Fire Extinguishing Methods Research Articles

Mathematical model of fire load type identification by electromagnetic radiation of the optical range using an unmanned aerial vehicle at oil and gas industry facilities

Providing comprehensive security of the pipeline is the main task of monitoring linear facilities in the oil and gas industry. Proposed mathematical model is a part of an automated identification algorithm to determine the fire load type. The study identified four groups of combustible substances characteristic of oil and gas facilities: oil, refined products, liquefied petroleum gas and vegetation. There was a study of electromagnetic radiation of the optical range, recorded by an UAV’S digital camera for each type of substance. An algorithm for comparing the area color with a standard was proposed and implemented. The obtained mathematical correspondence allows identifying the fire color and the fire load type in conditions of different luminosity. The information on the flaming substance allows authorized rescue units to make operational decisions about the fire extinguishing method.

IoT Technology Based Fire-Fighter Robot

Detecting and extinguishing fire is a hazardous job for a person who handles the fire using a fire extinguisher. The IoT firefighter robot is the solution for detecting and extinguishing fire efficiently. The robot is both autonomous and controlled. The controlling of robot is done by using a Remote Desktop application. The robot and the application (authority) are connected via Internet. In this paper we introduced how the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is introduced in the robot. Authority helps the robot to identify the fire type to apply appropriate fire extinguishing methods. In future, the IoT firefighter robot can implemented as a drone for terrestrial areas.

Experimental investigation of water spray on suppressing lithium-ion battery fires

This work investigated the effects of water spray on lithium-ion battery (LIB) fires. Experiments were conducted on single cell and multi-cell batteries to study the effect of water volume and spray pressure on the fire extinguishing and the effectiveness of preventing propagation of thermal runaway in LIB's. Meanwhile, the potential hazard of water spray as a fire extinguishing method was assessed by investigating the influence of water on combustion gas production during extinguishing. It was found from these experiments that water spray can effectively extinguish 21700 LIB fires and reduce the maximum surface temperature of LIB. But the water spray has no significant difference in cooling rate after temperature recovery. The contact efficiency between the water spray and batteries decreased with the increase in water pressure. With sufficient volume of water spray and high contact efficiency, water spray can inhibit the thermal runaway propagation. With insufficient volume of water spray or low contact efficiency, the time to onset of thermal runaway was delayed. Water affects combustion gas production during thermal runaway. When water was applied, the concentration of CO, H2 and HF increased, while CO2 decreased.

Research Progress on Smoke Control Technology for Highway Tunnel Fire

Fire is one of the biggest threats to the safe operation of highway tunnels, which will not only damage the tunnel structure, but also seriously threaten the people’s lives and property. As a key link of tunnel fire rescue, ventilation and smoke control directly affects the development trend and hazard consequences of fire. Based on the previous research results, this paper introduces the characteristics of highway tunnel fire, the methods and characteristics of ventilation and smoke exhaust, the influence of tunnel structure, and fire extinguishing methods, which has certain reference and guiding significance for the design of fire ventilation and smoke exhaust, the personnel evacuation and emergency rescue in the highway tunnel.

The problem of fire fighting during the hours of darkness

The article presents the results of the first stage of investigation, aimed at improving the efficiency of the system for forest protection from fire by improving the organization and works to extinguish forest fires due to the optimal use of the dark conditions, increasing the safety of workers of forest fire groups in difficult conditions. The possibility of increasing the impact degree on the border of an existing forest fire with available forces and tools on the first day is equivalent to gaining an increase in the amount of labor hours spent within one operational period. It is comparable to the positive effect of using additional forces for a short period of time. The article presents the results of the first stage of the study. The analysis results of the state in the practice of extinguishing forest fires t dark conditions are presented. In analysis, the attention is focused on the peculiarities of the extinguishing forest fires in difficult conditions, taking into account the influence of the main regulatory factors such as limited visibility, terrain, types of plantings and ground cover, weather conditions, tools and fire extinguishing equipment used, tactical techniques and fire extinguishing methods, equipment firefighting units by individual and group protection tools, application of standard procedures for controlling forces and equipment in a fire, presence of hazardous working conditions, compliance the regulations of the existing law. In the course of the analysis, domestic and foreign experience of extinguishing forest fires at dark conditions was considered. A field research program for the next phase has been organized.

