Types Of Finishes Research Articles

PEMBUATAN BRACKET FINISH PANEL MOUNTING D74 MENGGUNAKAN MESIN PRESS STAMPING PUX 100

This practical work report describes the process of making part bracket finish panel mounting type d74 using PUX 100 stamping press machine and the operating procedures of stamping press machine at PT Persada Selaras Indoensia. The aim is to know directly during the process of making part bracket finish panel mounting type d74, and to know how to operate the stamping press machine. The manufacturing process of bracket finish panel mounting type d74 consists of several stages starting from material checking using SPC440, product design checking, Stamping Press process with four stages of production process (blanking, forming, bending, & Pierching). In addition, this report discusses how to operate the stamping press starting from the machine inspection stage to the stamping press machine setting. Through this practical work report, it is hoped that readers can gain insight into the process of making bracket finish panel mounting type d74 parts and the company's contribution in maintaining product quality. Keywords : Stamping Press, SPC440, Production Process

Effect of finishing and polishing systems on surface roughness and color stability of aesthetic restorations exposed to staining solution.

The color and the surface roughness of aesthetic restorations are related to the clinical sucess and longevity of these treatments. Aim: This study evaluated the influence of finishing and polishing systems, and storage media on the surface roughness and color stability of aesthetic restorative composites. Materials and Method: Cylindrical specimens (n=10) were prepared and treated according to: 1. Type of composite resin (nanofilled- Filtek Z350XT, suprananofilled- Estelite Omega, nanohybrid- Empress Direct); 2. Type of finishing and polishing systems (no polishing, aluminum oxide discs or abrasive rubber polishers); and 3. Type of immersion medium (water or coffee, 3 h/day/30 days). Surface roughness (Ra - μm) and color stability (L, ΔEab, and ΔE00) were evaluated at baseline (after polishing) and final time (after immersion). Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α=0.05). Results: Nanohybrid (p<0.001) and suprananofilled composite resins (p=0.004) showed an increase in Ra after polishing, regardless the finishing and polishing system. After immersion in coffee, the nanofilled composite had the highest roughness values (p=0.032). L values increased for all resins after polishing (p<0.05). Suprananofilled composites had the greatest color stability with the lowest values of ΔEab and ΔE00. Conclusions: Finishing and polishing systems had an impact on the surface roughness and color stability of all aesthetic resins, and their effectiveness depended on the type of composite resin.

Effect of Micro Economic Factors on Residential Property Value in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

The research aims to assess the microeconomic factors affecting residential property values in Birnin Kebbi. Property serves as an asset for any individual, as real estate is one of life's primary goals. Besides the need to eat and drink, property also plays a crucial role in daily life. Property values are influenced by various factors, which can be either microeconomic or macroeconomic in nature, or both. Many microeconomic variables are related to property attributes and buyer demographic profiles. To achieve this aim, two objectives were formulated: (i) to examine the types of property and microeconomic factors affecting property values in the study area, and (ii) to assess the effect of microeconomic factors on residential property values. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used for data collection. Out of 377 questionnaires administered, 321 were retrieved. Simple random sampling and stratified random sampling methods were employed. Quantitative methods were used for data analysis, and all data gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Likert scale. The study found that physical characteristics of residential properties, such as types of materials used, building design, room sizes, parking spaces, building age, and landscape, significantly influence property values. Additionally, the types of finishes (roofs, walls, ceilings, and floors), infrastructural facilities, and social amenities (number of toilets, electricity fittings, waste disposal and sewage, potable water supply, and various sanitation facilities) also play a role. The effects of microeconomic variables on property values in the study area include insecurity, increased traffic, property price changes, nuisances, environmental quality, property demand, and time consumption. The study recommends that prospective property developers ensure the use of standard building finishes to maximize returns on their investment in property value. Additionally, the government should introduce policies to ease difficulties in importing housing materials and promote the manufacture of local ones.

