Fire Control Radar Research Articles

Design Validation and Reliability Assurance of Electronic Systems Using the Next Generation RGT Models

Arrhenius Accelerated Growth Model (AAGT) is the next generation accelerated testing models used for design validation and reliability assurance of electronics systems. These models are used in design and manufacturing phases towards reliability enhancement of the system respectively. AAGT Models uses Highly Accelerated Stresses for screening of the components towards uncovering Compared to traditional qualification test methods, design flaws, latent defects, component selection problems, and manufacturing flaws can be detected fast. The procedure includes thermal dwells and quick temperature changes while subjecting the test unit to increasing degrees of stress. Dynamic stresses (Pseudo-Random Vibration covering all 6DOF systems) and a combination of thermal and dynamic PSD stresses towards quickly precipitating inherent/hidden defects quickly. These Accelerated models used to qualify modern active array radar modules like Transmit Receive Modules (TRMs) which will be in large numbers and It will be difficult and time-consuming to filter these modules individually using the traditional way. To increase the quality and dependability of electronic devices, much accelerated life tests have been extensively adopted. However, extremely accelerated life tests may only be used as a qualitative approach to assess a product's dependability; they cannot be used to quantify a product's reliability, such as MTBF/MTTF. Consequently, in order to efficiently assess the level of product reliability while improving product reliability in a timely manner. HALT/HASS uses Arrhenius Accelerated Growth Model that is an effective technique used for screening of the module with in short period. This paper discuss in detail with a case study on active array modules deliberating about the test methodology, challenges faced during Using Arrhenius accelerated test models, rapid testing and assessment of these Four channel TRMs used for airborne Fire Control Radar for combat operations.

Adaptive scheduling algorithm for phased array fire control radar based on comprehensive priority

Aiming at the problem of resource allocation in multi-task scheduling of phased array fire control radar, this paper proposes an adaptive scheduling algorithm based on comprehensive priority, that is, the shooting advantage degree of phased array fire control radar to different targets is calculated by using Analytic Hierarchy Process, and then combined with the priority of the work mode and the task deadline to carry out the comprehensive priority planning of the task. In the performance evaluation algorithm, the index of shooting value rate is proposed to evaluate the performance of the scheduling algorithm for high shooting advantage degree tasks. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional scheduling algorithm, the proposed scheduling algorithm significantly improves the shooting value rate and the comprehensive scheduling ability of phased array fire control radar.

A Networked Radar Resource Management Approach Utilizing Target Priority and Maneuver for Cooperative Air Defense Fire Control Radars

A Networked Radar Resource Management Approach Utilizing Target Priority and Maneuver for Cooperative Air Defense Fire Control Radars

Target priority based optimisation of radar resources for networked air defence systems

Air Defence System (ADS) effectiveness relies not only on weapon and sensor performances but also on effective usage of those resources. In an ADS Network, several ADS are deployed in an overlapping coverage in order to increase the protection of defended assets (DA). Limited tracking capacity of ADS fire control radars leads to a limited engagement capability of the whole ADS network. In this paper, a radar resource optimisation algorithm is proposed for networked ADS fire control radars in order to apply an adaptive tracking strategy for threatening targets under the constraint of tracking capacity limitation for each fire control radar. Threat posed by the targets is calculated using a Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) that takes into account the variables related to threat as well as DAs. An optimisation strategy is utilised in order to select the minimum number of tracking radars that will minimise the cost function formed by tracking quality metrics related to threat priorities and Bayesian Cramér–Rao lower bound (BCRLB). Proposed algorithm dynamically selects target tracking quality and minimises tracking resources in an ADS by utilising surrogate optimisation suitable for real-time implementation. Simulation results are given in order to show the improvement in defence effectiveness of networked ADS.

Ultra‐Wideband and Polarization‐Independent RCS Reduction Based on Polarization Conversion Metasurface

AbstractIn this work, an ultra‐wideband polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is proposed. Because it is an anisotropic structure with a pair of mutually perpendicular symmetric axes u and v, and the phase difference between the reflection coefficients under u‐ and v‐polarized incidences is close to 180° in an ultra‐wide frequency range from 9.5 to 29.5 GHz, it can realize ultra‐wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection and make its co‐polarized reflection coefficient under CP incidence close to 1.0 in the ultra‐wide band 9.2–29.7 GHz. In addition, for any metasurface, when its unit cell structure is rotated by an angle ψ, almost ±2ψ Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) phase will be generated in co‐polarized reflection coefficient under CP incidence. Thus, based on the proposed PCM, an ultra‐wideband Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) 2‐dit coding metasurface is conveniently proposed. The simulation and experimental results show that the coding metasurface can achieve more than 10 dB radar cross section (RCS) reduction under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations in the ultra‐wide frequency band 8.7–29.3 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 108.4%, in addition, when the incident angle is increased to 30°, the RCS reduction performance can be kept well, which shows that the proposed coding metasurface has good stealth performance under the detection of airborne radar, fire control radar and imaging radar working in X, Ku, and K bands, it is very practical.

