Fire Alarm System Research Articles

Fire Alarm System Through Smoke Detection

A reliable fire alarm system (FAS) is crucial for timely reporting and responding to fires. While existing techniques can predict undesirable outcomes, they lack guidance on when and how workers should intervene to minimize the associated costs. Recent advancements in sensors, microelectronics, and information technology have significantly improved fire detection technologies. However, the prevalence of synthetic materials in modern homes has increased the danger of fire-related injuries and deaths due to the release of toxic fumes and gases, including carbon monoxide. This highlights the need for ongoing analysis and development of fire detection techniques to ensure the safety of occupants.

Analysis of Selected Issues of the CPR Proposal, Taking into Account the Specifics of Fire Alarm Systems

Aim: The purpose of this publication is to present the results of ongoing theoretical research – an assessment of the newly proposed regulation that will replace Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing harmonized conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC. The purpose of the conducted research was to analyse and compare the legal provisions. Introduction: Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council is a document that regulates the marketing of almost all construction products in the European Union. After 11 years since the publication of Regulation 305/2011, and less than 10 since its full entry into force, the European Commission has published on its website a proposal for a regulation that will ultimately replace today’s EU-wide regulation in 2025. The changes are, among other things, an outcome of the Commission’s 2016 report on the implementation of the regulation, which identified deficiencies in its implementation and a significant number of problems related to standardization, among other issues. This state of affairs was confirmed by the 2021 report of the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Commission. Methodology: The authors used theoretical research, such as analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, generalization, inference, comparison and analogy. An analysis was performed of the current regulation and compared with the proposal for a new regulation, which has been published by the European Commission and is publicly available to all citizens. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the proposed regulation, which is ultimately intended to replace the existing European regulation, shows that the implementation of the new (amended) act may contribute to the complexity of the processes involved in the marketing of construction products within the European Union. The document itself is characterized by a high degree of complexity, in which, under the banner of simplification and unification of the construction product market, among other things, the scope of the European Commission’s powers is expanded, new obligations are introduced for the manufacturers of construction products, notified bodies assessing products, and new requirements for products and a new type of declaration are introduced. Its implementation will be a major challenge for EU member states and all players in the construction products market. Keywords: construction products, regulation 305/2011, European regulations, marketing of construction products

Analysis of false alarm causes in video fire detection systems

Video-based fire detection systems represent an innovative path in fire signalling. Thanks to a suitably designed algorithm, a system of this kind can enable the detection of a flame based on its characteristics such as colour or shape, which were not previously used in classical fire detection systems. Video-based detection systems, due to their early stage of development in the fire protection market, are not yet a certified, fully tested method for early fire detection. This paper focuses on the analysis of possible causes of false alarms occurring in video-based fire detection systems in relation to classical Fire Alarm Systems (FAS). For this purpose, a video-based flame detection algorithm is designed and implemented to further analyse the phenomena occurring in such systems.

Fire Alarm Systems

Abstract: The electrical or electronic system that can detect fire-related accidents and can alert or notify peoples, is called a Fire alarm and detection system. The fire alarm system is very important for safety in residential buildings, factories, houses, School/colleges, Hospital etc. Generally, the fire alarm system is installed in a building to detect the fire anywhere in that building. The fire alarm system has two main parts - a detection system and a notification or alarm system. Using the detection system, it senses the fire or fire-related incidents, and using the alarm system it notifies the people. Fire alarm system consists of control panel, smoke detector, MCP and Electronic Sounder. The Brain of fire alarm system is the Fire Alarm Control Panel. It is the central hub for all the detector signal to be wired and provides a status indication to the users.

GSM Based Fire Alert System

Abstract: A fire alarm system is essential for maintaining and monitoring the safety of all types of environments and situations. However, the usability of many existing fire alarm systems is well known, but production could be expensive. As a result, it is out of reach for low-income users. The primary goal of this project is to create a low-cost fire control system. The detection system, the monitoring system, and the appliance system are the three main systems in the project. The detection system serves as a fire and smoke detector. This paper describes the design and implementation of a fire alarm system using the Arduino UNO as the system's controller. The detectors are arranged in parallel at various levels. A fire alarm system is critical for ensuring the safety of all types of environments and situations. The usability of many existing fire alarm systems is well known, but production may be costly. As a result, low-income users are unable to access it. This project's primary goal is to develop a low-cost fire control system. The three main systems in the project are the detection system, the monitoring system, and the appliance system. The detection system also functions as a smoke and fire detector. The design and implementation of a fire alarm system using the Arduino UNO as the system's controller is described in this paper. The detectors are parallel-arranged at various levels.