DESIGN AND CALCULATION SPECIFICS OF THE SUBSURFACE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM

Introduction Despite the significant progress in technology, including the field of fire safety, fires of oil and petroleum products tanks remains one of the most difficult ones to extinguish. This type of deflagration develops rapidly, has protracted nature and requires the involvement of a large number of means and forces. Also, such fires cause enormous material and environmental damage and pose a significant danger to people's life and health. One of the safest ways to extinguish fires in oil and petroleum products tanks is a subsurface fire extinguishing method. This method uses foam concentrate with fluorinated stabilizers, an aqueous solution of which can cover the surface of petroleum products with a thin film. At the moment, this issue is not researched well enough in our country. The official Ukrainian regulation documents describe technical parameters of oil tanks extinguishing system, but the method described in these documents is the same for both subsurface fire extinguishing and surface foam supply. Therefore, a specific methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system is necessary. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system. Calculation of the different technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. is provided. Results This research outlines the main problems of fire extinguishing in tanks with oil and petroleum products, and specifics of their elimination by supplying fluorosynthetic foaming agents into the layer of combustible material. The research also describes calculation methods of the main parameters of the subsurface fire extinguishing method for extinguishing fires in oil and petroleum tanks using low expansion foam. Examples of calculation using tank RVS-10000 for both proposed methodology and methodology described in the official Ukrainian regulation documents are provided. Various technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system were calculated depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. Conclusion The results of this research prove that spendings on foam agents and damages from the oil fire can be reduced when using subsurface fire extinguishing method.

ФИЗИЧЕСКИЙ МЕХАНИЗМ И СПОСОБ ТУШЕНИЯ ЖИДКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫМИ СУСПЕНЗИЯМИ ВОДЫ С УГЛЕРОДНЫМИ НАНОСТРУКТУРАМИ

Introduction . The purpose of this work is to determine the mechanism for extinguishing liquid hydrocarbons and develop a method for extinguishing them with water-based suspensions with carbon nanostructures. Materials . Nonfunctionalized (non-funct) and functionalized multilayer carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), as well as astralenes (Astr), were used as nanomaterials dispersed in distilled water. Experimental part. The experimental part included determining the pH of the suspensions; research of nanostructures by atomic force microscopy; measurement of surface tension suspensions; determining the rate of their heating to the boiling point, the specific heat of vaporization; time measurement of extinguishing model hearth class B. Results and discussion. The burning liquid hydrocarbons extinguishing mechanism with water and carbon nanostructures suspensions is achieved by intensifying the processes of heat removing from the petroleum product vapors combustion zone. Dispersion of low concentrations of carbon nanostructures (MWCNT, Astralen) 0.05–1.0 % by vol. in aqueous compositions on the base of distillated water (DW) leads to increase the heating rate to the reflux temperature and more intense steam generation, an improvement in the quenching characteristics when sprayed drops are applied to the combustion zone. In suspensions DW+non-funct MWCNT and DW+MWCNT with concentration 0.8–1.0 % by vol. fire extinguishing efficiency increase by increasing the values of specific heat of vaporization up to the interval 2300…2400 kJ/kg, for DW+Astralen with concentration 0.2–0.5 % by vol. — 2400…2600 kJ/kg, for DW+Carbopol ETD 2020+ +MWCNT with concentration 0.5–1.0 % by vol. — 1100…1400 kJ/kg. The quenching time dependence of the heating rate to boiling point has a characteristic extremum in the range of 5.5…6.5 °C/min for suspensions DW+non-funct MWCNT and DW+MWCNT with concentration of 0.8–1.0 % by vol., 5.5…6.5 °C/min for DW + Astralen with concentration of 0.2–0.5 % by vol. and 6.0…8.0 °C/min for DW+Carbopol ETD 2020+MWCNT with concentration of 0.5–1.0 % by vol. Conclusion . Proposed fire extinguishing method can significantly increase fire extinguishing agents effectiveness to eliminate the liquid hydrocarbons burning due to water and carbon nanostructures suspensions droplets intensive heating to the boiling point, evaporation and cooling of the combustion zone.

