Fire-fighting Equipment Research Articles

용적형 펌프를 추가한 소방자동차용 소방펌프의 성능 인정기준에 관한 연구

본 연구는 2012년도에 제정된 원심펌프 기준에 바탕을 둔 소방자동차용 소방펌프의 성능 인정 기준에 각종 초고층 건물의 화재 및 대형화재에 대비하기 위한 고압 및 대용량의 방수 능력을 가진 용적형 펌프의 인정기준 추가에 관한 내용이다. 용적형 펌프의 실험을 바탕으로 V-1, 2, 3급의 3가지에 대한 성능에 대하여 인정기준을 제정하였으며 펌프의 효율은 원심펌프형과 동일한 65% 이상의 성능을 요구하는 인정기준이 포함 되었다. 방수압력은 1.5 MPa~2.5MPa 사이의 값을 유량은 최소 <TEX>$0.31m^3/min$</TEX>에서 최대 <TEX>$3.0m^3/min$</TEX>의 방수량의 성능을 요구하는 것으로 제정되었다. 또한, 구조적으로 체절압력을 조절해야하는 용적형 펌프 특성상 릴리이프 밸브에 대한 부분이 추가되었으며 이물질로 인한 펌프 내부의 파손을 방지하기 위한 스트레이너 설치 및 진공펌프 없이 작동하는 용적형 펌프와 원심펌프와의 차이점을 포함하고 있다. 이와같은 용적형 펌프의 인정기준 부분 추가로 인하여 초고층 빌딩 및 대형화재에서의 화재진압에 있어서 보다 다양한 화재 진압용 소방 장비의 선택과 능동적인 대응을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 이와같은 인정기준은 2016년 1월 제정되었다. Positive displacement pumps with high pressure and water capacity are used large fires in various high-rise buildings. This study provides information for a performance approval standard of fire pumps for fire trucks based on centrifugal pump standards enacted in 2012. An experiment was conducted with a positive displacement pump for three levels of performance from the approval standard (V-1, 2, and 3). The efficiency of the pump was included in the reference, which requires the approval of 65% performance, the same as a centrifugal pump. The water pressure is between 1.5 and 2.5 MPa, and the required flow rate was established as at least <TEX>$0.31m^3/min$</TEX> and up to <TEX>$3.0m^3/min$</TEX>. A relief valve was added to adjust the shut-off pressure due to the structural characteristics of the positive displacement pump. A strainer was also installed to prevent damage to the inside of the pump due to foreign matter. However, the strainer includes a difference from the positive displacement pump to operate without a vacuum pump and the centrifugal pump. This is due to the additional approval standard portion of the positive displacement pump, which is expected to be selected for more variety of fire-fighting equipment and proactive responses to fire suppression in a high-rise buildings and large fires. In conclusion, this approval standard was enacted in January 2016.

Comparative Analysis of Safety and Security Measures in Public and Private Schools at Secondary Level

The basic purpose of this study is “to analyse different safety and security measures in both public and private schools at secondary level in Islamabad.” The study was conducted in Islamabad; therefore all the heads of schools constituted as the population of this study. In the sample the number of public schools were 50 and private were also 50. The numbers of male heads of the schools were 56 and female were 44. Checklist for Comparative Analysis of Safety and Security Measures at Secondary level was used to collect the data. It consists of 35 items. Heads of schools responded to the items in three ways either as “Yes” or “No” and further action needed. The findings of this study shows that safety and security measures such as flooring and lighting; number of furniture according to the number of users, stable portable equipment i.e. TV and Computers, good practice of computers among students; fire-fighting equipment, fire evacuation procedures, the evacuation drill; testing of water samples, Remedial actions against exceed limits for bacteria, cold water is used for preparing foods and beverages; emission inspection stickers; Natural disasters, Fires, Chemical or hazardous material spills or releases, Major transportation accidents, Incidents of violence, Bomb threats and acts of terror are most common measure in both public and private school at secondary level. Both male and female heads as well as public and private schools heads had no significant mean differences regarding safety and security measures at secondary level schools in Islamabad, Pakistan

