High-rise Building Fire Research Articles

Research and Development of Household Fire Refuge Cabin

With the high-rise building fire accidents have increased every year, the appearance of home fire evacuation cabin has a very important significance.At first,We introduced the development status of domestic and international mine refuge Chamber and two mine refuge Chamber products which was used commonly,and analysed their merit and shortcoming,where we could get the inspiration;Then we focused on the present situation of the household refuge compartment and analysis of its shortcomings and the main problems need to be solved;Finally we put forward the design concept of the household fire refuge cabin .

Research on Structure and Control System of a New High-Rise Building Fire Fighting Robot

This new high-rise building fire fighting robot is a multifunctional fire fighting cabin, which integrated detection of a fire, fire fighting, person search and rescue, etc. The robot is connected with helicopter by a cable and transported over high building by a helicopter. This paper presents the system structure, the position and attitude control strategy, and the control system including hardware and software, the control system is atwo-layer hardware structure, uses a PC as upper machine, a MCU as lower computer and a multi-task software system based on Visual C++ class structure. experiments demonstrate the reliability of the system and all performance indexes are satisfied with the designed requirement.

The Preliminary Study of Wall Climbing Firefighting Rescue Robot for High-Rise and Super High-Rise Building

According to the present situation of domestic and foreign firefighting rescue equipment for high-rise building and from the actual needs of the high-rise building firefighting, this paper brief analysis the current development of domestic and international firefighting rescue equipments problems and the trend of firefighting rescue robot. Combined with the special conditions of high-rise and super high-rise building fire scene, this paper introduces a breaking-window wall climbing firefighting rescue robot for high-rise and super high-rise, and introduces the operation mechanism of each part and the structure and the work principle of the main functional components.

Discussion about Several Questions of High-Rise Building Fire Control Electrical Design and Installation

This paper mainly discusses the fire control electrical systems set in high-rise building. When designing and installing the fire control electrical system, we should pay close attention to following some aspects to ensure the reliability of the fire protection system: the probe system settings, laying electrical wiring, and electrical fire alarm system settings, fire protection telephone, broadcast system.

건물 외벽 화재확산 방지용 윈도우 헤드의 개발을 위한 실험적 연구

건물 내부에서 화재 발생 시 외벽에 설치된 유리벽이나 창이 파손되며 이를 통해 화염이 밖으로 노출되면 화재는 외벽을 타고 수직상승하며 급격히 확대될 수 있다. 이를 막기 위한 효과적인 방법으로는 현재 내화유리를 사용하거나 또는 유리가 화염에 견딜 수 있도록 냉각수 등으로 방호해주는 윈도우 스프링클러 방식이 있다. 본 연구에서는 실내 유리창 상단에 설치되어 화재 시 열기류에 의해 감열체가 개방되면 유리에 냉각수를 방수하며 화염으로부터 유리를 방호해주는 윈도우 헤드를 개발하여 이의 내화성능을 평가하고자 하였으며 이를 위해 실규모 수직가열로를 이용해 유리창 시험체를 표준 온도-시간곡선에 따라 가열하여 윈도우 헤드의 내화시험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 1개의 윈도우 헤드로 최대 너비 2,400 mm의 유리창을 2시간 동안 방호하는데 성공하였으며 이 때 유리창 이면의 최고온도는 국소적으로 <TEX>$126^{\circ}C$</TEX>까지 상승하였으나 평균 <TEX>$100^{\circ}C$</TEX>를 유지하며 안정된 내화성능을 나타내었다. In case of fire in a high-rise building fire can be easily spread along the building external walls dramatically if the flame comes out through broken windows. There are a few effective methods to prevent the fire spread at the moment. One is using a fire resistance window, and the other is using a window sprinkler that discharges water to resist flame in case of fire. In this study a window sprinkler which is installed on top of windows and prevents fire by discharging water when its heat-responsive element opens was tested using a large scale furnace in accordance with the standard temperature-time graph. Test result showed that one window sprinkler was able to protect a 2,400 mm wide window from fire for 2 hours and the window backside's temperature locally increased up to <TEX>$126^{\circ}C$</TEX> but kept stable around <TEX>$100^{\circ}C$</TEX> for the test duration.

