off ender largely depends on the eff ectiveness of interaction between police offi cers. This article discusses the problems of implementing interaction and the main aspects of teaching police offi cers how to interact in situations of operational and offi cial activity. The author points out the need for a more detailed study of organizational and methodological approaches to teaching methods of interaction of police offi cers.

PENGGUNAAN GAS AIR MATA DALAM PENGAMANAN PERTANDINGAN SEPAKBOLA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA

Result observationaling to point out 1. FIFA'S order and also PSSI was clear about sharp weapon purpose and Lachrymator may not be brought in evenless is utilized at deep stadium and also stadium outboard, that thing most decants deep section 19b. " No. fire arms or crowd control gases shall be carried or used (May not take in or utilizes firearm or lachrymator),", 2. forbidden FIFA order marks sense lachrymator, therefore law accountability did by football chairman or at so-called Indonesia with PSSI and Panita Is Executor or Panpel. But, since at oft lachrymator purpose Indonesia did by agency, therefore agency is mustinya even do law accountability as it were has already been brought together deep Section 13 Kapolri's regulations Number 1 Years 2009. FIFA'S conclusion and PSSI was clear forbidden deep water gas purpose because will trouble eye health stops the show.

The Effect Of Neuroticism And Occupational Stress On Suicide Ideation With Emotional Focused Coping As A Mediator In Police Officers Who Use Fire Arms

This study aims to determine the effect of neuroticism and occupational stress on suicide ideation with emotional focused coping as a mediator for Polri members who use firearms. Suicidal ideation is a psychiatric emergency caused by high stress and inappropriate coping strategies. Prolonged fatigue and work stress can increase the risk of suicide in police officers. Individual differences in personality traits can be a risk factor for the emergence of suicidal ideation. Emotional focused coping tends to be carried out by individuals if they feel that the problem situation they are facing cannot be changed by managing emotional responses and maintaining affective balance through behavior. This study used 4 psychological scales, namely the big five factor personality scale, the work stress scale, the suicide attribution scale, and the emotional focused coping scale. The subjects to be studied were 375 active members of the National Police who routinely carry firearms in carrying out their duties. Data analysis used in this study was the Linear Regression Model Mediation analysis technique (Path Analysis) using the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) program for Windows Release version 20. Based on the findings, neuroticism has a direct effect of -0.465 and an indirect effect direct effect of -0.123 on suicidal ideation among members of the National Police who own weapons, this indicates that neuroticism has an indirect effect on suicidal ideation. For Polri members who own firearms, work stress has a positive and statistically significant effect on suicide intentions, as well as a direct effect of 0.406 and an indirect effect regression coefficient of -0.076.

A Manner Wise Distribution of Fire-Arm Cases According to Major Body Part Involved among Fatal and Non-Fatal Fire-Arm Injuries at Sms Hospital Jaipur: A Prospective Study

Background : Invention of fire was the greatest invention for the human from primitive matchlock system to thepresent automatic weapons. It has become the most dreaded killing tool used by human being. Proper examinationof the victims of firearm injuries needs to ascertain the characteristics of wound and body part involved to correlatewith fatalities.Methods: A total of 115 cases of gunshot injury were included in this study carried out at the Department ofForensic Medicine, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur over a period of 17 months from mid of May 2014 tobeginning of August 2015, after seeking permission and ethical clearance.Results: During Study period total 115 cases were included in study. We observe finding after dividing humanbody in five body region for better understanding. The commonest targeted body parts were the peripheriesincluding the upper and lower limbs (33.04%). The next to follow was the chest in 36 cases (31.30%). Abdomenincluding pelvis was targeted in 18.26% cases and head was the soft target in only 14.78% cases. Lease affectedbody part was neck with only 3 cases.Conclusion: In 73.04% (84) cases, only a single body region was inflicted upon by use of firearm weapon. In fatalcases (11) of firearm injuries, head (54.55%) was the most commonly targeted body part followed by chest (36.36%)and abdomen (9.09%). This study indicated that the most common victims of firearm injuries were young males ofbread earning age. Certain changes may minimize mortality and disability due to firearm injuries, also reducingthe costs to the community. So, there is a need to decrease the number of firearms used and sold in India.