Моделирование конструкций сборного абразивного инструмента

Introduction. Grinding is one of the most common types of finishing. It allows the production of surfaces with the required quality parameters and is one of the most available and productive methods for machining high-strength and difficult-to-machine materials. Grinding wheels represent the most prevalent application of grinding technology in mechanical engineering. The use of this abrasive tool helps to increase processing productivity by ensuring the removal of a significant layer of material. In addition, grinding wheels have a longer service life and are widely used in the implementation of hybrid technologies based on the combination of mechanical (abrasive), electrical, chemical, and thermal effects in various combinations. A variety of tool body shapes and types of abrasives allow the use of wheels in a wide variety of production areas. One of the ways to analyze and design a new tool is numerical simulation. In this research, graphic modeling was selected as the most appropriate method for representing the future design of the tool. This approach allows for a more straightforward conceptualization process compared to other modeling techniques. The purpose of the work is to simulate a modular abrasive tool in order to analyze and synthesize structures to increase the efficiency of tool support for the manufacture of products made of high-strength and difficult-to-process materials using traditional or hybrid processing technologies. Research methodology. Theoretical studies are carried out using the basic principles of system analysis, geometric theory of surface formation, cutting tool design, graph theory, mathematical and computer simulation. To solve the problem, we have studied the available designs of modular grinding wheels. There has also been the analysis of the types of abrasive parts, methods of fastening of the abrasive cutting part on the wheel’s body, the materials used for the manufacture of the body, the characteristics of the body of the wheel, and fastening schemes. Results and discussions. A simulation technique based on graphic modelling theory has been developed. A comprehensive investigation of the existing design of the grinding wheel has enabled the identification of the key structural elements that define its design. The data obtained has been used to create a generalized graphic simulation of a modular abrasive tool. This simulation integrates all the components and displays a conditional constructive relationship between them. The developed design methodology was tested on an example of two designs of modular grinding wheels. The theoretical studies established that the design efficiency of modular abrasive tools can be increased by 2–4 times by using the developed simulation technique.

Biphasic Kinetics of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Response to Military Field Training in Brazilian Air Force Recruits.

Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) has gained considerable notoriety in military training, primarily because it is responsible for energy deficits and sensitive to an inadequate protein intake, which are situations that are commonly experienced in specific military operations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the kinetics of IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) in a 4-day military field training exercise. The sample comprised 12 male soldiers (21.71 ± 1.64 years). Changes were assessed at 3 times: time 1-basal (control week); time 2-after specific military field training; and time 3-1 week after the specific training (control week). Changes in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed. The main finding of this study was it verified the biphasic kinetics of both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 at the 3 times observed, that is, a significant drop from time 1 (basal-IGF-I: 189 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.71 mg/L) to time 2 (immediately after military training-IGF-I: 162 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.08 mg/L) and a subsequent recovery of these markers, with a significant increase from time 2 (immediately after military training) to time 3 (a week after military training-IGF-I: 199 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.96 mg/L). It can be concluded that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels respond quickly to the stimuli caused by military training, especially after specific field training. However, the same markers quickly return to their basal values after this type of training finishes, simply by following the daily routine of the battalion in the control weeks, with no specific intervention being necessary.

Early diagnosis and management of finish type congenital nephrotic syndrome in a 3-year-old child: A case report

This study describes a 3-year-old non Finnish girl who was diagnosed with Finnish-type nephrotic syndrome (FTNS), a rare kidney illness brought on by NPHS1 gene abnormalities. Even though she had low protein levels and severe swelling when she was three months old, her case of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) was incorrectly identified as minimal change disease (MCD). The standard MCD treatments, cyclosporine and steroids, did not affect her. A genetic test and a kidney sample confirmed the diagnosis of FTNS, a condition that necessitates an early renal transplant for survival. She is awaiting a kidney transplant and was treated with drugs that save proteins to lessen her edema. The study emphasizes the significance of FTNS early and correct diagnosis as well as the requirement for alternate treatments for this difficult illness.

Does the utilisation of dolphin kicks during backstroke finishes impact swimming performance in pubertal swimmers?

ABSTRACT Aim of the study was the comparison of three backstroke finishes and their probable correlation with dolphin kicks ability on swimming efficiency and performance. Thirty swimmers (9 males – 21 females), aged 13.4 (1.0) years old, with a training experience of 7.7 (1.5) years, swam for 15 m on maximal intensity, and performed the three backstroke finishes: i) touching the wall, breaking water’s surface with one part of their body (Classic), ii) touching the wall with one hand, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive – One Hand) and iii) touching the wall on streamline position, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive – Streamline). It employed a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and a correlation analysis. According to the results, there was a difference between, Classic, Dive – One hand, and Dive – Streamline in swimming speed (SS) at the last 5 m (p = 0.001). Also, the SS between intermediate 10 and the last 5 m was maintained only in Classic type (p < 0.001). In addition, the three types of backstroke finishes were highly correlated (p < 0.001) with the dolphin kicks ability. Swimming coaches have to consider the swimmers’ dolphin kicks ability for the choice of the ideal type of backstroke finish.

