Types Of Finishes Research Articles

The colour difference of transparent surface finish on hydrothermally treated beech wood in the interior

The colour difference of transparent surface finish on hydrothermally treated beech wood in the interior. The paper deals with the influence of ageing of transparent surface finish in the dark and in the light in interior conditions. The colour difference of the tested samples with surface finishes (∆E*ab) was measured after the ageing of native wood and hydrothermally modified wood in the dark and in the light. In the experiment,European beech wood was hydrothermally treated at a temperature of 135 C under saturated water vapour for 6 hours. Three different types of surface finishes (acrylic-polyurethane, polyacrylic and aldehyde resin, alkyd resin) were applied on the wood surfaces. The colour parameters of the surfaces in the system CIE L*a*b*, chroma ΔC*,and hue angle Δh were measured immediately after surface finishing and after the ageing in the dark and in the light. The samples were placed behind windows glass in the interior for 60 days. The results of the colour difference ∆E*ab showed that the colour of wood and the colour of the surface finishes was changed after ageing in the dark as well as in the light. The colour difference ∆E*ab was bigger in the light than in the dark. The colour difference was bigger on native wood than on hydrothermally modified wood.

Effects of weave structure and water-repellent compositions’ formulation on the hydrophobicity property of cotton fabric

Hydrophobization is one of the most common types of final finishing of textile materials for special purposes. In recent years, in this connection, the attention of researchers has been focused on the development and production of hydrophobic materials of a new generation. Obtaining hydrophobic materials necessitates the creation of new highly effective chemical preparations, increasing the heterogeneity of the material surface. To solve this problem, in this paper, we studied the dependence of the hydrophobicity of a textile material on the surface structure of the fabric and the type of water-repellent composition based on polymers. The processing of various relief structure fabrics with water-repellent compositions was carried out using the padding method. The combined action of the relief structure of the fabric surface obtained by weaving and low surface energy imparted by water-repellent compositions ensures the hydrophobicity of the textile material. The water-repellent property stability is achieved by heat treatment of padded samples at a temperature of 150–160°C for 6–7 minutes. Studies of the processing stability showed the preservation of a sufficiently high hydrophobicity after five washes.

Analysis of goal-scoring in an elite European women’s football teams

Football is one of the sports with more audience and women’s football has undergone a notable evolution at all levels. Scoring goals is the most relevant indicator of success in football. The aims of this study were to analyse, looking for patterns and/or differences in how gools are obtained through European elite women's teams. The goals were analysed through: way of obtaining the goal, type of finishing, type of assistance, time interval in which the goal was scored, assistance zone and finishing zone. A frequency analyses was performed through total number of actions of 174 goals from French and English teams in the respective national championships. The highest percentage of goals was obtained through offensive organization, also giving importance to the number of goals through tactical schemes (set balls). The zone where most goal submissions occur was in the penalty area, and the time interval of the games where the most goals were scored was defined between the 31 and 61 minutes. Differently from men’s, elite women’s football teams obtain the highest percentage of goals through the offensive organization, with a substantial number of goals also being scored through tactical schemes.

Board-Level Reliability of Lead-Frame Based Substrate and Surface Finishing Technology

Lead-frames have been widely used in the semiconductor package assembly field, and QFN (Quad flat no leads) has the advantages of miniaturization and cost reduction of the semiconductor package. It has had limited use in automotive or defense products because of its board-level reliability. Nevertheless, due to the advantages of QFN packages, there is a trend toward using QFNs in automotive packaging. Automotive use would also require a wettable flank design of the QFN leads and automated optical inspection (AOI) of solder joints. New lead forming and surface finish technologies, including wettable flank design, are expected to improve reliability and enable AOI inspection, but much research is needed. This study investigated the board-level reliability of various QFN lead designs and surface finishes. All lead frames with different structures and surface finish types were assembled under the same conditions and then mounted on a daisy chain printed circuit board to evaluate board-level reliability. Accelerated thermal cycling (TC) tests were performed per IPC-9701A rev 2/2006 over a temperature range of -40°C to 125°C and 6080cycles. Lastly, each package type tested was cross-sectioned, and failure analysis was performed by observing the solder joint crack for all leg samples.