Guns (Fire Arms) from Men at Home to Boys in the Bush in the Bamenda Grass Field: A Diagnosis of the Ongoing Armed Conflict Experience

The protracted claim of marginalization, subjugation, neglect, and disregard by individuals and political groups in the part of the Republic of Cameroon that was colonized by Britain known as Anglophone Cameroon metamorphosed into an armed rebellion in 2017. This came as a result of confused talks /dialogue sessions between the Cameroon government and the Anglophones Teachers/Lawyers trade Unions in Bamenda. While the Cameroon government played for time to implement the resolutions of the talks, the self-appointed leaders of the Anglophone communities who had been beating the drums of War on all social media platforms from their safe hoods in the Diaspora lost their patience and ordered an all recruitment of boys and girls into an army which went by different appellations. Without adequate preparations for War either in the dimension of training, money, or weaponry, so many people in Anglophone Cameroon were both persuaded and brainwashed to abandon their daily chores to join the ranks of the make-shift fighting scouts; amba militia that went by a myriad of appellations. The recruits profited from the chaos and disorder to seize guns that formed the nucleus of nobility, honour, and wealth of the people of the grass fields and took these arms of honour to their camps mostly in the bushes to carry out the War assignments. The prime target of the make shift militia as heralded by this deeply aggrieved faction of the English-speaking Cameroon was to secure a quick victory over the Cameroon army and agencies thereby, liberating Anglophone Cameroon from what they called colonization, domination, marginalization or, or imperialism. Guns at home in the Grass fields before 2017 were kept by dignified individuals mainly titled and wealthy men. The gun culture that reigned then was regulated both by a sort of intrinsic morale that formed a pattern of prestige and social effervescence beyond common compare but their mass seizure by these hurriedly formed boys under the guise of rage and furry became a source of worry and danger to the social, political and material wellbeing of the people within this niche. This paper has exploited primary and secondary sources to underscore the trouble encountered by this unfortunate guns shift from the houses to the bushes in the Bamenda grass fields. It argues that the guns at home and with dignified men served purposes that were for the most part peaceful and defensive but those in the bushes simply inaugurated an age of violence and wanton destruction uncommon to the grass fielders in all its historical time scale.

Factors Militating against Community Policing in Curbing Kidnapping in Anambra State, Nigeria

The purpose of the study was to determine the factors militating against community policing in curbing kidnapping in Anambra State. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. The design used in the study was a descriptive research design. The population for the study was 1,620 members of the vigilantee group in Anambra State. The sample size was 321 members of the vigilantee group in Anambra State and was arrived at using Taro Yamane sample size formula. Muti-stage sampling technique was used. The instrument for the study was 11 items sructured questionnaire titled “Factors Militating against Community Policing in Curbing Kidnapping Questionnaire” (FMCPCK). Using Cronbach Alpha, a reliability coefficient of 0.81 was obtained on the ICPCKQ instrument. The two research questions that guided the srudy were responded to using mean and standard deviation. T-test was used for Ho1, while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for Ho2. It was found out that some factors such as inadequate funding, lack of fire arms, lack of patrol vehicles, little or no training and development of police staff, illiteracy, use of outdated and insufficient technology among the police, lack of cooperation between the police and the masses, poor initiative and administrative frame work in police system, wide spread corruption and harassment among the police, poor access to vital information are affecting community policing in curbing kidnapping. Based on the findings, The state government should provide the security force with adequate firearms, funding and patrol vehicles.

Combat effectiveness and efficiency evaluation of firearm weapon systems in different projectile guidance simulations

We analyze the combat effectiveness and efficiency of the firearm weapon systems with stochastic simulations approach. Such combat effectiveness and efficiency are related with the precision of weapon systems, but the precision varies greatly depending on the projectile guidance method of the weapon system. Thus, this study conducted a stochastic simulation based on a mathematical model considering different projectile guidance methods. The simulation was designed assuming Counter-Artillery Fire, which is an important battle that must be successful in order to achieve a firepower advantage in the early stages of the war, and is suitable for judging the combat effectiveness and efficiency due to the precision of the firearm weapons system. Combat effectiveness and efficiency are judged as the result of damage probability, damage type, and desired shooting frequency, and damage probability and damage type represent combat effectiveness, and desired shooting frequency represents efficiency. The simulation environment deployed and simulated an enemy artillery unit with a size of 1,000m × 750m in the target area (6 guns), and applied the killing range of each firearm weapon system. For the description of the damage, the mathematical models Carlton damage function and the cookie cutter damage function were applied, and Monte Carlo simulation was applied to simulate the uncertainty of the battlefield. The results of the present study can be provided basic data to effectively operate and plan the firearm weapon systems.