Life cycle assessment of hemp-lime concrete wall constructions: The impact of wall finish type and renewal regimes

Using sustainable building materials is one of the key methods for minimising the negative environmental impacts of the global construction industry. Bio-based buildings building materials, such as hemp-lime concrete, are considered more sustainable, as they make use of a renewable raw material and can sequester CO2 from the atmosphere. Studies have shown that hemp-lime concrete can have a favourable global warming potential, though the life cycle of building materials affects a wide variety of negative environmental phenomena that should also be considered. Studies examining the life cycle of hemp-lime concrete have so far primarily focused on the material itself. Though the exterior surface of a hemp-lime concrete wall needs to be protected and have a finish applied to it, few studies have considered the environmental impacts of coated hemp-lime concrete wall constructions. Using life cycle assessment methodology, through a wide range of environmental impact categories, the study analysed the environmental impacts of applying lime putty and sand coatings to a hemp-lime concrete wall in pessimistic, average and optimistic scenarios, It also compared the environmental impacts of four types of appropriate wall finishes and the impacts of applying varying finish renewal regimes in the use phase. It was found that applying lime putty and sand finishes to the exterior and interior surface of a hemp lime concrete wall increased the total global warming potential by 19.054–30.793 kgCO2eq and had a noticeable effect on all other impact categories. It was found that while no one finish type could be considered globally superior to the others, in a majority of circumstances applying lime-based coatings resulted in lower embodied environmental impacts, than applying a ventilated façade with timber cladding.

Trueness of Crown Preparation Dies in Dental Models: An In Vitro Assessment of Digital and Analog Workflows.

To assess crown die trueness using additive manufacturing (AM) based on intraoral scanning (IOS) data and compare it with stone models. Crown dies with four finish line types- equigingival shoulder (SAE), subgingival shoulder (SAS), equigingival chamfer (CAE), and subgingival chamfer (CAS)-were incorporated into a reference model and scanned with a coordinate measurement machine (CMM; n = 1 scan). Trios4 (3Shape) scans generated a second reference dataset (IOS; n = 10 scans). Using scans, crown dies were produced with two different 3D printers (MAX UV385 [Asiga] and NextDent 5100 [3DSystems]; n = 10 per system). Stone dies were created from conventional impressions (n = 10). Specimens were digitized with a laboratory scanner (E4, 3Shape). Trueness was evaluated with Geomagic Control X (3DSystems). Data analysis was done using Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, ANOVA, and t tests (α < .05). All crown dies fell within the clinically acceptable trueness range (150 μm). IOS exhibited significantly lower (P < .05; Δ ≤ 21.7 μm) or similar trueness compared to stone models. Asiga dies demonstrated similar and NextDent significantly lower marginal trueness than IOS (P < .05; Δ ≤ 57.3 μm). Most AM margin areas had significantly lower trueness than stone (P < .001; Δ ≤ 57.2 μm). Asiga outperformed NextDent (P < .001). Shoulder trueness surpassed chamfer in optical scans (P = .01). Finish line design and gingiva location did not have a significant impact on AM and stone models (P > .05). Combining IOS and AM achieves clinically acceptable crown die trueness for single molar teeth. The choice of AM device is critical, with Asiga outperforming NextDent. Finish-line design has an impact on optical scans. Finish-line design and marginal gingiva location have little effect on AM trueness.