Проблемы обеспечения тушения пожаров на объектах энергетики оперативными подразделениями пожарной охраны

A contingency beginning at power facility can result into emergency mode of operation. Amount of fires at power facilities reduces, while direct damage increases. Overall material loss at power facilities mostly forms by large fires consequences. As well indirect damage caused by induced closedown of power facilities can also have social character expressed in large part of population vital abnormality. Fire consequences minimization at power facility should be gained by fire fighting timeliness. Along with fire fighting start time minimization continuity of fire fighting from starting fire fighting agent supply up to fire suppression is fundamental. It implies fire fighting forces and equipment concentration in good supply for fire isolation in size it gained by the time fire fighting initiates. The largest complexity in fire fighting at power facilities is smoke screening of burning and related areas. Limiting factor of fire fighter's residence time in conditions of dangerous fire factors is protective equipment protective power time. It's naturally that it must exceed fire fighting time. Figuring measures of fire fighters at power facilities continued supplying should be conducted as protective power time of protective equipment against dangerous fire factors is less then fire fighting time. Demonstrative fact is that use of respiratory protection equipment increases against the background of reducing number of fires at power facilities. Ensuring fire fighting at power facilities has feature of necessity for power facilities survival and resulting necessity for personnel work capability in case of fire. Therefore timeliness of power facilities fire fighting is possible to achieve by improvement of following directions: 1) providing visibility improvement and reducing exposure to smoke in fire condition of power facilities; 2) fire fighter's life support and operability assurance at power facilities; 3) developing protection methods and protective equipment from fire hazards for fire fighters at power facilities; 4) advancing fire fighter's operational and physical specifications in providing fire fighting at power facilities.

화재진압·탐색·구조 등에 활용되는 특수장비 및 로봇의 현장성능평가 환경구축 연구

Because fire-fighting special equipments and fire-fighting disaster robots made at home and abroad have been developed with a focus on service model of products and merchandising, the lack of validation at standardized performance evaluation environment is pointed out as a disadvantage. In addition, a number of special equipments and robotic system are developed to be used in various disaster site such as the fire, earthquake, building collapse around the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries, however, the establishment of systematic environment testing and evaluation site is incomplete. In this study, to build the environment for on-site performance evaluation on the simulation of the fire situation in confined space, we analysed the existing cases and status for the establishment and presented the various technical methods for building the on-site testing and evaluation.

소방용 보호 장구 착용에 따른 체온 및 혈중 염증지표의 변화

본 연구는 고온 환경에서 소방용 보호 장구에 착용에 따른 체온 및 혈중 염증지표의 변화를 비교하여 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 연구하였다. 연구결과, 평균피부온도와 고막온도는 시기에 따른 차이는 나타났으나(p<.001), 처치, 처치와 시기의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. CRP와 TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>에서도 시기에 따른 차이는 나타났으나(p<.05), 처치, 처치와 시기의 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과 고온 환경에서 소방용 보호 장구의 착용은 체온 및 혈중 염증지표에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 추후연구에서 현장 소방공무원들을 대상으로 다양한 소방 활동과 혈액학적 변인들에 대한 세부적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. This aim of this study is to examine the change of body temperature(tympanic and mean skin temperature) and inflammatory marks (CRP, TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>) wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature and to provide the basic date for the safety of fire fighters. The results of the study are as follows; Tympanic and mean skin temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time. Also, CRP and TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> showed significant difference in main effect of time. On the base of the results of the current study, wearing fire fighting equipment in high temperature environment was shown to affect body temperature and inflammatory markers. Further research on physiological variables during various fire-fighting tasks should also be carried out.