Frequency of Abdominal Wound Dehiscence /Burst Abdomen in Patients of Laparotomy

Background: Wound dehiscence is a surgical problem in which a wound crack along a surgical incision. It is sometimes called wound disruption, wound breakdown or wound separation. Objective: To find out the frequency of abdominal wound dehiscence in patients with laparotomy. Study design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Material and methods: 385 patients having age of 12-70 yrs with sign of laparotomy have participated such that blunt abdominal trauma, fire arm injury and peritonitis. Patients had been admitted in the surgical unit. After comprehensive history, complete physical and systematic examination have been done. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 10.0.For indication of laparotomy and wound dehiscence, frequency and percentage were presented. Result: 263 male (68.31%) and 122 female (31.69) participated in study. Mean age was 35.72 ±12.732. About 4.42% (n=17) patients had abdominal wound dehiscence. In 12-30 years age group, 4/152 patients had abdominal wound dehiscence. Among the age group 31-50 years,7/177 patients and in age 51-70 years,6/56 patients had wound dehiscence. Conclusion: In laparotomy patients, abdominal wound dehiscence is prominent obstacle that can be noticed pre operatively and genuine measurements should be taken to lessen its frequency. Keywords: Wound dehiscence, laparotomy, peritonitis

ASSOCIATION OF PATTERN OF MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES WITH MECHANISM OF TRAUMA

Objectives:
 The objective of the study was to determine the association of pattern of different maxillofacial injuries and fracture with the mechanism of trauma.Methods and materials:
 This study was conducted in department of oral and maxillofacial surgery from June 2020 till December 2020. Fifty one patients were included in this study after taking an informed consent. The data collection was completed on a performa including the variables of age, gender, mechanism of trauma, pattern of injury and site of trauma. Data was analysed with SPSS version 19. Percentage and frequencies were calculated for descriptive variables. Pearson Chi-square test was applied to determine the statistical relationship between the variables. The probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically signifi cant.Results:
 In this study 51 patients, 42 male (82.4%) and 9 female (17.6%) were included. Mean age of the patients was 23.5 years. The mechanism of trauma was road traffic accidents (RTA) in 37 patients (72.5%), 7 (13.7%) had fall, assault in 5 (9.8%) patients and fire arm injuries in 2 (3.9%) patients. The pattern of injuries was compound fractures in 41(80.4%) patients, simple fracture in 8 (15.7%) patients and comminuted fractures in 2(3.9%) patients. RTA was associated with the ZMC fracture and parasymphyseal fracture of mandible.Conclusion:
 The pattern of maxillofacial trauma diff ers in association with mechanism of injury. The incidence of trauma is more among front seat passengers and drivers than back seat passengers. Thus more safety measures are required for front seat passengers and drivers.

274EMF Acceptability of Video-Based Firearm Safety Education in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Firearm (FA)-related injuries are a leading cause of death among U.S. youth. Storing FAs locked, unloaded and ammunition locked separately is protective against unintentional and self-inflicted injuries. There is little research on FA safety education for caregivers in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). Our objective was to compare, in a PED, acceptability of a 3-minute vs 30-second video promoting safe FA storage in homes with children.

Frequency and Causative Factors of Splenic Trauma at Liaquat University Hospital/Jamshoro

Objective: To evaluate the frequency and causative factors of splenic trauma in patients presented with abdominal blunt trauma at the surgical emergency of the Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro (Hyderabad). Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional and retrospective study, carried out at the surgical units of Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro from December 2013 to November 2014. All the patients admitted with abdominal trauma, aged >12 years of either gender, were included. After taking informed consent, a complete medical history, especially regarding the cause of the injury, and a physical examination were done. All the patients were evaluated for splenic trauma after imaging diagnosis and operative findings. A self-made proforma was used for the data collection of age, gender, residence, causes of the injury, and presence of the splenic trauma. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 250 cases of abdominal trauma were studied, and splenic trauma cases were found in 60 (22.7%). Out of 60 participants, most of the cases were aged 18 to 30 years (46.7%) and 31 to 40 years (38.3%). Males were seen in the majority of 44 (73.3%), while females were 16 (26.7%). According to the causative factors of the splenic trauma, road traffic accidents were the most common (51.1%), followed by falls (19.1%), stab wounds (17.0%), and fire arm injuries (12.8%). Conclusion: As per the study conclusion, the young males mostly suffered from splenic trauma, which was observed to be 22.7% among patients with abdominal trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTA) and falls from height were observed to be the most common causative factors. Keywords: abdominal trauma, splenic trauma, causes