Performance evaluation of water mist fire suppression: A clean and sustainable fire-fighting technique in mechanically-ventilated place

Fire disasters occurring in the ventilated places often feature the harmless and pollution-free fire extinguishing methods, one of which is water mist. However, the application of water mist system in the forced-ventilated places is still a controversial issue. The main objective of this study is to present a systematic experimental investigation on water mist suppression performance in the mechanical ventilation conditions. A series of full-scale experiments were conducted in a glass-walled cabin with dimension of 3 m × 3 m × 3 m, measuring instantaneous flame height, smoke temperature, radiative and convective heat flux, and concentrations of oxygen and carbon monoxide. The coupling effect of water mist and mechanical smoke exhaust was revealed. Experimental results show that all the dimensionless maximum temperature rise, dimensionless rising and descending rates decline linearly with exhaust rate. Moreover, the dimensionless maximum temperature rise correlates well with the dimensionless height in a cubical relationship. The inhibitive effect of convective heat transfer is enhanced gradually with the increased mechanical exhaust rate. Both the turbulent mixing and radiation attenuation play significant roles in water mist fire suppression. Furthermore, the minimum value and descending rate of O2 concentration both tend to increase with exhaust rate, while the maximum value and rising rate of CO concentration change inversely. It is implied that the coupling of mechanical ventilation and water mist system is beneficial for personnel evacuation, and it provides a reference for the clean and sustainable fire-extinguishing system design.

Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics of steel cable for cable-stayed bridge

Inspired by a serious fire accident on the cable-stayed bridge, the characteristics of this type of cable fire were investigated pertinently with experiment. And some important parameters, such as temperature distribution and flame height, were measured. The behaviors of fire growth and fire propagation were analyzed; furthermore, fire spread rate was obtained. Additionally, the effectiveness of fire extinguishing methods used in such cable fires was also examined. The results show that the special cables layout and material composition seriously influenced fire behaviors. When internal steel strands were ignited, the polyethylene material on its surface would melt and drop at high temperature, causing that external burning drops penetrated into the interior, which could gradually ignite the unburned part and flaring up the fire. The HDPE sheath originally as a protected component, once ignited, would generate a large amount of burning molten drops, dramatically promoting the fire development to the underneath cable. As observed in fire extinguishing experiments, dry powder, one method recommended by NFPA, showed a re-ignition phenomenon. By comparison, water, one method deprecated in standard, contrarily brought about good effects in fire extinguishing due to an effective cooling effects for inner steel.

Ecological and Economic Risks of Fire Protection of Warehouses and Tank Parks

The article deals with fire extinguishing methods at warehouse facilities, environmental and economic risks of their application and ways of how to minimize possible impacts. This is due to the fact that fire extinguishing agents used are not ecologically safe and they damage the environment and humans. Analysis of existing fire protection systems for tanks has shown that all extinguishing methods have drawbacks and are mainly environmentally harmful.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ УГРОЗЕ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЖАРОВ

Introduction. The woods have the crucial functions on decrease of negative impact natural and anthropogenous character to the ecosystems of Earth. As difficult objects of research, the woods depend on a host of factors but unfortunately it is paid attention not to all of them, especially when forecasting of fire situation in the woods. Research objective — carrying out of an analysis of modern forecasting methods of fire-dangerous situation and development of the recommendations for improvement of complex of activities for prevention and mitigation of consequences of forest fires. Methods. The leading documents and approaches used for forecasting of fire-dangerous situation, realization of actions for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations were analyzed. Results. It is evaluated that the method of calculation of fire hazard index under the terms of weather determined by the order of Federal Forestry Agency doesn’t consider the speed of a wind and accumulated precipitation that has essential impact on reliability of the defined degree of fire hazard. For the elimination of this shortcoming it is offered to use corresponding correction coefficients. Geometrical characteristics of forest fire have essential impact on a choice of methods of fire extinguishing. The technique of landscape fire extinguishing used simplifies its form to a square that leads to increase of calculations error and decrease efficiency of planning and carrying out of accident rescue works. It is offered to use an ellipsoid or sector which calculation of the areas isn’t required difficult mathematical calculations, but possesses a sufficient share of accuracy. Improvement of a complex of organizational, legal and engineering and technical measures is directed on increase of efficiency of implementation of measures for the prevention and fight against forest fires. Conclusion. The research allows to make a conclusion that the existing methods and actions not fully ensure safety of the population and territories at threat of emergence of natural fires. The offered measures directed on improvement of the available expected methods will allow to increase efficiency of the forecast and realization of accident and rescue works during natural fires.

О влиянии звуковых волн на процессы горения

Дан краткий обзор ряда работ, посвященных изучению влияния акустических волн на процесс горения с целью повышения эффективности использования топлива, уменьшения вредных выбросов и тушения локальных возгораний.