Full Scale Firefighting Tests in the Tistbrottet Mine

The paper describes full-scale fire-fighting tests performed in an underground mine. A total of six different methods to fight a full scale fire in a mine tunnel were tested. The methods involved different fire-fighting equipment but were comparable regarding fundamental conditions such as length of response-route, fire-fighting set-up, and smoke and fire size. The aim was to compare different equipment and methods to reach and eventually extinguish the fire. Fire fighters using breathing apparatus (BA) were monitored regarding air consumption, movement speed and local actions and decisions. The results are presented and analyzed in respect to fire-fighting efficiency, front BA operations including moving speed and performed actions, as well as the time to successfully put out the fire. Measurements of heat release rates, temperatures and moving speeds are given in order to quantify the efficiency of the operation. Results indicate that a timespan of 15–30 min is needed for the firefighters to reach the fire source and achieve the extinguishing criteria in five of the tests. The standard equipment and nozzles shows good performance in the tests. A limiting factor on the firefighter’s endurance is the amount of air that is available. As a result from these findings the endurance of BA-teams could improve if focus is put on team organization, lightweight equipment and air supply.

소방공무원 근무환경에 대한 안전보건 의식 연구

Fire fighter are exposed to the situations which are hard to predict due to continuous and accidental changes which hinder their fire fighting activity. As these threats of safety accident act as fear factors, they are doing insecure fire fighting activities. Therefore, as unclear and abnormal risks of working environment such as the riskiness of expansion of disaster, instability, obstacles of activities, abnormality, urgency, etc. increase, safety accidents are caused. This study analyzes the actual condition of safety and health and awareness of fire fighter who are exposed safety accidents during their fire fighting activities and utilize such result as the basis data to secure safety of fire fighter, keep efficient safety control and prevent accidents. The results of analysis are as follows. As rescue works among all fire-fighting works shows the highest emotional stabilization and the highest post-traumatic stress disorder is shown in fire sergeant level positions, and fire fighters whose working period is 10-15 years, reinforcing safety training to long-term workers is necessary. As the result of survey regarding safety awareness, the highest awareness level was shown in fire sergeant level positions, and fire fighters whose working period is over 20 years, and when it comes to operation of fire fighting equipments, fire-fighting workers and workers having 1-4 years of working period showed high safety awareness. The more serious injury in a fire fighter experienced as the first injury after working as a fire-fighter, the more cause-and-effect relationship was shown between personal physical condition and work, and it is shown as obstacles of fire fighting activities and affects to post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, as after-work off duty activities also affect to official disaster, systematic improvement of working environment is required. Occupational medical work compatibility evaluation considering the distinct characteristics of works to secure fire-fighter’ health care together with fire-fighting capability is shown to be necessary.

Health and safety in high-risk work environments: A study of fuel service stations in Ghana

Aim: This descriptive study was conducted to assess the health and safety standards, occupational hazards and health problems among pump attendants in Fuel Service Stations (FSS) in Ghana. Methods: Data was collected using structured questionnaires and an observation check-list. A total of 145 pump attendants and 50 FSS managers were randomly sampled from 90 FSS in the Kumasi Metropolis. Fisher's exact test at 5% significance level and binary logistic regression were conducted to test association among study parameters using SPSS 17.0. Results: The top three occupational hazards were exposure to extreme weather conditions (99%); inhalation of vehicle exhaust fumes and petrol vapour (98%) and fire outbreaks (88%). Common illnesses experienced by pump attendants are all work-related and were dominated by musculoskeletal disorders [MSDs] (n=141), low-back pain [LBP] (n=81), headaches (62) and dizziness (n = 36). Logistic regression using age, sex and work experience as risk factors for MSDs, LBPs and headaches showed significant association between LBP and age of pump attendants (p = 0.036; 95% CI = 0.16-0.94) whilst MSDs and headaches showed no significant association with the risk factors. Post-employment medical examination habits was poor (22%) among the attendants possibly owing to ignorance of the health risks and the fact that the related costs are self-borne. Although all stations had fire fighting equipment training in their usage was highly associated with work experience of pump attendants; most newly employed attendants (

Analysis on the Reliability of Power Supply for Fire-Fighting Equipment

With the development of the construction industry, fire fighting equipment supply problems and their reliability has become a focus of attention. This paper analyzes how to supply power for fire-fighting equipments and to ensure its reliability according to the national standard, and describes the power supply requirements and solutions of fire fighting equipment.

