Smoke Signals Research Articles

Smoke detection in video using convolutional neural networks and efficient spatio-temporal features

Fire detection in its early stages is of a great importance in different environmental related applications. Among the visual signs of fire, smoke appears earlier than the flames in many cases, and quickly reaches the environment. Thus, it can be used for early detection of fire using machine vision techniques. Existing approaches have tried to do it either by traditional machine learning methods applying various combinations of color, texture, and motion features, or by deep learning-based methods that can automatically capture the smoke features from images. However, the former approaches face number of challenges due to the transparent nature of smoke and its variant visual appearance in different environments, and the later ones are not able to capture motion characteristics of smoke, so, their efficiency in various environmental conditions is still problematic and often cause false alarms. In this study, we aim to introduce a hybrid approach that is based on deep learning, spatio, and spatio-temporal characteristics of the smoke. Doing so, we use all the strengths of these techniques to detect the smoke as accurately as possible. The proposed method consists of four stages: 1) moving pixels are extracted from input images by an efficient motion detection scheme; 2) the extracted moving areas are given individually to a tailored convolutional neural network to identify candidate smoke regions; 3) an efficient combination of spatial and spatio-temporal features is extracted from each candidate region based on the distinct characteristics of smoke; 4) a support vector machine classifier is used to further classify real smoke from non-smoke regions using the extracted features. The proposed method is implemented using Python programming language, and extensive experiments conducted on “Visor”, “Bilkent”, and “Yuan” benchmark datasets which show it has high performance and accuracy. The results also indicate that its reliability is far better than the competitors in terms of false alarm rate. The average accuracy and false positive rates obtained on 10 testing videos are 97.63% and 3.8%, respectively. Also, the proposed method is able to detect both white and black smokes which, to our best knowledge, has not been addressed in any of the related researches.

Pothole Detection Using Deep Learning

The streets are designed for explicit spaces where vehicles can circulate in complete safety. Not with upright, to specific areas, for example, keeping an eye on and automated level intersections, sharp curves, cluttered or prone to accidents, Increased speed control could be important in ensuring well-being. This has been achieved in various ways, for example, the mandatory posting of speed limit signs, the use of fire signals to alarm conductors, and streetscapes. In particular circumstances, barriers are needed, but their use on the streets is not considered an acceptable design practice. As a result, the normal speed circuit breakers do not meet the need, but they interfere with the vehicle and in a few cases have resulted in serious and transient injuries. Signage may also distract the driver and take his or her attention off the street. Be that as it may, the lack of light or above the upper light makes it difficult to perceive the speed breaker ahead. This report deals with the technique of distinguishing mounds and potholes and provides ideal precautions for drivers to stay away from accidents or vehicles harms. An image preparation frame is used to differentiate the mount.

Design of Monitoring System for Hazardous Gas and Fire Detection In Building Based On Internet of Things

Fires and gas leaks are events that still occur frequently. This incident is usually caused by various factors including leakage of LPG gas cylinders, cigarette butts that are disposed of carelessly, short circuits of electric current and so on. Generally, fires and gas leaks can only be detected if the fire has already grown or a lot of smoke comes out of the building. Therefore, a monitoring system for detecting dangerous gases and fires in buildings based on the Internet of Things was created that can monitor the condition of the building through a website as well as send notifications to the Telegram application on smartphones. The detection system implemented uses a flame sensor as a fire detector, an MQ-2 gas sensor as a detector of hazardous gases (CO, CO2, and CH4), and NodeMCU as a module to transmit data. The system will work continuously in real time, if gas is detected that exceeds the threshold or a fire is detected, the system will send a notification to Telegram and the website will display the value and status of the sensor and a map of the area where the fire or gas leak occurred. The results of the detection system created to be able to provide solutions so that cases of fire and gas leaks can be handled early by detecting signs of fire or gas leaks and sending the information to users via the website and notifications.