The impact of fire and fire extinguishing method on the corrosion behavior of the steel bars in concrete pore solution

Exposure of reinforced concrete structural elements to high temperatures, e.g. fire, remains one of the serious potential risks to such structures. This exposure can lead to losses in concrete structural capacity, possible plastic deformation of embedded steel and loss of bond between reinforcing steel and concrete. The level of temperature and the method of extinguishing the fire alter the microstructure of reinforcing steel bars. This microstructure alteration changes the corrosion behavior of steel in such structures, when exposes to chloride ions. The present study was undertaken to determine the impact of exposure of steel to high temperature and the method of extinguishing the fire on its corrosion behavior in alkaline environment of concrete in presence of chloride ions. Results indicated that exposure of steel to high temperatures, regardless of its level; made steel more susceptible to corrosion compared to the reference case, when steel was kept at room temperature. The worst case happened for the steel exposed to 850°C for an hour, then cooled rapidly in water, where the corrosion rate increased approximately 60% in chloride contaminated concrete pore solution.

New fire-extinguishing method

An unparalleled new fire-fighting method and device are proposed. This method relies on a constant electromagnetic field.

Gas dividing membrane modulus for creating inert surroundings in fire areas

A new technology of atmosphere in inertization of fire section with the help of gazeous nitrogen is presented in the report. This technology is based on membrane air subdivision into two streams, concentrated with nitrogen (up to 99%) and with oxygen correspondently with subsequent giving them into the place of fire. This technology belongs to environmentally friendly ones and it has a great number of technical, mobile and economic advantages comparing with the rest of well-known methods of fire extinguishing. This technology application in Ukrainian coal mines allowed to reduce the member of isolated places of fire at the expense of their extinguishing efficiency.

Kuwaiti Oil Fires, by T. Husain

The body of this book relates in detail the technology and construction of oil wells and the fire extinguishing methods used in the aftermath of Gulf Crisis. This topic is not often encountered by air and water specialists and therefore will interest many a reader who do not wish to be camped strictly within their own field. Moreover, substantial background information is provided concerning the historical development of the oil fields, oil reserves and development in Kuwait and Iraq. The framework of the Gulf Crisis is also mentioned, but one cannot say that this complex matter becomes fully translucent after reading the chapter in question. Large space is imparted to the physical and chemical monitoring and characterization of the smoke plume. Besides, it contains also interesting lessons concerning e.g. modeling and predictions. World-known authorities predicted that smoke originating from burning a few million barrels of oil per day will penetrate the stratosphere up to 25 km and induce nuclear winter-like phenomena for several months reaching India. Such prophecies were widely publicized, while more moderate voices went unheard. However, measurements after the catastrophe disproved the doomsday oracles. The smoke never rose beyond the troposphere and there were no noteworthy longrange effects. In the field of environmental impact assessment, the book shows tendencies to stress the sensational points of the aftermath of the Gulf War, even if the specific aspect is only remotely related to the main subject, oil fires and based upon shaky reference. Thus (page 233) ‘Some have suggested that the fatal epidemic of swollen abdomens among Iraqi children is caused by kidney failure resulting from uranium poisoning’ (hypothesis: that children may have played with spent uranium shells). The source is an Indian daily newspaper and the ‘epidemic’ attained ‘at least three children...’. In general, one wonders why a book about Kuwaiti oil fires shall discuss well known air pollution episodes like Chernobyl or Meuse Valley

5588493 Fire extinguishing methods and systems : Spector Yechiel; Jacobson Esther; Naishtut Vida; Vittenberg Michael; Beinert Zohar Tel Aviv, Israel assigned to Spectronix Ltd

5588493 Fire extinguishing methods and systems : Spector Yechiel; Jacobson Esther; Naishtut Vida; Vittenberg Michael; Beinert Zohar Tel Aviv, Israel assigned to Spectronix Ltd

Fire Fighting Equipment for Bulk users of Lubricating & Electrical Oils, PART ONE

These articles have been written with the primary object of fighting fires in Power Stations and mainly those that can occur due to outbreaks from leaking lubricating oil systems and transformer and switch gear units. But the methods and equipment outlined are similarly applicable to all oil fires and will be of interest to all industrial bulk users of lubricating and electrical oils. In this part, the author covers automatic methods and describes the “Mulsifyre” system in detail. In the second part, in our next issue, he will deal with Fire Pumps, Portable Appliances, and Extinguishing Methods using Carbon Dioxide, Foam, and Dry Chemicals.

Some methods of fire extinguishing

Some methods of fire extinguishing