Experimental investigation of multi-layered strong wood-frame shear walls with nonstructural Type X gypsum wallboard layers under cyclic load

A fundamental premise for the design of resilient light frame timber buildings in areas of high seismic activity consists of achieving strong shear walls while keeping nonstructural damage to a minimum, especially by preventing the brittle failure of Type X gypsum wallboard (GWB) finish layers. Under this premise, it has been commonly thought that the stronger the shear wall the lesser the structural contribution of the finishes, and therefore the effect of GWB finishes in strong timber shear walls has been typically ignored by design codes and mechanical models. In the research reported in this paper, the influence of nonstructural finishes on the structural characteristics of a strong light frame shear wall was experimentally and numerically investigated. The wall evaluated in this paper, denoted here Multi-Layered Strong Shear Wall (MLSSW), is representative of walls located at the 1st story of a 7-story building located in Chile, a country where the level of seismic activity is high. The MLSSW has a continuous rod system, double OSB sheathing, robust timber framing, closely spaced nails to attach the OSB sheathing layers to wood-frame members, and is covered at both sides by two layers of screwed Type X GWB. The characteristics of the MLSSW, particularly the quantity and type of nonstructural finishes, are different from those of typical light frame timber walls. Full-scale connection-level tests, both monotonic and cyclic, are reported first, followed by descriptions of the full-scale cyclic assembly-level tests. For comparison purposes, a bare strong wall (i.e., without the GWB layers) was tested as well. The structural response of the MLSSW was evaluated in terms of stiffness, strength, energy dissipation and plastic deformation characteristics. The applicability of the SDPWS analytical model was also evaluated, as well as the applicability of existing numerical models to predict the cyclic behavior of the MLSSW.

A Comparative Study on Mosquito Repellency in Knitted Fabric using Herbal Extracts and Oils

The textile industry has an over whelming presence in the economic life of our country but it is facing a challenging condition in the field of quality and productivity due to globalization of the world market. So, leading the movement for Eco-friendly textiles should be the management mantra for Indian textile industry to become a successful player in the global arena of textiles with many avenues to capture in coming times in the eco-conscious scenario. A Textiles demand varies from year to year with the changing fashion; the consumer's preference influences the demand for different types of finishes. The increase in the world demand for textile s is expected to continue not only due to increase in the world population but also due to the standards of living. Therefore, the focus of research has shifted towards the exploration of the new finishes and their combinations with the older ones

Fracture Strength of Thin Monolithic Zirconia Crowns with Varying Thickness and Configuration of Finish LinesAn In Vitro Study

Aim- The current study sought to assess the fracture strength of thin monolithic zirconia crowns of varying thickness and finish line configuration. Study design- The current study was carried out to evaluate and compare the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns with chamfers and radial shoulder finish lines of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 mm thickness. Result- Monolithic zirconia crowns with merely 0.5 mm reduction demonstrated adequate strength for use in posterior areas. On evaluation and comparison it was observed that no statistically significant difference was found in the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns with different thicknesses and finish lines was investigated. Conclusion- The 0.5 mm thickness of monolithic zirconia crowns demonstrated significant fracture resistance to withstand physiological performance, regardless of finish line type.

Development of Room Acoustic Prediction and Evaluation Tools for Designers

We develop room acoustic prediction and evaluation tools for designers to be used in halls and conference areas where the design of acoustical performance is essential. The designers, with no specialized knowledge of acoustics, are able to examine the tools at an early stage of the project. The interface tool consists of the 3D CAD software-Rhinoceros, and its plug-in tool-Grasshopper. The designers first build a room model on Rhinoceros and locate the sound source and the receiver points in the model. They then set the calculation conditions via Grasshopper, such as room use and type of interior finishes. Next, room sound propagation is calculated using the ray tracing method in the external python programs. Then, acoustic indices, such as the average sound absorption coefficient and clarity, are predicted. These indices are automatically evaluated according to the room use, and the evaluated results are visualized in the room model on Rhinoceros. This paper outlines these tools and exhibits the agreement of predicted and measured indices in a small hall. These tools are applied to a lecture room with complicated ceiling ribs, and an office with a stairwell, which are difficult to examine by the conventional reverberation formula.

Matte Finish vs Light Reflection: Effect of Car Exterior Finish on Product Attractiveness

Perceived quality in industrial design constitutes CMF (color, material, and finish). Previous studies have explored the impact of car color and materials used on consumer behavior; however, there are only few studies on the impact of the type of surface finish, which this study focuses on. In the automobile industry, matte finish is provided mainly for luxury products. It is also known that the exterior design of automobiles improves the perceived quality by reflecting light. In other words, matte finish and light reflection are positioned as opposite design features. In this study, the following hypothesis was derived based on the literature on glossy finish: a matte finish of a car’s exterior has a negative impact on product attractiveness. For verification, two designs with the same SUV styling but different surface finishes (matte finish and light reflection) were studied. This hypothesis was supported and assessed using paired comparisons in an online survey. The same result was obtained regardless of conditions, such as gender, age, and ownership. This study addresses the gaps in knowledge on the effects of finish on product attractiveness and suggests that practitioners should not blindly believe the conventional perceptions of the industry.