Importance of Antimicrobial Finishes in Sportech: An Overview

Technical textiles are distinct from other types of textiles because their purpose is not to be aesthetically pleasing or decorative, but rather to have specific functional properties and technical performance.Textiles can be made to have unique functions by applying surface finishing agents and surface treatments, or by incorporating specialty fibers and polymers. Barrier, protection, improved comfort, medication, sensory, actuation, and shielding are a few examples of these functions.One of the biggest manufacturers of products in the Packtech, Clothtech, Hometech, and Sportech segments of technical textiles is India. The demand for these technical textile products has increased dramatically in India. It is anticipated that the technical textiles market will reach a valuation of $325 billion by 2025–2026, up from its current $260 billion. India’s technical textile market, currently valued at $22 billion, has come a long way. The government is determined to raise it to an incredible $40–50 billion within the next five years. The study thus explores the performance of specific Sportech producing segments of the Indian technical textile industry through production.Recently, there have been incidents all across the world thatrise in the number of people engaging in active sports. In the fiercely competitive realm of sports, there are now moreathletes in the professional ranks. Additionally, since sports directly contribute to maintaining their physical and mental fitness, people view them as an essential component of their daily activities. Global consumption of active sportswear has significantly increased in both quality and quantity.Moisture and heat management are the main concerns that must be met in a textile intended for sports applications in order to ensure proper thermophysiological and tactile comfort. Using specific fibers, yarns, and finishes, additional unique qualities are added to clothing while taking hygiene and health into consideration to create a comfortable fit.A thorough discussion has been held regarding the types of fabrics, finishes and recent advancements in sportech.

Sustainable Finished Leather Preservation

Part 1 of the current paper described the green synthesis of myrobalan capped copper nanoparticles for the preservation of the finished leather. In Part II of the current study, Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using green synthesis with wattle (tannin) extract as a reducing agent. Green synthesis is the preferred approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles due to its eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness for the preservation of finished leather. To improve the antibacterial qualities of leather with different types of finishes, the resin finished leather was coated with synthesized wattle copper nanoparticles (W-CuNPs). The chemical constituents of wattle induce the reduction of Cu2+ ions to CuNPs with the capping process and also remain as a stabilizing agent for the capping process. The formation of W-CuNPs was confirmed by UV-Spectroscopy at an absorbance of 467 nm. The identified functional groups such as -OH, C=C, and C-N were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) which are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of copper nanoparticles. The spherical shape of the nanoparticles was ascertained by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), whereas Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) studies confirmed the presence of copper with 65%. The average particle size of W-CuNPs was found to be 96 nm. The zeta potential value of -24 mv affirmed the stability of the W-CuNPs. The maximum zone of inhibition was 12 mm against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and 11 mm against Gram-negative (Serratia marcescens) bacteria on W-CuNPs coated finished leather, which exhibits strong antimicrobial activity. Hence, CuNPs synthesized by wattle extract have the potential to preserve the finished leather and its products as an antibacterial agent.

Harnessing the potential of regenerated bamboo knitted fabrics in development of eco-friendly masks

Purpose Face masks are the most recommended precautionary measure since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 since 2020 and the most useful PPE against this virus and its variants so far. This study aims to develop reusable and biodegradable mask from 100% regenerated bamboo or/and its blend. Selection of natural and regenerated textile materials is to minimize generation of solid waste. This attempt will eventually protect our earth by minimizing or better discontinuing the production of the disposable nonbiodegradable face masks available worldwide. Design/methodology/approach Hundred percent regenerated bamboo and 50:50 bamboo:cotton were selected to knit plain and interlock fabrics for manufacturing of reusable sustainable face masks. A 23 32-mixed-level factorial design was applied to study the effect of liquor ratio and temperatures, fabric structure, blend ratios and finishes at three different levels. Model 23 32 has two factors (liquor ratio and temperatures) at three levels and three factors (fabric structure, blend ratios and type of finish) at two levels. Knitted fabrics were then applied with antibacterial finishes; sanitized T99-19 and sanitized T27-22, separately at three different liquor ratios (1:10, 1:12 and 1:15) and temperatures (45, 55 and 65 °C) via exhaust method. After completing processing, fabric thickness, pilling resistance, dimensional stability, bursting strength, Berger whiteness index, air permeability and antibacterial properties of each trial were evaluated using standard test procedures. Findings Selected fabrics treated either by sanitized T27 or sanitized T99 in a liquor ratio of 1:15 against 65 °C, showed excellent bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity. However, 100% regenerated bamboo interlock knitted fabric treated with sanitized T99 in a liquor ratio of 1:15 at 65 °C has the most desired values of dimensional stability, pilling resistance, Berger whiteness, fabric thickness, air permeability and bursting strength which made it the best for the manufacturing of the masks. Reusable mask is comprised of three layers in which the first and the third layers were of selected 100% regenerated bamboo fabric while a PM2.5 filter was inserted in between. Bacterial filtration efficiency, particle filtration efficiency, biocompatibility and microbial cleanliness will be evaluated in future, to compare the performance of proposed reusable and biodegradable face mask with N95 masks and other fabric masks available commercially. Originality/value This study resulted in a development of reusable eco-friendly facemask which was not attempted by the preceding investigations. Outcomes of this work pave the way for a greener and safer earth by using easily obtainable regenerated bamboo fabrics, antibacterial finishes and knitted structures.