Pesticide retailers' knowledge and handling practices in selected towns of Tanzania.

BackgroundApproximately 300 pesticide retailers are currently registered in Tanzania. Inadequate knowledge and unsafe handling practices among retailers may contribute to human pesticide exposure and environmental contamination. This study investigated pesticide retailers’ qualifications, work experience, safety practices and the products distributed so as to identify opportunities for preventing Acute Pesticide Poisoning (APP).MethodologyIn 2005, employees of pesticide retail firms in six Tanzanian towns were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire and physical inspection of premises. In addition, information on products distributed in 2004 and 2005 was collected from Arusha and Arumeru firms to assess potential risk posed for end-users.ResultsMore than half of the participating firms (58.6%) were not registered. Most agents on sale in Arusha and Arumeru were hazardous products including WHO Class I and II products (61.7%) and the mean number of cholinesterase inhibiting agents was 5.8 (range 2–8). Major deficiencies found included semi-trained staff (52%), lack of first-aid kits (38.6%), repacking and decanting of pesticides into smaller unlabelled containers (25.3%), lack of fire-fighting equipment (22.6%) and distribution of unregistered products (9.3%). Compared to unregistered companies, those companies that were registered were more likely to report practicing safe container disposal (40% versus 19%; p = 0.06) and to have an absence of leaking containers (36% versus 15%; p = 0.04).ConclusionPesticide distribution in Tanzania was accompanied by many unsafe practices that may contribute to the burden from APP, not only affecting the distributors but also farmers who buy and use these products. Market pressures appear to be encouraging decanting of pesticides to enable retailers to make profits. Registration of firms appears to be associated with safer practices. Comprehensive interventions to strengthen enforcement mechanisms by increasing the number of pesticide inspectors, ensuring adequate financial support for enforcement activities and providing training opportunities for pesticide retailers and the end users are strongly recommended.

Determination of pumper truck intervention ratios in zones with high fire potential by using geographical information system

Fighting forest fires not only depends on the forest type, topography, and weather conditions, but is also closely related to the technical properties of fire-fighting equipment. Firefighting is an important part of fire management planning. However, because of the complex nature of forests, creating thematic layers to generate potential fire risk maps is difficult. The use of remote sensing data has become an efficient method for the discrete classification of potential fire risks. The study was located in the Central District of the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate, covering an area of 24,320 ha, 15,685 ha of which is forested. On the basis of stand age, crown closure, and tree species, the sizes and distributions of potential fire risk zones within the study area were determined using high-resolution GeoEye satellite imagery and geographical information system data. The status of pumper truck intervention in zones with high fire risk and the sufficiency of existing forest roads within an existing forest network were discussed based on combustible matter characteristics. Pumper truck intervention was 83% for high-risk zones, 79% for medium-risk zones, and 78% for low-risk zones. A pumper truck intervention area map along existing roads was also created.