Investigation on an Integrated Evacuation Route Planning Method Based on Real-Time Data Acquisition for High-Rise Building Fire

Evacuation of occupants in high-rise buildings is one of the most important tasks when the building is subjected to a significant level of fire threat. Since the mechanism of fire spread is too complicated for the trapped people to determine the evacuation route, a real-time evacuation route planning method is needed for rescue and safety management. In this paper, an integrated real-time evacuation route planning method for high-rise building fires is proposed. This method is composed of real-time data acquisition, risk distribution calculation, and evacuation route formulation. The real-time data acquisition process is achieved by using the sensor system and the wireless data transmission system, the calculation of risk distribution is based on the risk assessment of casualties, and the formulation of evacuation route is based on the fast marching level set method. To demonstrate the presented method, a sample building under an assumed fire is used for numerical investigation, and a real building model is used for experimental investigation. The results show that this method can evaluate the fire status and formulate evacuation strategies instantly in high-rise building fire. The risk distribution and the evacuation route of the building fire can be intuitively displayed. This method can be used in practical applications and will be an important technical basis for the program development of rescue and evacuation.

Development of a New High-Rise Building Fire Fighting Robot

This new high-rise building fire fighting robot is a multifunctional fire fighting cabin, which integrated detection of a fire, fire fighting, person search and rescue, etc. The robot is connected with helicopter by a cable and transported over high building by a helicopter. This paper presents the system structure, working principle, the positon and attitude control strategy, and the control system including hardware and software. The prototype of the robot has been basically completed, experiments demonstrate the reliability of the system and all perfomance indexes are satisfied with the designed requirement.

소방펌프차의 고압방수를 위한 중계방수방식에 관한 실증적 연구

본 연구에서는 초고층 건물 화재 등 고압방수가 필요한 상황에서 방수압력을 유지하기 위하여 소방펌프차의 중계방수방법과 활용방안을 정립하고자 시험을 실시하였다. 중계 방수압력의 변화에 대하여 시험결과 소방펌프차의 방수구를 개방하고 측정하였을 경우 방수구를 폐쇄한 상태에서 측정한 결과보다 약 20 %가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 소방활동 현장에서 보다 더 효율적으로 활용하기 위하여 소방펌프차 2대의 압력을 각각 변화시키면서 시험한 결과에서도 비슷한 효율이 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 현재 고압 방수능력이 있는 소방펌프차가 소방서에 배치되어 있지 않고 소방펌프의 형식승인 및 검정기술기준에서도 고압 소방펌프에 대한 규정이 없기 때문에 현재 보유하고 있는 소방차를 활용하여 초고층 화재 등 고압방수의 필요성이 있는 화재현장에 효과적으로 대응하고자 본 연구 결과를 토대로 소방차량 운영 및 활용방안을 제안한다. In this study, tests were conducted to establish a fire engine of relay waterproof and utilization in order to maintain the pressure in a situation that require high-pressure water-resistant such as a high-rise building fire, etc. As a result of test on the change of a relay waterproof pressure, the measurement result with the hydrant intake of a fire engine opened has reduced approximately 20 % compared to the measurement result with the hydrant intake closed. Similar efficiency showed in the test result that change the pressure of 2 fire engines respectively to use them more efficiently at a fire fighting activity site. A fire engine operation and utilization is proposed based on this study result in order to cope effectively with a fire site requiring high-pressure stream in a high-rise building fire, etc. by using a fire engine held at present because there is no fire pump with high-pressure stream ability arranged at the fire station and there is no regulation on high-pressure fire-fighting pumps in a type approval and verification technology criterion for a fire engine.

Computational Simulation of Smoke Temperature Diffusion in High-rise Buildings Fires

In order to control the smoke diffusing and prevent the damage to the people, the smoke temperature was researched. In high-rise building fires, the most immediate threat to passengers’ life is not the direct exposure to fire but the smoke inhalation because it contains hot air and toxic gases, so it has positive meaning to find the rules of the smoke temperature distribution. The variable rule of smoke temperature field distribution in passages of high- rise building was the foundation of fire fighting project. Heat-transfer process between smoke and building walls was analyzed by establishing difference equation of heat balance and diffusion process between smoke and transverse passage of high-rise building was analyzed by mathematical model of air mixed with smoke. The variable rule of smoke temperature, diffusion time and length of exit passageway was analyzed by case. Smoke temperature variation in smoke diffusion process was affected mainly by generation quantity of smoke and less affected by heat- transfer process between smoke and building walls.