Vascular ultrasonographic findings of abdominal thrombosis in dogs

ABSTRACT This retrospective case series study describes the clinical and vascular ultrasound findings of 26 dogs diagnosed with abdominal thrombosis. Images were selected based on the detection of intravascular echogenic thrombus or the absence of vascular flow on color Doppler, confirmed by surgery or necropsy. Images were acquired using the Mylab 40 model, with linear and microconvex multifrequency probes. All the reports were evaluated along with the corresponding images by a veterinary diagnostic imaging radiologist. The ultrasonographic aspects evaluated were echogenicity (92.3%), anechogenicity (7.7%), vascularization (11.5%), mineralization (15.4%), and recanalization (7.7%) of the thrombosis. The vascular and hemodynamic findings were dilation of the affected vein (57.7%), total occlusion of blood flow (30.8%), presence of turbulent flow (65.38%), and visualization of smoke signal (blood flow detected as moving echogenic points in dynamic bidimensional mode) (11.5%). Neoplasms (19 cases) and nephropathies (13 cases) were the most common clinical conditions in the affected dogs. Eleven cases of vascular invasion due to adrenal neoplasms were identified. The results indicate that the vascular ultrasound examination is an important method for diagnosis, as 23 of the 26 cases did not show any clinical signs of thrombosis.

Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning

Fire is a significant agent of landscape transformation on Earth, and a dynamic and ephemeral process that is challenging to map. Difficulties include the seasonality of native vegetation in areas affected by fire, the high levels of spectral heterogeneity due to the spatial and temporal variability of the burned areas, distinct persistence of the fire signal, increase in cloud and smoke cover surrounding burned areas, and difficulty in detecting understory fire signals. To produce a large-scale time-series of burned area, a robust number of observations and a more efficient sampling strategy is needed. In order to overcome these challenges, we used a novel strategy based on a machine-learning algorithm to map monthly burned areas from 1985 to 2020 using Landsat-based annual quality mosaics retrieved from minimum NBR values. The annual mosaics integrated year-round observations of burned and unburned spectral data (i.e., RED, NIR, SWIR-1, and SWIR-2), and used them to train a Deep Neural Network model, which resulted in annual maps of areas burned by land use type for all six Brazilian biomes. The annual dataset was used to retrieve the frequency of the burned area, while the date on which the minimum NBR was captured in a year, was used to reconstruct 36 years of monthly burned area. Results of this effort indicated that 19.6% (1.6 million km2) of the Brazilian territory was burned from 1985 to 2020, with 61% of this area burned at least once. Most of the burning (83%) occurred between July and October. The Amazon and Cerrado, together, accounted for 85% of the area burned at least once in Brazil. Native vegetation was the land cover most affected by fire, representing 65% of the burned area, while the remaining 35% burned in areas dominated by anthropogenic land uses, mainly pasture. This novel dataset is crucial for understanding the spatial and long-term temporal dynamics of fire regimes that are fundamental for designing appropriate public policies for reducing and controlling fires in Brazil.

Fire Detection with Image Processing using Live Camera

People's safety and property can only be saved if the fire alarm signal is precisely detected and identified as early as possible in the fire, which is a terrible catastrophe for the security of people's lives and properties. Fire detection accuracy and validity are degraded as a result of growing ambiguity in the fire signal. – An algorithm for the detection of one dimensional fire space is provided to demonstrate the suggested method's fine fault tolerance, robustness, and accuracy in a novel technique for detecting uncertainty fire signals based on fire scenarios. First, an analysis of fire scenario performance yields a fractal character for the fire space, and then an intelligent method based on rough set theory and trend integration is used to process the multi-source signal obtained from a group of fire detectors. When a relationship between the two characters is recognised as being logically coincident, an actual alarm for a fire is triggered.

The (ultra)sound of neurons firing

Functional ultrasound (fUS) is an emerging technique that measures blood flow to report brain activity. In this issue of Neuron, Nunez-Elizalde etal. (2022) use simultaneous electrophysiological and fUS measurements to quantify the relationship between firing and fUS signals in awake mice.

Dual-parameter estimation algorithm for Gm-APD Lidar depth imaging through smoke

The strong backscattering of smoke limits the adaptability of Gm-APD Lidar for depth imaging through dense smoke. In this paper, a dual-parameter estimation algorithm based on Gamma function is proposed. Aiming at the characteristics of small number of Bins and large Bin width, this algorithm uses continuous wavelet transform to extract scale parameter and maximum likelihood method to extract shape parameter. Based on the estimated two parameters, this study helps to distinguish between background photons reflected from the smoke and target signal photons. The experimental results show that when the smoke density is high or the acquisition time is 0.15 s, the reconstructed object shape is more complete. The distance error of short-range (30 cm) and long-range (75 cm) targets is 1 and 0 Bin respectively, which is at least 6 Bins less than the traditional algorithms. Our algorithm improves the weather adaptability of Gm-APD Lidar.