Evaluation of Resistance Properties of Selected Surface Treatments on Medium Density Fibreboards

The protection and decorative value of raw wood-based boards with various coatings can be enhanced during the service life of furniture using surface treatment techniques. In this study, selected transparent, pigmented polyurethane email finish and thin foils, commonly used in furniture, were used for surface treatments of medium-density fibreboards with a thickness of 18 mm. Water-borne finish with polyurethane–acrylate resin, solvent-borne finish with polyacrylate resin, and finish based on native oil and waxes, as well as pigmented polyurethane email finish, were used on veneered medium-density fibreboards. The thin foils (polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and lacquered acryl film) were used for raw medium-density fibreboards. Several resistance surface properties were investigated. It was found that the hardness and resistance to impact were very much related to the interactions between the coating film or thin foil and the substrate. The type of surface finish had a substantial impact on the coating and foil’s resistance qualities, such as resistance to mould and cold liquids.

Assessment of the Barrier Performance of the Flourosilicone Treated Fabric Exposed to Pesticides Spraying to Chilli Crop at Laboratory Conditions

In this study, in view of development of protective clothing for pesticide sprayers in chilli crop, the suitable fabric polyester 67/cotton 37 with weight 157.7 GSM was selected. BOND-WR-12-A RTU was aqueous fluorosilicone durable water and oil repellent emulsion was used to treat the fabric by using different application parameters at the rate of 5 per cent concentration. As per Chowdhury, 2018 water repellent finish type and concentrations were very important parameters to obtain water repellent fabric having acceptable use properties. Later, the treated fabric was exposed to the selected pesticides like Phosphamidon, Monocrotophos and Dimethoate for for three exposures. By estimating the absorption and penetration behaviour of the treated and untreated fabrics, the performance of silicon finish was determined by using four factor with CRD and Heuristic method. From this result, the treated fabric had restricted the absorbency over control fabric and the Studies on barrier clothing, [1,2] suggested that blends of polyester cotton and polyester viscose showed better barrier performance with minimum penetration of pesticides than other blended fabrics. Hence it can be used in development of protective clothing for pesticide applicators in chilli crop or any other field crops where ever pesticides are used.

Shear transfer at the steel‐concrete interface using different mechanical connectors

AbstractThe present article is dealing with an assessment of the longitudinal shear at the steel‐concrete interface using several types of mechanical connections. Experimental and numerical tests have been performed to understand better the short and long‐term effects of the influence of the newly defined connectors.Experimental tests consisted of 12‐column push‐out tests (CoPOT). In the test campaign, four types of surface finishing have been tested: i) reference tests (0v2) without any mechanical shear connectors, (ii) angled, V‐shaped, variant of the novel flat shear connector (Av2), (iii) transversal variant of the novel flat shear connector (Bv2) and (iv) multiple ribs on the flanges having a height of 0.7mm (Cv2). Three specimens for each configuration were tested in short‐term loading. The loading procedure defined in EN1994‐1‐1:2004 Annex B was applied for all the tests. Also, one of each specimen was tested in long‐term loading to observe the effect of concrete shrinkage on the quality of bond performance. No significant differences in behavior were observed between both load sequences and the test results after shrinkage is within the short‐term tests’ margin of variation. Numerical simulations performed using FE software Abaqus®, while applying a simplified definition of the bond, supported the results of the previous investigation.