An experiment and simulation of smoke confinement and exhaust efficiency utilizing a modified Opposite Double-Jet Air Curtain

Fires in high-rise buildings often result in tremendous property losses and heavy casualties. Smoke has been reported to be the main cause of these casualties. A modified Opposite Double-Jet Air Curtain (ODAC) is introduced in order to confine smoke movement and to exhaust smoke during a high-rise building fire. Here, a study including an experiment and a numerical simulation, was performed to determine the efficacy of a modified ODAC. The experiment was conducted on a 1:12 scale model of a high-rise building. A complementary Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) simulation was conducted on a full scale building. The influences of the air curtain discharge velocity and heat release rates (HRRs) were examined.The results of this study show that given the same supply air volume and HRR, the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration with the ODAC is clearly lower than the levels found with a traditional air curtain in a high rise building fire. The gas temperatures in the hallway increased significantly with the increase of HRR, and when the HRR reached 1.5MW or more, a significant increase in the temperature of the smoke in the stairwell entrance was observed. When HRR reaches 2MW, and the velocity has increased to 9m/s, the CO concentration in the entrance of stairwell just meets the minimum Safety and Health standards.

Heavy Compressed Air Foam Truck Applied to High-Rise Building Fires

Abstract With the development of the social economy, more and more high-rise building is built in the city. The fire fighting of the high-rise building has become one of the most difficult problems in the fire service. The high-rise building fire relies mainly on the indoor fire protection facility. Outbreak of fire, the indoor fire facility can not satisfy the needs for different reasons. At this time we must have the firefighter put out the fire indoors. By investigation and study, the heavy compressed air foam truck has advantages in the high-rise building's fire fighting, and fire services department has devoted major efforts to increase the numbers of this fire truck. It is sure that with upgrading of the fire fighting equipment throughout the country, heavy-duty compressed air fire foam truck can shoulder the responsibility of high-rise building's fire fighting. Therefore, based on the analysis of the adaptability and applicability of the heavy compressed air foam truck, this thesis tries to contribute to the laying down of combat formation and achieving a perfection combination of personnel and equipment so as to provide certain scientific basis for decision-making in the smooth operation of fire-fighting, fire-rescuing and disposal work. Besides, it can contribute to the improvement of the ability to put out fire in high-rise building.

Integrated Risk Analysis of a High-rise Building Fire based on Cluster Method

Abstract With fire development and smoke propagation, occupant lives are threatened by the dreadful environment, made up of high-temperature, smoke, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc. It is crucial to analyze the fire condition and optimize the evacuation strategies to win the time for occupant evacuation. But the adverse effect cannot be intuitionistic described by a mathematical model. So a multi-variable statistics method is used to analysis the coupled effects of all the factors. Using the two-step cluster analysis method, multi-factor injury risk can be evaluated considering adverse effect of high temperature, carbon monoxide and lack of oxygen. Fire simulation experiments have built a virtual fire information platform to provide data for risk calculating and the multi-dimension data set can be grouped automatically by calculating the similarity of space state and danger state or safety state using the likelihood distance function. And a dynamical risk map is generated to show the state of fire development and smoke propagation. 1. The model can get a dynamic integrated fire risk map, adverse factor range for every risk level, etc. to support evacuation command and control.

Review on the Fire Safety of Exterior Wall Claddings in High-rise Buildings in China

In recent years, several major fires occurred in high-rise buildings involving rapid fire spread upon the exterior walls and facades, and caused severe damage and loss. The extensive use of combustible insulation materials without proper fire protections and barriers were believed to contribute to the uncontrollable fire spread in the high-rise buildings. This paper reviews the current code and standard environment regulating the fire safety of exterior wall claddings in China. Three high-rise building fire cases involving rapid exterior wall fire spread are also discussed by analyzing the fire causes, propagation mechanisms and problems. The recent research progress and regulation development on the fire protection of exterior wall claddings are also presented. It was suggested that limiting the combustibility of insulation materials used in the exterior wall cladding associated with building heights, as well as proper fire protections and barriers would provide acceptable fire safety performance of exterior wall claddings in high-rise buildings.© 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Asia-Oceania Association for Fire Science and Technology.