Development of Prediction System for Shade Change Variations in Dyed Cotton Fabric After Application of Water Repellent Finishes

ABSTRACT Textile finishing is the last stage to improve fabric aesthetic characteristic and impart functional properties, but at the same time it can produce some undesirable effects like shade change and variation in mechanical properties of fabric. These shade variations are undesirable and create major losses for the textile industry. These losses are related to rework and reprocessing of dyed fabric after finishing. To cope this issue, dyers are making decision on trial and error bases, therefore, this work has been conducted to quantify the shade change value. In this research work, an artificial intelligence-based system is developed to foresee the behavior of color before finishing. Color, shade percentage, finish type, finish concentration, and 31 reflectance values in the visible range 400–700 nm were selected as input for the training of artificial neural networks. The five networks were trained individually for the Δ color coordinates (△L, △a, △b, △C and △h). The networks were tested and cross-validated with 85% accuracy. The developed models were executed for the predictions of △L, △a, △b, △C, and △h with mean absolute errors 0.0765, 0.0869, 0.1528, 0.0829 and 0.1626, respectively. Mean absolute error values are showing a close correlation between actual and predicted values.

Color appearance in rotational material jetting

Material jetting (MJT) is a recognized additive manufacturing (AM) method to combine various materials and create a wide range of designed appearances. However, the measured color of MJT objects is frequently different from the color provided in the printer software. As a result, estimating the color quality and the measured color attributes of an object before printing is vital for accurate color reproduction. This study investigates the color variation based on the texture in an object 3D-printed using the MJT method on a rotary tray. The novel radial shape of the rotary tray build platform and variation in the layers structure were targeted as the main factors that can increase the uncertainty in accurate color reproduction. The influence of the PolyJet printer setup has been examined by thickness variation of the colored layers, location on the tray (swath selection), ink color, and finish type between layers. Color quality was assessed by comparing the produced object color by calculating spectral and colorimetric differences. Spearman rank correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) methods were used to analyze the direct or indirect influence of independent categorical factors on the measured color variables. Based on the studied parameters, switching swathes did not fail printer objects for industrial color matching. In contrast, a thickness variation as small as 0.5 mm could cause CIEDE2000 above 5 for most models, resulting in unnatural color reproduction. Color differences in most objects might be discernible to inexperienced observers, depending on the 3D printing parameters.

Contact Analysis and Friction Prediction of Non-Gaussian Random Surfaces

Engineering surfaces exhibit asymmetrical height distributions due to certain types of surface finishing and running-in process. This non-Gaussian surface reflects different contact performances and tribological properties. In this paper, the influence of non-Gaussian surface parameters on contact performance and friction is investigated. First, the computer program for generating rough surfaces with given parameters is developed; then, contact analysis for rough surfaces are conducted through a deterministic contact model; finally, friction coefficient can be derived from friction model using the results of the contact model. The simulation analyses indicate that the skewness and amplitude of non-Gaussian surface have significant effects on contact performance and friction. The contact characteristic parameters and friction coefficient become slightly changed when kurtosis becomes relatively large.

Effect of the reflow process on IMC growth for different devices and complex components

Intermetallic compound (IMC), as an inevitable part between pad and solder, has a severe effect on the strength and reliability of microelectronic interconnection. Here, an investigation was carried out on IMC growth for different devices and complex components. The device-level experiments were conducted with five factors: peak temperature, time duration above solder liquidus temperature, the thickness of solder paste, surface finish types, and package types including ball grid array (BGA) and quad flat package (QFP). Meanwhile, four complex components with the same reflow profile were conducted and compared for component-level experiments. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to measure the thickness and determine the spatial distribution of the elements through the IMC. The multivariate analysis of the formation and growth of IMC during reflow soldering was studied based on Nernst–Shchukarev’s equation and the results of the experiments. The difference in IMC thickness between BGA and QFP with different factors was discussed and compared separately. The results showed that the peak temperature and time above liquidus played a vital role in the IMC growth and the solder paste thickness and different pad metallization could not be ignored. SEM pictures of the solder and statistical results were revealed that the surface finish type has a marked impact on the formation of the IMC. For printed circuit board (PCB) with numbers of components, the IMC thickness and uniformity of solder joints at corner and center positions showed some regularity differences. Meanwhile, the bump shape (Cu1−x Ni x )6Sn5 IMC was observed for small size BGA with electroless nickel and immersion gold during the reflow process. The results have a significant meaning to optimize its reflow process parameters for complex components, to improve the interconnection reliability in engineering.