EVALUATING THE PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS AGAINST FLOODING IN METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES

Vulnerability analysis has always been an integral part of disaster risk assessment. This study aims to assess the physical vulnerability of public school buildings against flooding. It discusses the vulnerable elements or attributes, the extent of damages incurred during flood events, the damage response, and the future steps that must be taken to increase flood resiliency. The study used empirical data collection using semi-structured interviews to characterize the common types of public schools and to collate the damage responses. Quantity surveying was performed to measure the amount of damages related to different flood depths. Structural damages to public school buildings are not expected for flood heights ranging from ground level up to ten (10) m. However, damages are incurred by building finishes and fixtures. Floors, walls, and septic system are cosmetically damaged. Vulnerable components include wooden elements like doors, cabinets, blackboards and ceiling, and electrical fixtures such as wiring, lighting, outlets, switches, and fire alarm system. Comprehensive vulnerability description of public school buildings were represented as curves of flood depth vs. damage index. The damage ratio decreases as the number of floors increase. Maximum damage to one-story building is 23.6% while at 15.02% for four-story school building. This study is an attempt to promote further research of the subject matter in developing countries towards flood resiliency in the built environment.

Fire risk assessment of Malaysia public hospital buildings

Fire risk assessment of Malaysia public hospital buildings

Forest Wildfire Detection using Deep Learning

Abstract: The advent of satellite technology has made it possible to continuously monitor and manage forest fires, which pose a serious hazard to people and other living things. Smoke in the air indicates the presence of forest wildfires. Fire detection is essential in fire alarm systems for preventing damage and other fire catastrophes that have an impact on society. It's crucial to effectively identify fire from visual settings to prevent large-scale fires. An efficient method of a machine learning based Inception-v3 based on transfer learning is developed to increase the accuracy of fire detection. It trains satellite images to classify datasets into fire and non-fire images, generates a confusion matrix to determine the framework's effectiveness, and then uses local binary patterns to extract the fire-occurring region from satellite images. This method lowers the rate of false detection.

Design a Crime Detection System based Fog Computing and IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a cutting-edge innovation that facilitates the cost-effective development of smart system architectures. Although current regulations necessitate installing an analog fire alarm system, such a system lacks the intelligence to instantly notify the appropriate parties in a timely fashion. In addition, since people are not always present, an analog fire alarm will not be able to prevent immediate danger or damage in the event of a fire. Therefore, the incident must be reported as soon as possible to the appropriate party in order to lessen the impact of a fire. In this study, we suggest a smart fire-alarm system made of a fire sensor and a sound sensor that can both detect fire and noise as well as the status of the analog fire alarm system to ascertain whether the analog fire alarm system is operational. We first tested our proposed smart fire alarm system to determine its effectiveness before putting it into use. From there, we ran experiments to determine how well it worked. The outcomes show that the system is trustworthy in a range of scenarios.

Contribution for the Fire Protection Improvement on RO-RO Ships

Fire is one of the most dangerous types of an accident that might happen to a ship, highly harmful to the crew as well as to the ship itself, high temperature, toxic vapours and gases are created (generated) by the combustion of a combustible material. In addition to human casualties, a material damage was also included in the fire. Therefore, a significant role of the fire protection is timely notification of fire, enabling the quick intervention, the damage reduction and engagement of people and equipment. The possibilities of fire protection improvement are carefully studied by the authors on RO-RO ships. The aim is to point out the importance of fire protection preventive measures. The analysis of the article is based on the road tunnels fire alarm system and the possibilities of application on RO-RO ships. The authors have been suggesting the use of an optical sensor cable in garages on RO-RO ships as the main type of fire alarm system detectors.