Target Selection Algorithm for ASM using Modified ICP for Terminal Phase Applications

It's a challenging task for Anti-Ship Missile (ASM) to detect/identify intended target ship from group of ship formation acquired by seeker. As the missile flies towards the target after launch, seeker obtains the target information, which might comprises of course change due to position uncertainity along with false targets in the scene, a method is presented to select the intended target in a group of ship formation. This paper, mainly presents about selection of designated target from a group of ships (targets) formation coupled with positioning errors and false targets based on Modified Iterative Closest Point (MICP) algorithm. Ab initio, rigid transformation is performed for optimal match of point sets respectively acquired by the Fire Control Radar (FCR) and seeker. Subsequently, optimum positional match is obtained by 2-sided corresponding point computation and also checks for correctly identified target. The key contribution lies in the procedure for closest point computation. The simulation study shows that it can handle a reasonable amount of normally distributed error in data points. Match efficiency and success rate shows efficacy of the algorithm.

РОЗРАХУНОК ЗОНИ УРАЖЕННЯ ЗЕНІТНОГО РАКЕТНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ АЛГОРИТМУ БАГАТОКРИТЕРІАЛЬНОЇ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ

The kill zone is the main characteristic of the surface-to-air missile system, which characterizes, firstly, the combat capabilities of the system to hit targets of various types, and secondly, the energy capabilities of surface-to-air missiles to achieve targets, taking into account detailed calculation of the shape of the kill zone of the surface-to-air missile system is a time-consuming process, which without proper automation leads to unjustified time to perform. This article proposes a method of using a genetic algorithm with multicriteria optimization to automate the calculation of the kill zone of the surface-to-air missile system. The essence of the proposed technique is to find a set of pareto-optimal trajectories of a surface-to-air missile, the endpoints of which are the limit in terms of the ability to reach the aerial target with the necessary motion parameters and taking into account the range of target detection by fire-control radar of surface-to-air missile system. That is, one of the coordinates (the altitude or distance) of the boundary point can not be improved without the reducing of the other coordinate (the principle of pareto-optimality). This approach allows in the early stages of design to evaluate the kill zone of the surface-to-air missile system, being at design, and promptly implement effective technical solutions to increase its tactical and technical characteristics. Additional results of the calculation of the kill zone of the surface-to-air missile system according to the proposed method are data on the optimal launch angles of the surface-to-air missile, which can be taken into account when designing the launcher of the system, as well as data highlighting some features of surface-to-air missile flight.

An ultra-wideband polarization conversion metasurface for RCS reduction

In this paper, a polarization conversion metasurface is proposed, which can realized ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection in the frequency range 7.3–28.7 GHz; in addition, when its unit cell structure is rotated by an angle ψ, almost ±2ψ Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase will be generated in its co-polarized reflection coefficient under CP incidence. Thus, base on the polarization conversion metasurface, an ultra-wideband PB 2-dit coding metasurface is further proposed for Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction. The simulation and experiment results show that the coding metasurface can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the ultra-wide frequency band 7.2–28.6 GHz under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations; in addition, when the incident angle is increased to 45°, the ultra-wideband RCS reduction can still be realized, which shows that the coding metasurface has good stealth performance in X, Ku and K bands, and it is very practical for most airborne radar, fire control radar and imaging radar working in these bands.