Spatially calibrating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as proxies of area burned by vegetation fires: Insights from comparisons of historical data and sedimentary PAH fluxes

Many regions worldwide have experienced increasing wildfire activity in recent years and climate changes are predicted to result in more frequent and severe fires. Reconstruction of past fire activity offers paleoenvironmental context for modern and future burning. Pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been increasingly used as a molecular biomarker for fire occurrence in the paleorecord and offer opportunity for nuanced reconstructions of fire characteristics. A suite of PAHs is produced during combustion, and the emission amount and assemblage is influenced by many variables including fuel type, fire temperature, and oxygen availability. Despite recent advances in understanding the controls and taphonomy of these biomass burning markers, the spatial scale of this proxy is unknown. In this paper, measurements of PAH fluxes preserved in a lake sediment archive from the Sierra Nevada, California were compared with a historical geographic information system (GIS) dataset of area burned up to 150 km distance from the lake to determine the spatial scales for which these biomarkers are reliable proxies of biomass burning. The PAH fluxes in the Swamp Lake sediments record a change in the relative anthropogenic and pyrogenic sourcing of PAHs. Anthropogenic pollution sources could explain why some PAHs (fluoranthene (Fl), pyrene (Py), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), retene (Ret), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DA) and ideno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP)) did not correlate with area burned within 150 km. This indicates that individual PAHs may have different efficacies in recording area burned and be more susceptible to masking of fire signals by pollution sources. Despite these complications, we find that the PAHs naphthalene (Na), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorene (F), and anthracene (An) are reliable local proxies of area burned (within 40 km), whereas the PAHs phenanthrene (Phe), chrysene (Ch), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghi) are both reliable local (within 36 km) as well as more regional (as much as 75 km for phenanthrene (Phe), chrysene (Ch), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghi) or 150 km for benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF)) area burned proxies. Comparisons of PAH fluxes with charcoal accumulation rates in the same sediments suggest that pyrogenic particulate transport modulates low to mid-molecular weight PAHs via adsorption. Overall, the results show that PAH records integrate a combination of spatial signals of area burned and measurement of individual PAHs may enable cross-scale paleofire reconstructions.

VISUAL SOVEREIGNTY IN SMOKE SIGNALS: A CRITICAL VISUAL ANALYSIS

The current research paper aims to see a film Smoke Signals by American Indian writer Sherman Alexie and director Chris Eyre as an attempt to define visual sovereignty. By applying Critical Visual Theory, the paper seeks to provide not just a close visual reading but also a broad study of American Indian indigenous film’s meanings with the understanding that the film functions as a politicized way of giving voice to the marginalized indigenous community. The film nullifies Hollywood representation of Natives by its celebration of Native storytelling. My contention is that the film is not a passive response to mainstream representation and geographical inaccuracies but rather a creation of indigenous reality in a media saturated world. The film shifts indigenous experience from a victimized stance to a strategic one. It has its visual effects which cannot be extricated from the social context in which it is produced. The analysis intends to delimit the bus scene that includes 10 frames ranging from 21:31- 40:31(time line). Keywords: vision, visuality, visual culture, visual sovereignty, critical visual theory.

To the Question about Burial Constructions of the Kudash I Burial Ground

The paper presents the results of a study of wooden constructions, an important component of the burial rite of the ancient population of the Kudash I burial ground. The monument is located in the Bardymsky district of the Perm region of Russia. The burial ground dates back to the 3rd–5th centuries, it is associated with the age of the Great Migration period of peoples in the Middle Kama region. To compare the wood species of the burial constructions of the burial grounds, the authors used the results of a study of the constructions of the Krasny Yar burial ground (1st–5th centuries AD). When studying timber from constructions, the method of microscopic analysis was used. As a result, it was found that mostly conifers were used for burial constructions in male and female burials: pine, rarely spruce, and deciduous – linden. The constructions in the form of a bier in a status male burial (grave 160) and a complex flooring in the form of blocks (grave 26) were made of linden, while pine was used for other types of constructions. In the men graves, wooden constructions have morphological variety, which indicates the specificity of their occupations (professional and ordinary warrior). Burial constructions in female graves are more standard in form, but made not only of pine and spruce, but also of birch and linden. Some wooden constructions at the burial ground show signs of fire.