Multi-functional bio-film based on sisal cellulose nanofibres and carboxymethyl chitosan with flame retardancy, water resistance, and self-cleaning for fire alarm sensors

Flexible and environmentally friendly bio-based films have attracted significant attention as next-generation fire-responsive sensors. However, the low structural stability, durability, and flame retardancy of pure bio-based films limit their application in outdoor and extreme environments. Here, we report the design of a sustainable bio-based composite film assembled from carboxymethyl-modified sisal fibre microcrystals (C-MSF), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), graphene nanosheets (GNs), phytic acid (PA), and trivalent iron ions (Fe3+). Cross-linking between Fe3+ and the C-MSF/CMC matrix and the formation of PA–Fe3+ complexes on the surface of the film imparted excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability, self-cleaning ability, and flame retardancy to the bio-film. Furthermore, the bio-film produced a reversible and sensitive response to temperature at 55.3–214.1 °C, and a fire alarm system made from the bio-film had a fire-response time of 4.6 s. In addition, the char layer of the bio-film retained a stable cyclic response to temperature, enabling it to serve as a fire resurgence sensor with a response time of 2.3 s and recovery time of 11.2 s. This work provides a simple pathway for the fabrication of self-cleaning, flame retardant, and water-resistant bio-films that can be assembled into fire alarm systems for the real-time monitoring of fire accidents and resurgence.

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION COMPUTER SYSTEM VIA TELECOMUNICATION EQUIPMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION’S LOCAL NETWORK

In the event of an emergency, there are still actions that people must take to save themselves. Currently, everyone has a mobile phone. Almost all establishments have an open Wi-Fi network. A model of the system that, when connected to the network, informs about the threats that have arisen and the actions that citizens must take to avoid damage. The alert system works around the clock. It complements the existing fire alarm and security systems. In the course of the work, an analysis of the existing models of cybersecurity threats for warning systems in emergencies was carried out, which showed that the requirements for the civil protection warning system currently need to be modernized. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to design and develop an extended cybersecurity threat model. The key aspects of the cybersecurity threat model are identified. A model of an intruder of such a warning system is presented. An extended cybersecurity threat model has been built using the Cyber Kill Chain.

Survey on Forest Wildfire Detection Using Deep Learning

Abstract—The advent of satellite technology has made it possible to continuously monitor and manage forest fires, which pose a serious hazard to people and other living things. Smoke in the air indicates the presence of forest wildfires. Fire detection is essential in fire alarm systems for preventing damage and other fire catastrophes that have an impact on society. It's crucial to effectively identify fire from visual settings to prevent large-scale fires. An efficient method of a convolutional neural network based Inception-v3 based on transfer learning is developed to increase the accuracy of fire detection. It trains satellite images to classify datasets into fire and non-fire images, generates a confusion matrix to determine the framework's effectiveness, and then uses local binary patterns to extract the fire-occurring region from satellite images. This method lowers the rate of false detection. Keywords–:: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), deep learning, Inception-v3, fire detection, image classification.

A highly flame-retardant, agile fire-alarming and ultrasensitive cotton fabric-based piezoresistive sensor for intelligent fire system

With the high frequency of fires, multifunctional cotton fabrics with high flame retardancy and agile fire-warning ability are urgently needed. Herein, a newly cotton fabric-based piezoresistive sensor (denoted as CF@A-CNTs/APP) with intelligent fire protection and high sensitivity is proposed, which is composed of amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes (A-CNTs) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) wrapped on cotton fabric (CF) using layer-by-layer self-assembly. The CF@A-CNTs/APP demonstrated excellent flame retardancy due to the synergistic formation of a dense flame retardant layer on the CF surface by A-CNTs and APP. The char residue of CF@A-CNTs/APP reached 44.0 wt% at 700 °C (nitrogen atmosphere), and the limiting oxygen index of CF@A-CNTs/APP was as high as 37.6%. More importantly, the CF@A-CNTs/APP triggered the fire-alarming system within 2 s. Benefiting from the pattern microstructures of double-layers CF and the high conductivity of A-CNTs, the CF@A-CNTs/APP has exhibited a high sensitivity of 3.8 kPa−1 (0 kPa-16.62 kPa). In view of outstanding flame retardancy, high sensitivity and robustness, the CF@A-CNTs/APPs could be integrated into firefighting suits or electronic skins to monitor the behavioral actions and equipment operating conditions. This work provides a novel strategy for a new generation of CF-based sensors with fire resistance and high sensitivity, and offers new insights into the preparation and application of smart fire-resistant materials in the field of the internet of things.