Investigations on Monolithic Radome Interactions with Active Electronically Scanned Array on Fighter Platform

The conventional fighter aircrafts are often equipped with fire control radar (FCR) using mechanically scanned antenna (MSA) with passive slots enclosed with monolithic conical radome. When the fighter platforms get upgraded with the modern active electronically steered array (AESA) FCR for better mission capabilities, even though radome change is desirable for optimum performance of AESA, it may not be feasible due to development time. This necessitate the evaluation of AESA radar with the existing monolithic radome. Hence active antenna aperture radiation pattern is required to be assessed with monolithic radome. To address this issue, simulation is preferred over physical testing, due to the reduced cost, time and complexity in measurements and ability to verify compatibility. In the present paper, the influence of monolithic radome on the active antenna radiation patterns are simulated and analysed. The characterisation studies helped for better optimisation of active aperture, optimum size for new radome development and additional space on fighter platforms that can be used for integration of new subsystems. Simulations are performed at two different locations of antenna inside radome. Experimental validations have been carried out to prove the efficacy of simulated results, which are in agreement.

Compact spoof surface plasmon polariton leaky‐wave antenna with consistent gain

AbstractIn this letter, a compact and Wide‐angle scanning spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) leaky‐wave antenna (LWA) is proposed. By introducing an interdigital branch into the hole‐shaped SSPP transmission line (SSPP TL), the width of the TL is decreased, realizing the miniaturization of the antenna. Asymmetric periodic structure is introduced to convert the slow‐wave mode to the fast‐wave mode. A prototype of the proposed SSPP LWA is fabricated and characterized. The measured results indicate that the proposed SSPP LWA has a high peak gain (10–13 dBi) and stable gain fluctuation throughout a large beam‐scanning angle range from −54° to +6°, and the impedance bandwidth is 11–16 GHz (about 37%). The measured results agree well with the simulated. Due to the performances of compactness, high efficiency, and consistent gain, the proposed LWA has promising potentials for applications in the fire control radar and imaging radar.

Analysis of the Impact of Airborne Multi-antenna Radar Power Architecture on Weight

Multi-antenna phased array radar is widely used in airborne detection, and the weight of its power system is affected by the number of antenna and power architecture. Based on the morphological differences of secondary power supply, the power architecture is divided into independent unit architecture, independent module architecture and distributed architecture. By analyze the weight composition and characteristics of power system in multi-antenna radar, the applicable scenarios of various architectures are obtained, and the influencing mechanism of antenna number on power weight is demonstrated. Finally, based on typical airborne fire control radar, the specific weight composition of power system of various architectures in single-antenna radar and three-antenna radar is compared, and the specific effect of antenna number on power weight is obtained.

AESA radar and IRST against low observable threats

PurposeModern fighter aircraft using active electronically scanned array (AESA) fire control radars are able to detect and track targets at long ranges, in the order of 50 nautical miles or more. Low observable or stealth technology has contested the radar capabilities, reducing detection/tracking ranges roughly to one-third (or even less, for fighter aircraft radar). Hence, infrared search and track (IRST) systems have been reconsidered as an alternative to the radar. This study aims to explore and compare the capabilities and limitations of these two technologies, AESA radars and IRST systems, as well as their synergy through sensor fusion.Design/methodology/approachThe AESA radar range is calculated with the help of the radar equation under certain assumptions, taking into account heat dissipation requirements, using the F-16 fighter as a case study. Concerning the IRST sensor, a new model is proposed for the estimation of the detection range, based on the emitted infrared radiation caused by aerodynamic heating.FindingsThe maximum detection range provided by an AESA radar could be restricted because of the increased waste heat which is produced and the relevant constraints concerning the cooling capacity of the carrying aircraft. On the other hand, IRST systems exhibit certain advantages over radars against low observable threats. IRST could be combined with a datalink with the help of data fusion, offering weapons-quality track.Originality/valueAn original approach is provided for the IRST detection range estimation. The AESA/IRST comparison offers valuable insight, while it allows for more efficient planning, at the military acquisition phase, as well as at the tactical level.

Jamming decision under condition of incomplete jamming rule library

To solve the problem of the low rate of template matching (TM) jamming decision method under the incomplete jamming rule library condition in traditional electronic warfare, a clustering and resampling – support vector machine (CRS-SVM) jamming decision method, is proposed. For the air-to-air scene of airborne multifunctional fire control radar, the inter-pulse pulse and intra-pulse features are extracted, and a jamming rule library that is divided into the source domain and target domain sample according to the missing rate is constructed in this scene. DBSCAN algorithm is used to cluster the dataset, and the structure information is found. The training samples are generated via resampling. SVM is used to transform the inner product of the target domain space into the inner product of the feature space to establish the feature space hyperplane. The target domain samples are labelled as the corresponding jamming style label to realise the fast and effective decision. The experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy and robustness of jamming decision compared with the traditional TM method.