초고층 건물의 재난 발생 시 작전전술 방안

Recently, For the most efficient use of spaceis, high-rise buildings tend to increase. So it is with Korea, too. Besides, today high-rise buildings grows due to fire damage to life and property at large. In this study, Through analysis of domestic and foreign fire case and listen to the high-rise building fire managers, tenants, professionals advice, when the fire from the high-rise building, effective fire suppression tactics should we wish to research ways. In addition, we have used the car gondola was installed outside the fire suppression methods in studying. So that fire-fighting is a fire place can be reached quickly, many casualties and property damage, will be reduced.

Study on Smoke-Proof Measures of Elevator Evacuation during High-Rise Building Fire

Elevator evacuation of high-rise building fire has become an urgent problem. Based on the problems of general elevator evacuation, this paper offers some measures of smoke-proof measures, such as setting up pressure ventilation in elevator car, setting up pressure ventilation in elevator shaft, setting elevator antechamber and setting smoke preventing air curtain etc. This paper provides some practical ways of elevator evacuation on high-rise building fire.

Study on Necessity and Safety Measures of Elevator Evacuation during High-Rise Building Fire

Elevators are increasingly widely used in high-rise buildings. Because of its fast running, elevators, with great potential value and social requirements, are now days becoming very important traffic tools in high-rise buildings. However, it is an urgent problem to evacuate safely by using elevators during high-rise building fire accidents. This paper elaborates the necessity of elevator evacuation, analyzed the problem of evacuation by general passenger elevators. Some useful measures are put forward, such as fire prevention, smoke-proof, water-proof and emergency power supply for elevator evacuation during high-rise building fires. It is of great importance for us to utilize these measures for the evacuation by elevators during high-rise building fire accidents.

Numerical Simulation of Smoke Movement Influence to Evacuation in a High-Rise Residential Building Fire

A 20-storey fire-occurred residential building in Japanese Hiroshima was taken as an example in the paper. The smoke movement and smoke temperature field in high-rise building fires were analyzed by numerical simulation. And the influence of fire smoke on the availability of using elevator for evacuation was discussed. Finally some effective suggestions were put forward.

Factor Analysis of High-Rise Building Fires Reasons and Fire Protection Measures

Abstract High-rise building fires have many characteristics, such as the diversity of blazing, factors, various ways of fires spreading, the difficulty of evacuation and saving activities etc. Thus in order to attain a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss, the comprehensive analysis of the factors that can cause high-rise building fires is needed. Establishing high-rise building fire safety system and countermeasure begins from “man-machine-environment”, that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software) which highlight the effect of guiding and coordination of management to technology, with management as outlines and technology as method: establishing and improving the save system, strengthening “Three Simultaneous”, enhancing safety management of the related personnel and cultivating the sense of safety, sounding the fire precautionary emergency program. The study aims at solving fire protection of high-rise building and providing some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.

Accident Cause Analysis and Evacuation Countermeasures on the High-Rise Building Fires

In recent years, the number of high-rise building fire keeps high and the fires are threatening the people's lives and properties seriously. According to current situation on the high-rise building fires, the fire accident was deduced and analyzed using the accident tree analysis method and the principal theory of safety system engineering; the primary causes of fire accident were showed in detail, the important degree of the basic incidents were arranged. Based on the result, the countermeasures were explained from technology and management methods, which provide a security for the high-rise building fires. Moreover, the fire evacuation is discussed when the fires in the high-rise building happen. Lastly, the stairs and elevator evacuation model is proposed

Simulation of Fire and Evacuation in High-Rise Building

Abstract The development of high-rise building in china is described. The high-rise building fire risk analysis is introduced, and the high-rise structural fire accident in Shanghai is analyzed. Based on the plan of Shanghai high-rise building, in this paper a high-rise building which has the same plan in a city is selected to study the movement and evacuation of it using CFAST and Building EXODUS (V40.6). The purpose of the simulation is to study the advantage and weakness of this structural form of high-rise building.