Pembuatan Sistem Kebakaran Ruang Server Berbasis Web pada DISKOMINFO Kota Makassar

Development of Web-Based Fire Alarm System in Server Room at Diskominfo Makassar City. Diskominfo Makassar City is an institution that carries out some of the regional government affairs of Makassar City in the field of communication and informatics. Makassar City Diskominfo has a server room to handle services in the communications and informatics sector for sub-districts and villages in Makassar City. Making a web-based fire alarm is intended as a form of meeting server room security standards in terms of fire threats that can occur at any time and helping to supervise or monitor the server room. The working method or procedure for making this tool goes through the stages of analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The main components needed consist of a KY026 fire sensor, MQ2 sensor, ESP8266 microcontroller, and Laravel 7. This fire alarm tool utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology so that the tool can be connected to web applications. This tool detects indications of fire based on the flame wave indicator and carbon monoxide gas through the KY026 flame sensor and MQ2 sensor. Users of this tool will receive email notifications if there is a fire in the server room. It is easy for users to monitor server rooms by accessing web applications built using Laravel 7. This website is still local and can be accessed via a search engine with the address 192.168.43.244. This tool is expected to minimize damage and accelerate the handling of fire incidents in the server room. Testing of this tool was carried out on two components, namely the KY026 fire sensor and the MQ2 sensor. Based on the results of the tests that have been carried out, both components are able to detect fire indicators at certain distances. This is proven by the user receiving a fire notification when the component detects a wave of fire or carbon monoxide gas and the user can monitor the condition of the server room in real time.

Facial recognition lock technology for social care settings: A qualitative evaluation of implementation of facial recognition locks at two residential care sites.

There is limited literature on security and access for social care settings despite policy highlighting importance, and no published research exploring facial recognition lock technology (FRLT) for potential improvements. This study explored FRLT device implementation, use, barriers and benefits. One residential care home with 43 older adults and 68 staff members (Site A), and one supported living facility caring for six individuals with mental health issues with 18 staff members (Site B) were provided with FRLT for six months. Nine pre-implementation staff interviews explored existing access and security perceptions. Ten post-implementation staff interviews and one staff focus group were conducted; all were analysed using content analysis to understand, alongside process mapping, the use and impact of the FRLT. Interview participants included site care staff and other visiting healthcare professionals. We additionally report feedback from the technology developers to demonstrate impact of industry-academia collaboration. Pre-implementation interviews highlighted issues with current pin-pad or lock-box systems, including; code sharing; code visibility, ineffective code changes, security issues following high staff turnover, lack of efficiency for visitors including NHS staff and lack of infection control suggesting requirement for innovation and improvement. Pre-implementation interviews showed openness and interest in FRLT, although initial queries were raised around cost effectiveness and staff skills. Following implementation, good levels of adoption were achieved with 72% and 100% (49/68 and 18/18) of staff members uploading their face at the two sites, and 100% of residents at Site B using the system (6/6). Additionally, Site B made a positive procurement decision and continues to discuss wider rollout. Post implementation interviews suggested FRLT was useful and acceptable for improving security and access. Benefits identified included staff/visitor time saving, enhanced security, team ease of access, resident autonomy and fewer shared touch points. Integration was suggested including with fire alarm systems, staff clocking in/out, and Covid monitoring to improve usefulness. The developers have since responded to feedback with design iterations. We identified concerns on security and access in social care settings, which warrant further exploration and research. FRLT could increase resident autonomy and reduce staff burden, particularly considering frequent multi-agency health and care visits.

The research of electrical parameters of threshold detectors

This research work provides an in-depth analysis of the fire alarm system, considered as a security tool for a variety of facilities, from industrial buildings to residential premises. Two key subsystems serve as the basis for the study: the fire alarm system, which is designed to detect and report the occurrence of fire, and the intrusion alarm system, whose task is to detect attempts at illegal intrusion. For each of these subsystems, their functions and components are investigated, their mechanism of action, principles of operation, and possible implementation options are described, depending on the specific conditions and security requirements. At the same time, emphasis is placed on three types of automatic fire alarm systems: threshold, addressable and addressable-analog, each of which has its own features, advantages and disadvantages. The article goes beyond theoretical analysis and presents the results of a practical study of the three main types of fire alarm systems: wired, wireless and addressable. The study is based on a specially designed training stand, which allows you to simulate the operation of fire alarm systems in conditions as close to reality as possible. The article demonstrates the connection schemes of detectors, explains their states in the "normal" and "alarm" modes. It is noted that the currents and voltages of alarm loops in different modes were measured. Dependency diagrams of these parameters are presented, and the alarm threshold levels are measured. The research presented in the paper provides a valuable contribution to the study and optimization of alarm and fire systems, providing meaningful data for the development and testing of these systems. The paper can be useful for fire and security professionals and those interested in improving the performance of these systems.