반복적 소방활동이 신체에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 반복적 소방활동이 신체에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 한다. 실험온도 WBGT <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>(흑구온도 <TEX>$27.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 건구온도 <TEX>$26.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 습도 26.7%)에서 작업강도 9 METs(6 km/h, 10%)로 실험 15분(Ex1), 휴식 15분(Rest), 실험 15분(Ex2)의 순으로 소방전공 대학생(9명; <TEX>$24.3{\pm}0.71$</TEX>세)을 대상으로 반바지와 소방용 보호장구를 착용한 경우의 비교실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 소방용 보호장구를 착용한 경우에서 평균피부온도차(214.0%), 고막온도차(175%), 심박수(20.5%), 호흡수(14.2%), 운동자각도(50.0%), 온냉감(12.0%)과 체중감소(60.0%)가 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났으며, 반복적 소방활동이 신체에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 연구되었다. The aim of study intends to investigate the effects of repetitive firefighting on human body and to provide the basic data for the safety of firefighter. The results of the study are as follows; On two separate occasions under ambient temperature WBGT <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>(Globe Temperature <TEX>$27.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>, dry bulb temperature of <TEX>$26.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>, relative humidity 26.7%), nine firefighting majoring students(n=9; age <TEX>$24.3{\pm}0.71$</TEX>) completed two 15 min treadmill walking(Ex1, Ex2) 9 METs(6 km/h, 10%) separated by a 15 min recovery period(Rest), during which students were either wearing firefighting protective equipment or wearing shorts(control). After experiments, mean skin temperature change(214.0%), tympanic temperature change(175%), heart rate(20.5%), respiration rate(14.2%), RPE(50.0%), thermal Sensation(12.0%), weight loss(60.0%) are statistically significantly higher in the case of wearing firefighting protective equipment. It is concluded that physiological responses of human body varied considerably and reflected by repetitive fire fighting.

선박 구조 개선을 통한 승무원의 피난 효율 향상을 위한 연구

Abstract : Onshore great fires can normally be extinguished by firefighters using special firefighting equipment and its suitable method. However, offshore fires on the ships are to be extinguished by the crew without any supports from the onshore. Also, crews working on board are exposed to high risk of emergency evacuation due to the complicated structure arrangement of the ships and different accident types such as fire and ship collisions. As most of damage and loss of life in fire are associated with suffocation, shortening of evacuation time is an important factor to improve a survival rate. In this study, visibility in the accommodation area is analyzed by using the temperature and smoke flow which are obtained by the Fire Dynamic Simulator(FDS) as a Three-Dimensional Fire Analysis program to understand the survival rate of the crew upon the fire. The fire doors for most of ships are designed to close automatically when the fire alarm is activated. These auto-matic closing of the fire doors is a very effective system to delay the spread of flame and smoke flow for the unmanned spaces of the fire protected area. However, if the crew cannot escape within the estimated

Analysis of Disaster-Prevention Index System of Urban Underground Transportation Junctions

On the basis of current situations of urban underground transportation junctions and combining with on-site investigation of Beijing Xizhimen transportation junction station, this paper puts forward the disaster-prevention index system of urban underground transportation junctions. Specific analysis is on the disaster index in four aspects: informational sign, fire-fighting equipment, evacuation capability and refuge. 17 indexes are extracted reflecting the disaster evacuation performance, the weights of each disaster-prevention index are defined by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is adopted to conduct comprehensive evaluation of safety performance. The established disaster-prevention index system has practical value and significance to improve the disaster-prevention capability of urban underground transportation junctions.

A Brief Talk about the Research Content of Fire-Fighting Equipment Management Based on Grid Technology

This paper mainly introduces the specific research contents of fire fighting equipment management based on grid technology. Through the establishment of a complete set of grid system, combining with database theory to complete the design of database about fire fighting equipment management system, initiatively updating information, it will be easy to achieve digitized management objects, the efficient management, and networked information processing.

A Brief Talk about Fire-Fighting Equipment Management Based on Grid Technology

This paper put forward the new idea of combining the fire equipment with grid technology.Through the establishment of a complete set of grid system, combining with database theory to complete the design of database about fire fighting equipment management system, initiatively updating information, it will be easy to achieve digitized management objects, the efficient management, and networked information processing.