Highly-sensitive fire alarm system based on cellulose paper with low-temperature response and wireless signal conversion

Highly sensitive smart sensors for early fire detection with remote warning capabilities are urgently required to improve the fire safety of combustible materials in diverse applications. The highly-sensitive fire alarm can detect fire situation within a short time quickly when a fire disaster is about to occur, which is conducive to achieve fire tuned. Herein, a novel fire alarm is designed by using flame-retardant cellulose paper loaded with graphene oxide (GO) and two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2, MXene). Owing to the excellent temperature dependent electrical resistance switching effect of GO, it acts as an electrical insulator at room temperature and becomes electrically conductive at high temperature. During a fire incident, the partial oxygen-containing groups on GO will undergo complete removal, which results in the conductivity transformation.Besides the use of GO feature, this work also introduces conductive MXene to enhance fire detection speed and warning at low temperature, especially below 300 {\deg}C. The designed flame-retardant fire alarm is sensitive enough to detect fire incident, showing a response time of 2 s at 250 {\deg}C, which is calculated by a novel and quantifiable technique. More importantly, the designed fire alarm sensor is coupled to a wireless communication interface to conveniently transmit fire signal remotely. Therefore, when an abnormal temperature is detected, the signal is wirelessly transmitted to a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen when displays a message such as "FIRE DANGER". The designed smart fire alarm paper is promising for use as a smart wallpaper for interior house decoration and other applications requiring early fire detection and warning.

Landscape dynamics and fire regime since 17,550 cal yr BP in the Cantabrian region (La Molina peat bog, Puente Viesgo, Spain)

Our aim with this paper is to provide insight into the landscape dynamics of the Cantabrian region (northern Iberian Peninsula) from the Last Glacial Period to the present. We present a multiproxy approach performed in a sedimentary record from La Molina peat bog, located at 484 m a. s. l. in Puente Viesgo, Cantabria (Latitude: 43.26° N; Longitude: 3.97° W), that covers the last c. 17,550 years. Analyses were performed on the organic matter, pollen and sedimentary charcoals, which have been used to characterise the fire regime at a local level. The results revealed a steppe-like formation from the basis of the sequence to the Bølling-Allerød chronozone, when the spread of woody species is detected. The dry and cold conditions of the Younger Dryas caused the decrease of mesophilous taxa until the onset of the Holocene. From that point onwards, a mixed deciduous formation composed of Betula and deciduous Quercus was established in the region. Besides, a series of biomass pulses was detected during the early Holocene, probably linked to intervals of increased rainfall. Fire episodes detected at the 9.3 and the 8.2 ka events created forest openings and probably favoured the establishment of Corylus, most likely also helped by a climate shift. There was a lack of fire activity until the Neolithic, when the fire signal increased probably linked to grazing and agricultural practices and triggered deeper changes in the Cantabrian plant landscape structure.

Identifying Blunt Force Traumatic Injury on Thermally Altered Remains: A Pilot Study Using Sus scrofa.

Simple SummaryHuman remains are often burned in an effort to conceal the identity of the victim and/or obscure traumatic injuries related to the death event. Thermal exposure can produce artifacts resembling trauma and disguise preexisting trauma. However, there is a paucity of experimental studies with varied results addressing the differentiation of thermally induced artifacts from traumatic signatures. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a small-scale study using domestic pigs as correlates to test the impact of thermal alteration on blunt force trauma to the cranium. Two tools (e.g., hammer and crowbar) were utilized to manually inflict injuries on the human analogs before controlled burning in an outdoor environment. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the most diagnostic variable to differentiate thermally induced alternations from blunt force fractures was fracture pattern.In forensic scenarios involving homicide, human remains are often exposed to fire as a means of disposal and/or obscuring identity. Burning human remains can result in the concealment of traumatic injury, the creation of artifacts resembling injury, or the destruction of preexisting trauma. Since fire exposure can greatly influence trauma preservation, methods to differentiate trauma signatures from burning artifacts are necessary to conduct forensic analyses. Specifically, in the field of forensic anthropology, criteria to distinguish trauma from fire signatures on bone is inconsistent and sparse. This study aims to supplement current forensic anthropological literature by identifying criteria found to be the most diagnostic of fire damage or blunt force trauma. Using the skulls of 11 adult pigs (Sus scrofa), blunt force trauma was manually produced using a crowbar and flat-faced hammer. Three specimens received no impacts and were utilized as controls. All skulls were relocated to an outdoor, open-air fire where they were burned until a calcined state was achieved across all samples. Results from this experiment found that blunt force trauma signatures remained after burning and were identifiable in all samples where reassociation of fragments was possible. This study concludes that distinct patterns attributed to thermal fractures and blunt force fractures are identifiable, allowing for diagnostic criteria to be narrowed down for future analyses.