Analyzing Sensitivity Characteristics according to Decrease in Intensity of Light from LED Light Source of Photoelectric Spot-Type Detector

After the revision of “Fire Safety Standards for Automatic Fire Alarm System and Visual Alarm Equipment (NFSC 203)” in 2015 made it mandatory to install smoke detectors in apartments and medical facilities, their number has increased significantly. The detector used in the experiment was a photoelectric spot-type analog smoke detector. The experiment was conducted by configuring a real-time smoke monitoring system. In addition, the sensitivity characteristics of the smoke detector according to the decrease in intensity of light were analyzed. This was achieved by controlling the intensity of light related to the lifespan of the LED, a vital component of the smoke detector. When a intensity of LED light decreased by 10%, the sensitivity of the smoke detector decreased by 12.5%. When a intensity of light decreased by 30%, it decreased to 61% of the smoke detector sensitivity value. From these results, An equation for the change in sensitivity of a smoke detector according to the decrease in intensity of light was derived. It was confirmed that when the light intensity of the LED decreases, the sensitivity of the smoke detector decreases by about 37% more than the decrease in light intensity. Therefore, when developing a photoelectric spot-type smoke detector, establishing the LED current-radiation light characteristic curve and the correlation between the current of the light source and the ambient temperature will significantly improve the product's function and post-management.

Flexible and Self-Powered Thermal Sensor Based on Graphene-Modified Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating with Hybridized Nanogenerators

The number of fire events that risk human life, the economy, and the environment has significantly increased in recent years. Uncontrolled fires are one of the main causes of building collapse. Due to the high smoke concentration threshold or infrared detection temperature required to activate the fire detector, the response time is long, and the fire warning and prevention effect are not ideal. For effective monitoring and early warning of fires, an innovative fire alarm system was fabricated in this study. This system combines a highly flexible and self-powered thermal sensor (FSTS) as well as a commercial light emitting diode (LED). The FSTS is a fire-retardant sensor and very easy to install. The innovation of this paper is the hierarchical structure of the FSTS. It combines a graphene-modified intumescent flame retardant (GIFR) flame-retardant coating layer with a self-powered PVDF-based nanogenerator, which shows an innovative design in the area of fire sensors. The structure integrates poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) micro/nano fibers (MNFs) deposited by a near-field electrospinning (NFES) process and an electrostatic friction layer by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rolling over technology with a fully encapsulated GIFR coating. It can be used as a motion-induced energy harvester with a self-powered fire alarm system. The voltage output of the FSTS reaches 11.8 V, which can be easily matched with a bridge rectifier circuit to charge capacitors in daily life. The unique feature of the FSTS is that, at room temperature, the FSTS is electrically insulating; however, it conducts electricity at high temperatures. In a fire, high temperatures cause the coating to char and expand transitioning from an electrically insulating state to a conducting state. In this way, warning lights connected to the FSTS will respond within a short period (∼3 s), alerting people immediately so that urgent action can be taken.

Research on fire source location and early warning algorithm based on sensor network

In the construction and development of modern society, the form of urban buildings presents the characteristics of diversification, although different types of building structure for social residents' life and production has brought convenient conditions, but also caused more safety risks, the building internal fire safety technology requirements are increasingly high. In this context, the traditional fire detection technology has been unable to meet the needs of building fire prevention, so scholars from various countries in the practice of exploration, integrated the use of network technology and intelligent algorithm to build an automatic fire alarm system, which can accurately detect and effectively control the fire in the early stage, can truly realize the prevention oriented development requirements. In this paper, based on the research status of building fire source location early warning technology in the new era, according to the basic principle of wireless sensor network system and fire location DV-hop algorithm, based on the multi-sensor data fusion technology to create a fire source early warning system. The final experimental results show that this algorithm can ensure the accuracy of fire warning positioning and improve the scientific and accurate decision making of the system.