BackgroundEvidence-based practice (EBP) for pediatric eating disorders (EDs), including the strongly recommended family-based treatment (FBT), is not always available to children, adolescents or emerging adults and their families. Our aim was to investigate clinician knowledge and perspectives of EBP, including FBT, and explore barriers and facilitators to its implementation.MethodsClinicians working in Western Canada who were engaged in care for pediatric EDs were invited to participate. A multimethod design was employed using an online survey and subsequent phone interview for data collection. Descriptive data was summarized using means and frequencies. Qualitative data was analysed using a mixed approach encompassing inductive and deductive techniques.ResultsEighty-four clinicians completed the survey and 24 completed the interview. A total of 64% of clinicians providing therapy were offering FBT in their practice. Of these, 12.5% had no formal training in the modality. Clinicians identified a range of barriers and facilitators to EBP, including FBT, such as service-centered reasons (inadequate training, staff beliefs around which professionals should be involved, program mandates, and private practice therapists struggling to get other professionals on the ‘same page’ in FBT), clinician-centered reasons (desire to offer more holistic care, lack of inclusion of dietetics, belief that FBT was better suited to hospital settings), and patient/family-centered reasons (co-occurring conditions in parents or children, lack of financial privilege).ConclusionsThe barriers to delivering EBP, and low rates of formal FBT training indicate a need to improve capacity building efforts for pediatric ED clinicians, including improved access to training and consultation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40337-025-01452-2.

Given the paucity of research on ethnic-racial stereotypes from the child’s perspective, we explored the content of Cherokee adolescents’ perceptions of stereotypes about Native Americans, as well as grade-level and school-type differences in the frequency of stereotype reports. The sample comprised 212 Cherokee adolescents ( M age = 12.7 years; Grades 6–8) enrolled in a tribal middle school or one of two public middle schools. Adolescents were asked to list stereotypes they knew existed about Native Americans. Content analysis of stereotypes revealed 19 prevalent themes, with the three most common being practice of rituals and traditions, financial privilege because of tribal payments, and substance use. Eighth graders reported more stereotypes than sixth or seventh graders. Public school students reported more stereotypes than adolescents in the tribal middle school. Results provided nuanced information about Native youths’ stereotype awareness and highlight the importance of contextual factors such as school type and specific tribal practices.

STEM is profoundly shaped by wealth, yet financial privilege is rarely acknowledged in discussions of diversity and inclusion. Wealth influences participation, persistence, and recognition in science, affecting not just who enters the pipeline but also who can afford to stay.

Chronic pain disproportionately affects Black and Indigenous people and other people of color (BIPOC). Disparities may be related to increased chronic stress due to discrimination, trauma exposure, and social determinants of health (SDoH). Using data from families (n = 1307) in the family matters study (collected 2017-2019), a secondary data analysis explored SDoH of baseline pain severity and change in pain at 18months, and the moderating effects of childhood maltreatment and discrimination on SDoH-pain relationships. General estimating equations (GEE) modeling was used. Childhood maltreatment was associated with higher baseline pain severity, and discrimination was the strongest correlate of worse pain 18months later. Childhood maltreatment exacerbated risk for higher pain severity for women, individuals under the federal poverty line, and individuals living in areas with low financial privilege. Discrimination increased risk for higher baseline pain for Black and Latinx individuals. Discrimination and traumatic event exposure may be important contributors to BIPOC pain disparities. Pain interventions may benefit from additional attention to the toll of oppressive systems and chronic stressors on BIPOC health.

Consent and violence amongst men in the context of sexualised drug use: A systematic scoping review.