Effect of process parameters on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and flatness of VeroBlue RGD840 rigid opaque materials

Abstract In the present scenario, additive manufacturing is considered to produce the functional parts in low volume. This investigation deals with the effect of process parameters viz., raster angle, orientation and type of surface on dimensional accuracy, flatness, shrinkage and surface roughness of VeroBlue RGD840 rigid opaque materials, produced by the polyjet process. A Taguchi array (L 8) is used to design the experiment. Surface roughness parameters are measured by using an optical profilometer. Dimensional accuracy and flatness are measured by using coordinate measuring machines. Analysis of variance is employed to evaluate the effect of individual process parameters. An empirical model is developed to predict the dimensional accuracy, flatness and surface roughness. Results revealed that the optimum level of process parameters are different for the dimensional accuracy and flatness. A multi-objective optimization technique is employed to get the best level of process parameters. The belt level of process parameters are raster angle of 60°, orientation flat and glossy type of surface finish. The best value of surface roughness R a = 28 nm, percentage error in dimensional accuracy of 12.13 and flatness of 0.0503 mm are observed. Confirmation tests are performed at the best level of process parameters to verify the results.

The effects of surface finish on the fatigue performance of electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an advanced manufacturing technique whose uptake within the aerospace industry is being limited by the lack of understanding of the effects of surface finish on the fatigue properties of AM built components. It is known that the surface profile of as-built AM parts is significantly rougher than its traditionally manufactured equivalent, promoting stress raising features that have an adverse effect on fatigue life.This paper will focus on developing a deeper understanding of the fatigue properties of the widely-used alpha-beta titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, as manufactured through electron beam melting (EBM) and the role that surface roughness plays. Results have been generated on as-built and machined & polished EBM test coupons, supported by microstructural and fractographic analysis, X-ray computed tomography (XCT), advanced surface profilometry and hardness testing.Results have shown that as-built EBM Ti–6Al–4V samples have a significantly inferior fatigue life than machined & polished samples, despite the material in each of the surface finish types being hot isostatically pressed (HIP). It has been revealed that while surface parameters, MR2 and Ra, provide no correlation to high cycle fatigue life, it is shown that as the Rp surface parameter decreases, the respective number of cycles to failure increases. It can be concluded that a samples’ surface roughness is a highly contributing factor in influencing fatigue performance, yet it should not be considered in isolation since other features, including porosity, also play an important role.

Upper limb injuries in mixed martial arts

ABSTRACT Objective Mixed-Martial-Arts(MMA) is a worldwide growing sport that incorporates different fighting styles and disciplines and is often associated with the Ultimate Fighting Championship(UFC) . The aim of this study is to explore the patterns and trends of upper limb injuries in MMA. Methods Ringside physician reports of the UFC fights between 2016 and 2019(inclusive) were extracted and screened from the Nevada State Athletic Commission(NSAC). The following variables were included: sex, weight division, injury mechanism, injury type, injury location, and type of finish. Injury rates were calculated and expressed per 100 athletic exposures (AE). An independent t-test, a one way analysis of variance(ANOVA), and a Joinpoint regression analysis were conducted to explore any significant differences or trends among variables. P-values<0.05 were considered significant(95% CI). Results A total of 81 upper limb injuries in 408 fights were recorded between 2016 and 2019. The injury rate was 9.9 injuries per 100 athletic-exposures(AE). Striking opponents was the most common mechanism of injury(p < 0.001). The hand was the most commonly injured location with an injury rate of 6.61 per 100AE(p < 0.001). Females had a higher upper limb injury rate than their male counterparts, but the difference failed to reach significance(p = 0.454). Similarly, no significant differences existed between rates of different types of injures. Matches ending with decision had the highest number of upper limb injuries with a rate of 12.6 per 100AE; however, no significant difference was determined between the rates of different ways of finish(p = 0.115). The strawweight(20.5 per 100AE), female flyweight(19.2 per 100AE), and male flyweight(13.8 per 100AE) divisions had the highest upper limb injury rates. Conclusion The hand was the most commonly injured upper limb location in MMA, and ‘striking opponent’ was the most common injury mechanism. Increasing padding in gloves and implementing medical examinations during bouts can help reduce injury rates.