Frequency of Profiling of Forensic Autopsies

Aim: To identify the profiling of medicolegal autopsies. Study design: Prospective observational study. Place and duration of study: Medicolegal Section, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019. Methodology: Nine hundred and eighty two autopsies of medicolegal nature were performed over a period of five years. The data was collected from forensic autopsy reports and was recorded with the consent of close relatives. Results: Majority of the subject was male (78.92%) and belonged to age group of ≥19 to <60 years. The number of subjects reported from urban locality (67.61%) was higher than rural areas (32.39%). The distribution of causes of deaths showed major contribution of road traffic accidents (45.32%) followed by fire arm injury (16.70%), asphyxia (15.31%), train accident (3.46%), and poisoning (1.83%). All of the causes of deaths were higher in males and within age group of adults. Most of the medicolegal nature causalities were reported from urban areas of the region. The number of forensic autopsies was highest in summer season (40.12%). Conclusion: The males outnumbered the females in medicolegal autopsies. The road traffic accidents had highest frequency of causing deaths in both genders and in all age groups irrespective of locality and seasons. Keywords: Forensic autopsy, road traffic accident, fire arm injury, asphyxia, seasons

The Persistent Effect of Violent Trauma on Urban Communities 25 Years After Tupac Shakur's Murder.

The Persistent Effect of Violent Trauma on Urban Communities 25 Years After Tupac Shakur's Murder.

Преступность в Бразилии: особенности, противодействие, направления исследований

The article focuses on a wide range of issues related to the current crime situation in Brazil and covers social and economic context, features and trends, most dangerous crimes, key victim groups, countermeasures, crime statistics, and research. Special attention is paid to the COVID-19 pandemic as a factor that has influenced crime all over the world including Brazil. Lack of research on crime in Brazil in Russian criminology determines the aim of this study: to describe the main types of criminal activities in Brazil, trends in criminality, the most vulnerable groups at risk to suffer from crime, examples of crime control and areas of interest for criminologists. The article includes analysis of the Penal Code of Brazil and its amendments, other national laws, crime statistics including the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) data, reports of various international and Brazilian organizations dealing with crime issues, foreign scientific literature, Russian studies on Latin America. In the preparation of the article, the authors used general and specific scientific methods including analysis; synthesis; formal and legal analysis; historical, sociological, and criminological research; and expert assessment. The authors conclude that the most worrisome types of crime in Brazil are street crimes (especially in large cities), violent crimes (Brazil is known as a country with a very high rate of murder), organized crime, drug trafficking, and corruption. The latter group of crimes is associated with unlawful acts of the country's highest authorities. The so-called “sky-high murder rate” in the country is caused by a high level of unemployment (mostly among younger people), huge income inequality in population, availability of fire arms, activities of street gangs and armed groups involved in drug trafficking, prevalence of domestic violence, existence of so-called favellas, i.e., areas of the poorest population residence. Besides, there is an association between an increased level of some types of crimes and the COVID-19 pandemic. The most vulnerable groups at risk to become crime victims are females, law enforcement officers, environmental activists, and indigenous people. The high rate of victims belonging to the first group forced the Brazilian legislator to establish criminal responsibility for murder of women in a special Penal Code norm (Feminitfdio). Another sensible problem related to violence in general is police officers' fire arms use leading to a large number of killed persons (police killing, letali-dade policial). The authors pay special attention to various programs of federal, regional and local authorities aimed at reduction of the crime rate and diminishing the harmful consequences. The authors emphasize the well-organized structure of criminological research in Brazil. The main research centers are the Brazilian Institute of Criminal Sciences (In-stituto Brasileiro de Ciencias Criminais) and the Brazilian Forum of Public Security (Forum Brasileiro de Seguranga Publica).