Оценка поведения персонала магазинов торгово-развлекательных центров при организации эвакуации людей

Introduction. Fires in shopping and entertainment centers often receive a wide public response. First of all, this is due to the large number of dead and injured people. The results of domestic and foreign studies in the field of evacuation indicate that the behavior of personnel is one of the key factors affecting the safety of people in case of fire. However, the analysis of information about large fires at such facilities showed that the staff of shopping and entertainment centers does not always have the appropriate level of training and skills to organize the evacuation of visitors to the facility, which negatively affects the process under consideration. The established facts confirm the relevance of the research topic. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to establish the factors influencing the process of organizing the evacuation of people by collecting and analyzing information about the actions of personnel when various signs of fire appear. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to conduct a survey of persons responsible for the evacuation of visitors to shopping and entertainment centers. Methods. To formalize the decision-making process and obtain data on the behavior of the staff of shopping and entertainment centers when organizing the evacuation of visitors, identifying their quantitative parameters and prevalence, a proven method of individual questioning was used. Results and its discussion. In the course of the study, a survey of the staff of shops of shopping and entertainment centers (384 respondents) was conducted. Important facts in the field of organization of the evacuation process have been revealed. Algorithms of personnel actions have been established when various signs of fire appear, as well as the procedure for organizing evacuation has been formalized. Conclusions. The results obtained will be applied in the development of an information and analytical system to support management decision-making in the organization of evacuation from shopping and entertainment centers. Computer simulation of evacuation, taking into account the algorithms obtained, will allow us to determine rational strategies for organizing the evacuation of people. Keywords: survey, evacuation organization, store staff, shopping and entertainment center, decision support.

Safety prediction model of fire detection and alarm system based on optimized neural network algorithm

The function of the fire detector is to capture specific fire signals. The sensitivity of the detector determines the sensitivity of the response to the characteristics of the fire severity. The sensitivity and reliability of the detector become the key parameters that the detector needs to consider in balance. Aiming at the problem of the most reliable detector types, we first use MATLAB to calculate the reliability and failure rate of the detectors according to the index weights. Then, the SPSSPRO evaluation TOPSIS method is used to score and rank the detectors, and in descending order, the detector with the highest ranking is selected as the detector with the highest reliability. In response to the problem of alarm accuracy, we first preprocess the data, and find suitable indicators according to the requirements of the topic to establish an intelligent judgment model for the type of regional alarm components. The indicators we find here include the name of the component, the name of the project, the affiliation of the fire department, and the probability of fire occurrence, which can be considered, six indicators of the probability of real alarm, and then uses the principal component analysis method to determine the weight through dimension reduction, and further screens the data, and then predicts the indicators through the method of neural network analysis to determine the alarm accuracy rate.

The motive of initiation and the problem of evil in W. Golding’s novel “Lord of the Flies”