Assessment of susceptibility of buildings with different façade finishes to microbial decay in the hot-humid tropical environment of Enugu, southeast Nigeria

PurposeBuildings respond differently to microbial invasion depending on the design, type of construction materials and finishes used and extent of exposure to climatic factors. However, in the hot-humid tropical environment of Nigeria, much is not known about how buildings with different types of façade finishes or claddings are liable to microbial decay. The purpose of this research is to investigate the susceptibility of buildings with different types of façade finishes to microbial decay in Enugu metropolis, southeast Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachA survey involving physical observation of purposively selected 383 buildings and questionnaire administration to their owners was carried out in the study area. The data were subjected to descriptive and logistic regression analyses.FindingsMost of the 383 buildings sampled were less than 41 year and 47% of them had painted façade finishes followed by 25.1% with cementitious finishes. Around 63.4% of the buildings had their façade finishes or claddings colonised by microbes. Older buildings of 15 years and above and those with cementitious materials and paints as their predominant façade finishes were more likely to experience microbial decay than newer ones and those having refractory bricks, ceramic tiles, aluminium composite materials and plastics/polymers as their predominant façade finishes or claddings.Practical implicationsThe study identifies the categories of buildings that are likely to be more susceptible to microbial decay; and thus contributes to research on how to slow down the rate of biodeterioration of building façade finishes or claddings in the hot-humid tropical environments.Originality/valueThis is the first study on the susceptibility of buildings with different types of façade finishes or claddings to microbial decay in the hot-humid tropical environment of Enugu metropolis, southeast Nigeria. It also provides a clue on the age at which buildings become more vulnerable to microbial decay in the study area.

Impact of plasma treatment on solderability of printed circuit boards

Flux is essential in the process of soldering. White flux residues are not only an aesthetic issue, but the inactivated components can cause severe problems. With miniaturization of products in the electronics industry, the short circuits caused by ion migration are more likely to occur during the lifetime of the product. Plasma treatment has been proved to be effective in improving the wettability in case of metal and polymer surfaces. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of promoting wettability of pads on printed circuit boards by plasma treatment. PCBs with three different types of surface finishes were investigated before and after plasma treatment. Wettability and solderability were examined by contact angle measurement and wetting balance tester. This method has the potential to reduce the usage of flux during soldering as an alternative surface treatment to create oxide-free metal surfaces.

Survey on the Use of Zirconia Crowns in Pediatric Population among General Dental Practitioners

Abstract Background Pediatric zirconia crowns are metal free and more aesthetic and compatible option available for the full coronal coverage of the affected primary dentition. These crowns are not new to pediatric dentistry but usage is limited. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted among 200 general dental practitioners and were requested to answer a questionnaire. The questions were framed regarding the knowledge of pediatric dental procedures, aesthetic replacement in case of full coverage restorations, and zirconia crown's features and its use in the practice, and were evaluated. Results Results were based on features of zirconia crowns according to which 81.5% participants mentioned them as stainless steel alternative and 62% as biocompatible material. Clinical aspects evaluated the amount of occlusal reduction in case of zirconia crown tooth preparation as 1 to 1.5 mm by 72.5% of the participants. Appropriate type of finish line and type of margins advocated by the participants was chamfer and subgingival finish line, respectively, according 62.0% participants. Conclusion The use of zirconia crowns for replacement of lost tooth structure and post-pulp therapy helps in creating good-looking restorations which help children and adolescents to improve their self-image.

Estimation of yarn-level simulation models for production fabrics

This paper introduces a methodology for inverse-modeling of yarn-level mechanics of cloth, based on the mechanical response of fabrics in the real world. We compiled a database from physical tests of several different knitted fabrics used in the textile industry. These data span different types of complex knit patterns, yarn compositions, and fabric finishes, and the results demonstrate diverse physical properties like stiffness, nonlinearity, and anisotropy. We then develop a system for approximating these mechanical responses with yarn-level cloth simulation. To do so, we introduce an efficient pipeline for converting between fabric-level data and yarn-level simulation, including a novel swatch-level approximation for speeding up computation, and some small-but-necessary extensions to yarn-level models used in computer graphics. The dataset used for this paper can be found at http://mslab.es/projects/YarnLevelFabrics.