Fire Risk Forecast and Early Warning Technology for Large Oil and Gas Storage &amp; Transport Tank Areas

According to the characteristics of the storage and transportation working functions in large oil and gas storage tank areas, based on the analysis of equipments leakages, fires, explosion and other disaster scenes and accidents evolution model in the tank areas, the effect factors of the tanks area fire risk were studied. Combined with the analysis of key equipments and process fittings failure probabilities and tank fire-fighting equipments effectiveness, the fire and explosion accidents forecast analysis methods based on the dynamic monitoring technology were put forward. Through the analysis of the critical temperature, pressure, liquid level, gas concentration and other state parameters of the oil and gas storage tank equipments failure, using the advanced information technologies (GIS geographic information system, RS remote sensing and telemetry systems, etc.) and remote singles monitor technologies, the status parameters of dangerous materials and process equipments can be carried out with real time measurement and monitoring.

Design and Implementation of Linkage Control Module in the Automatic Fire Alarm System

This paper describes the structure and the modules of the automatic fire alarm system. On this basis, it gave an effective and reasonable way to divide the fire and fire-fighting equipment for automatic fire alarm system controller linkage control module. Still it designed the linkage relationship, the linkage input and database storage linkage output to realize this linkage control module.

Firefighter Noise Exposure During Training Activities and General Equipment Use

Multiple noise measurements were taken on 6 types of fire station equipment and 15 types of emergency response vehicle-related equipment used by firefighters during routine and emergency operations at 10 fire stations. Five of the six types of fire station equipment, when measured at a distance of one meter and ear level, emitted noise equal to or greater than 85 dBA, including lawn maintenance equipment, snow blowers, compressors, and emergency alarms. Thirteen of 15 types of equipment located on the fire engines emitted noise levels equal to or greater than 85 dBA, including fans, saws, alarms, and extrication equipment. In addition, noise measurements were taken during fire engine operations, including the idling vehicle, vehicle sirens, and water pumps. Results indicated that idling fire-engine noise levels were below 85 dBA; however, during water pump and siren use, noise levels exceeded 85 dBA, in some instances, at different locations around the trucks where firefighters would be stationed during emergency operations. To determine if the duration and use of fire fighting equipment was sufficient to result in overexposures to noise during routine training activities, 93 firefighter personal noise dosimetry samples were taken during 10 firefighter training activities. Two training activities per sampling day were monitored during each sampling event, for a mean exposure time of 70 min per day. The noise dosimetry samples were grouped based on job description to compare noise exposures between the different categories of job tasks commonly associated with fire fighting. The three job categories were interior, exterior, and engineering. Mean personal dosimetry results indicated that the average noise exposure was 78 dBA during the training activities that lasted 70 min on average. There was no significant difference in noise exposure between each of the three job categories. Although firefighters routinely use equipment and emergency response vehicles that can produce hazardous levels of noise, this study showed that the average noise levels experienced by firefighters was below generally accepted guidelines.

Heavy Compressed Air Foam Truck Applied to High-Rise Building Fires

Abstract With the development of the social economy, more and more high-rise building is built in the city. The fire fighting of the high-rise building has become one of the most difficult problems in the fire service. The high-rise building fire relies mainly on the indoor fire protection facility. Outbreak of fire, the indoor fire facility can not satisfy the needs for different reasons. At this time we must have the firefighter put out the fire indoors. By investigation and study, the heavy compressed air foam truck has advantages in the high-rise building's fire fighting, and fire services department has devoted major efforts to increase the numbers of this fire truck. It is sure that with upgrading of the fire fighting equipment throughout the country, heavy-duty compressed air fire foam truck can shoulder the responsibility of high-rise building's fire fighting. Therefore, based on the analysis of the adaptability and applicability of the heavy compressed air foam truck, this thesis tries to contribute to the laying down of combat formation and achieving a perfection combination of personnel and equipment so as to provide certain scientific basis for decision-making in the smooth operation of fire-fighting, fire-rescuing and disposal work. Besides, it can contribute to the improvement of the ability to put out fire in high-rise building.