The article explores traces of the motive of initiation in the given literary work. The relevance of the study is that the motive of initiation in the novel “Lord of the Flies” has not yet been traced by any of the researchers of the writer’s literary path. The aim of the research is to reveal the motive of initiation in the novel, which, owing to the revealed motive of the ritual transition, acquires a new in-depth coverage. The authors of the study trace in the work allusions to certain symbolic signs of the initiation ritual, in particular, the allocation of a group of adolescent boys, a territory closed to outsiders (in this case it is an uninhabited coral island), the performance of a ritual dance (dance of the hunters), the application of signs to the initiating persons (painted faces – masks in Jack’s tribe) etc. The novel even features the image of a beast’s head (a boar’s head), and the writer casually uses a phrase that is important for the symbolic meaning of initiation: swallowing by the mouth (at the moment when Simon loses consciousness). This article draws attention to the specifics of initiation in the work: we have a group initiation of adolescents without a mentor, without a shaman. Instead, two leaders appear among the boys, two chiefs who lead the teenagers in completely opposite directions in the development of their small island society. One of them, Ralph, tries to worry about their possible rescue by adults, tries to take care of the little ones, and is also based on a completely democratic version of governance and humanity. The second boy, Jack Meridue, is offended that he was not chosen as the leader; he becomes the leader of hunters’ group. He is very ambitious, gaining prestige by hunting wild pigs and holding meat-eating banquets; he violates Ralph’s orders regarding the boys doing their duty (for example, maintenance of a fire on a mountain for a smoke signal when a ship appears on the horizon), incites them to games and entertainment etc. As a result, most of the boys follow Jack and create a tribe in which the boys paint their faces, dance ritual dances, hunt wild pigs, and tolerate a tyrant little chief, who hates dissent. Eventually, the tribe kills Piggy, and then hunts the only “dissident”, the only owner of “common sense” Ralph. In order to “smoke” Ralph out of the forest, the jungle is set on fire, turning the green island into black ashes. Before us there is the degradation of well-bred English boys into a tribe of cruel savages. Such degradation is confirmed both by the religious motifs present in the novel and by the symbolic features of the ritual – an initiation that turned out to be unsuccessful. Instead of developing and improving, a group of boys on a deserted island degrades as a result of life’s trials, turning into a herd of selfish and cruel savages. Looking for an answer to the question of where evil comes from in the world and why even cultured European nations often forget about spirituality and culture and become cruel killers and often even sadists (as it happened to the SS in World War II), the writer in his novel-experiment comes to the conclusion that evil is created not only by society, the environment, but it is inherent in the potential state of human nature; and under certain conditions, when indulging mundane desires and interests, a person becomes a carrier of evil, which we see in the novel “Lord of the Flies”.

Accumulating Impact of Smoking and Co-morbidities on Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BackgroundHigh prevalence, severity, and formidable morbidity have marked the recent emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The significant association with the pre-existing co-morbid conditions has increased the disease burden of this global health emergency, pushing the patients, healthcare workers and facilities to the verge of complete disruption.MethodsMeta-analysis of pooled data was undertaken to assess the cumulative risk assessment of multiple co-morbid conditions associated with severe COVID-19. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from January 1st to June 27th 2020 to generate a well-ordered, analytical, and critical review. The exercise began with keying in requisite keywords, followed by inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction, and quality evaluation. The final statistical meta-analysis of the risk factors of critical/severe and non-critical COVID-19 infection was carried out on Microsoft Excel (Ver. 2013), MedCalc (Ver.19.3), and RevMan software (Ver.5.3).ResultsWe investigated 19 eligible studies, comprising 12037 COVID-19 disease patients, representing the People’s Republic of China (PRC), USA, and Europe. 18.2% (n = 2200) of total patients had critical/severe COVID-19 disease. The pooled analysis showed a significant association of COVID-19 disease severity risk with cardiovascular disease (RR: 3.11, p < 0.001), followed by diabetes (RR: 2.06, p < 0.001), hypertension (RR: 1.54, p < 0.001), and smoking (RR: 1.52, p < 006).ConclusionThe review involved a sample size of 12037 COVID-19 patients across a wide geographical distribution. The reviewed reports have focussed on the association of individual risk assessment of co-morbid conditions with the heightened risk of COVID-19 disease. The present meta-analysis of cumulative risk assessment of co-morbidity from cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking signals a novel interpretation of inherent risk factors exacerbating COVID-19 disease severity. Consequently, there exists a definite window of opportunity for increasing survival of COVID-19 patients (with high risk and co-morbid conditions) by timely identification and implementation of appropriately suitable treatment modalities.

Review: Apsáalooke Women and Warriors. Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois

Review: <i>Apsáalooke Women and Warriors</i>. Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois

Modern fire safety systems in shopping and entertainment centers

Currently, the number of shopping centers in Russia is increasing. For their construction, new combustible materials and design solutions are used. This creates a high fire load and requires fire safety measures. To ensure the fire safety of visitors, structural features of buildings are essential; it is also crucial to take into account the psychophysiological characteristics of people in these buildings and their level of familiarity with the main structural elements of the building, willingness to find the fire sign and do their best to leave the building. The article describes promising fire safety systems for shopping centers, their advantages and disadvantages. A specialized system of fire extinguishing means consisting of interconnected software controls and structures and a gas fire extinguishing system and smoke curtains are described.