항공기 레이다에 있어 두 개의 주파수를 사용하였을 때저고도 표적 다중경로 각도 추정의 CRLB

If two signals with the same single-tone frequency and differing phases impinge simultaneously on an antenna at slightly differing angles, then a large error in the angle estimation might occur if the phase difference is either 0° or 180°. This phenomenon might arise with an airborne fire-control radar, which has a relatively small bandwidth, for a low-flying target over the sea or terrain surface. In this paper, we show that the Cramér-Rao lower bound for such a target can be significantly lowered with the use of two frequencies.

On the use of AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) Radar and IRST (InfraRed Search&Track) System to Detect and Track Low Observable Threats

The radar has been indisputably the most important sensor in the battlefield, allowing early warning and tracking of air vehicles. Modern fighter ircraft employing AESA fire control radars are able to acquire and track targets at long ranges, in the order of 50 nautical miles or more. However, the proliferation of low observable or stealth technology has contested radar capabilities, reducing their detection / tracking ranges roughly to one third. This degradation is more severe concerning fighter aircraft radars, since most stealth threats are optimised for higher frequency bands, as in the case of fire control radars. Hence, other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have been reconsidered, such as infrared radiation (IR). Every aircraft is a source of IR, due to fuel combustion, aerodynamic friction and IR reflection. In this way, a jet fighter can be detected by an IR sensor against the cold background of the sky. Therefore, IRST systems have re-emerged, offering an alternative to the radar. Apart from their capabilities concerning target detection (whether stealth or not), IRST systems also exhibit passive operation, resilience to jamming and better angular accuracy. On the other hand, they are prone to weather conditions, especially moisture, while they cannot measure distance directly, as in the case of the radar. This work explores and compares the capabilities and limitations of the two approaches, AESA radars and IRST systems, offering also some insight to the benefits of sensor fusion.

Legal Issues and Challenges on whether ROK's Warship Aimed Fire Control Radars at Japans' P-1 Maritime Patrol Aircraft

Legal Issues and Challenges on whether ROK's Warship Aimed Fire Control Radars at Japans' P-1 Maritime Patrol Aircraft

Detection and Identification of Multipath Jamming Method for Polarized Radar Seeker

Multipath jamming is an effective self-defense jamming mode used to counter airborne fire-control radar or radar seekers. Multipath jamming has a deceptive jamming effect on the range, velocity, and angle of radar, making it difficult to identify and suppress. In this study, a polarized radar seeker structure is proposed. Based on the mechanism of the multipath jamming effect on radar, orthogonal polarization signal models of jamming and direct arrived signal are established. Next, a method to detect multipath jamming based on statistical property differences of polarization phases is proposed. The physical connotation of this method is clear and easy to realize. This method can be used to determine the presence of a jamming signal and identify the signal pattern and polarization types. The feasibility of this method has been verified via a simulation experiment, thereby demonstrating that the method serves as a useful reference for effectively countering multipath jamming.

LFM Radar Convolution Jamming Suppression Based on Oblique Projection in FrFT Domain

Convolution false-targets jamming against LFM fire-control radars generates range and velocity false targets which are coherent with target echo, which increases the difficulty of jamming detection and suppression and makes the victim radar system lost the track of real target. To combat against this type of jamming, the uncorrelated characteristic between the jamming and echo in FRFT domain is discussed firstly. Thus, an oblique projection operator which is capable of suppress convolution false-targets jamming is built. The simulation results showed the operator have little effect on the echo and proved the effectiveness of this method.

Airborne Embedded Training System Architecture Design

For the current avionics system structure of typical military aircraft, this paper proposes the architecture design of airborne embedded training system ,and detailedly discusses the functional structure scheme of the training system, composition of hardware and software etc. This paper deeply discusses credibility and effectiveness inspection scheme in the system development process, and takes embedded training system and the integration process of the fire control radar for example, this paper also does simulation and analysis of simulation.

Application of Repeater Jamming Technology Aiming at Doppler Fire Control Radar on Ship-to-Ship Missile Penetration

ECM aiming at fire control radar is an effective method for improving ship-to-ship missile penetration capability. Based on the analysis of Doppler fire control radar working principle, Doppler fire control radar countermeasures strategy is brought up. The repeater jamming technology applied to the ship-to-ship missile, aiming at Doppler fire control radar, and its application conditions are lucubrated. The research has positive significance to the weapon equipment development and operational application.