Scintillator Geometrical Considerations for Detectors Based on Hexagonal SiPMs

A truncated icosahedron system with hexagonal detectors has been previously proposed as an approach to the ideal spherical PET scanner. In this work, we explore by Monte Carlo simulations the role of hexagonal scintillator crystals in terms of light yield, scintillation pulse decay time and energy resolution by comparison with three geometries: square and triangular prisms and cylinder. The relevance of the reflector type (diffuse and specular) and finish (polished and rough) of the scintillation borders was also considered. The light yield for the hexagon is higher by approximately 2% and 4% depending on the finish and reflector type in comparison to the square. The energy resolution is between 0.2% and 1% better for the hexagon. Polished walls with specular reflector have the finest energy resolution. The difference in the pulse decay time among geometries is not determining. The light yield and energy resolution were validated experimentally for rough walls and diffuse reflector. A hexagonal scintillation array of 181 crystals of 1.25 mm of edge was finally manufactured. The flood field image read with four multiplexing channels is presented. The detector offers an excellent crystal identification with a mean peak-to-valley ratio over 13 and an energy resolution of 11.5%.

Thermal and acoustic properties of new plasterboard composites with additions of cigarette butt waste

A set of gypsum composites with four different types of cigarette butt morphologies were developed to evaluate thermal and acoustic properties. In addition, for the acoustic samples, another set of four different types of surface finishes were developed to assess the acoustic absorption coefficient. The thermal results showed that the recycled material could work as thermal insulator in all morphologies. But for acoustic, the residue must be placed vertically on the surface to achieves similar values to materials considered acoustic absorbers. Then, it is possible to manufacture a plasterboard with this composite that improves the properties of regular ones.

Building sustainable tenancies: tenants' preference criteria in choosing the location of purpose-built office buildings

Building sustainable tenancies is a comprehensive strategy used with tenants to establish sustainable relationship connections. Tenants are said to be the lifeblood of the building, thus retaining them is a difficult task that requires a variety of tactics in guaranteeing that they receive high-quality services. According to their business nature &amp; requirements, as well as other considerations that the company may need to take into account, tenants have preferences for location and space. This paper attempts to determine the criteria that tenants consider when choosing a location and space for purpose-built office buildings. Through the use of a quantitative approach, a survey among the tenants of office buildings in Kuala Lumpur was conducted. From the responses gathered, it is found that the Criteria that have the biggest impact on where tenants choose to rent include the property's condition, type of finishes, cleanliness, competent management and maintenance team, and proximity to transportation in addition, the choices of tenants can also be influenced by criteria such as availability of facilities, location, property condition, security and access control, and branding/image.

Public Database of Cracks Images in Mortar Coating with Different Types of Surface Finishes

The use of technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), in production processes has been optimizing several industrial realities. In civil construction, AI can be used in different applications, one of which is building inspection. One of the difficulties in developing this type of study is the low number of public image databases that represent more general aspects of building wear. In view of this, the main objective of this research was to set up a public database of images of cracks in mortar coating, considering different types of surface finish—smooth type, scrapped type, and rough type. A database was created with 33,088 images that went through a systematic labeling process based on classes defined in the study. Network training was carried out through transfer learning using the VGG16 in different groupings of finishes. It was found that the training accuracy varies according to surface finish and data balancing. The finish of the scrapped type was the one that presented the lowest accuracy. The database presented several types of noise and was unbalanced in all categories defined in the labeling. In this way, it was possible to create a database that represented possible situations to be found in real inspections.

Proposal of a correction factor for predicting the thermal transmittance of building envelopes in existing buildings accounting for aging and environmental conditions

Thermal transmittance is often considered a constant value in building design and assessment of building performance. However, the thermal transmittance of the building envelope changes as a result of aging and environmental parameters. To accurately evaluate the energy performance of existing buildings, it is important to define the degradation of the thermal performance of the entire wall composition. This study proposes a simple method of calculating the thermal transmittance of a building's envelope, accounting for age and environmental conditions, by applying a correction coefficient to the initial thermal transmittance rather than conducting in-situ measurements. In-situ measurements of wall thermal transmittance were conducted in 40 older buildings using visual observation and the heat flow meter method. By examining the environmental factors that affect deterioration in the performance of insulation in an exterior wall through linear regression analysis, the study found that the correction factor has a high correlation with the type of exterior wall finish, color, surface finishing, pollution source, sea exposure, and the presence or absence of adjacent buildings. Three scenarios are proposed to quantify the correction factor, with the goal of obtaining an optimized model that can predict the thermal transmittance of building envelopes. These scenarios are reviewed based on ISO 15686 and regression analysis, and the scenario with the correction factor that best estimated the measured value is adopted. The thermal transmittance of the walls of older buildings, as estimated by the simple method proposed in this study, shows the best match with the on-site measured results.