Background:As the field of surgery continues to evolve, subspecialty training is fast becoming integral to surgical education. Presently, orthopaedic surgery residents have opportunities to subspecialise in different areas.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the choice of desired subspecialties amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria.Materials and Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst senior orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire designed using the free software Google Forms was electronically distributed to senior orthopaedic residents in Nigeria through online forums (WhatsApp, email, and Telegram). Data obtained were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 26. The odds ratio and the associated 95% confidence interval were used to assess outcomes, and a P value <0.05 defined that the difference was statistically significant.Results:At the end of the study period, 53 orthopaedic surgery senior residents completed and submitted the questionnaire with a response rate of 73.6%; 50.9% were married with children and 49.1% were single. The most agreed key factor influencing the choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation from the study was lifestyle considerations (79.2%). Other major factors considered to be also very important were the needs of the region (73.6%), active mentorship (71.7%), ergonomics (64.6%), rotation experiences (47.2%), cost of acquiring the training (41.5%), and salary and financial privileges (37.7%). Overall, 24.5% of respondents chose spine surgery as their desired subspecialty, 18.9% arthroplasty, 17% arthroscopy, 17% paediatrics, 13.2% reconstructive orthopaedics, 5.7% musculoskeletal oncology, and 4.7% hand and foot surgery. Our study revealed a significant statistical relationship between having children and choice of a subspecialty (Fischer’s = 0.032; χ2 = 0.033), as the married female residents tend to have more family considerations in their final choice of subspecialisation.Conclusion:The choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria is affected by different factors, such as mentorship, needs of region, desire to work in academic settings, and ergonomics.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the mechanism of long-term lease on religious endowment (waq f) lands in Khorezm. In particular, the primary focus of the present study is twofold. Firstly, it investigates the practice of long-term lease on waq f lands on the basis of rental contracts, as well as other concomitant records from 19th-century Khorezm. Secondly, this study examines the social background of and reciprocal relations between participants, who were involved in long-term lease operations. As becomes evident from the documents under study, the family members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān, a prominent figure of the Naqshbandiyyah-Mujaddidiyyah in Khorezm, acted in the capacity of trustee (mutawallī) of waq f properties of the Sayyid Muḥammad Raḥīm Ḫān’s madrasa in Khiva, regularly commissioned and financially supported by the ruler himself, as well as other representatives of the Qonghrat dynasty (1770-1920). Moreover, members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān’s family also participated as tenants of occasionally large waq f assets in long-term lease contracts. To this end, this study posits that the employment of long-term lease practice on waq f land was a principal means of providing financial support by the Khivan ruling circles to various Sufi lineages in Khorezm. Thus, the long-term lease operation clearly illustrates yet another pattern of patronage between the ruling dynasty and descendants of a particular Sufi lineage, as well as an additional source of income and financial privilege of the latter.

This study deals with the emergence of modern Turkey in the axis of the change in financial privileges. In this respect, the acts of the parliaments are analysed with a descriptive approach. While the parliament conducted the liquidation process of the Ottoman dynasty, it also created some new privileges for its members. This study examines this simultaneous process. The liquidation process started in 1908 with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy initiated by the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti). Only after 1920, a national assembly convened under a new leadership in Ankara continued the process and seized the assets of the dynasty, ended tax privileges, and cut their allowances in 1924. However, during the same period, parliament extended the financial status of its members with laws enacted even unconstitutionally. Despite that allowances of MPs were increased, and rules creating pension rights turned into a legislative behaviour that set an example for the following decades too. Moreover, parliament also established financial privileges by tolerating the economic activities of its members. Thus, financial privileges based on blood ties were replaced by another type of privileged status in parallel with the transfer of sovereignty.

Financial Privilege: Educational Funding Source Impacts Students’ Perceptions of Financial Readiness and Cost as a Barrier to Dietetic Internships

Upon COVID-19 being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, parent-carers worldwide faced major challenges in how to adapt, become resilient, and to continue educating their children at all levels amid school closures. Home-schooling, with parent-carers becoming the substitute teachers, had become the new ‘norm’ during the first and third lockdowns in England. This paper reports on qualitative findings from semi-structured interviews with 35 participants comprised of parents with children aged between 5 and 8 years old in South London, England. Thematical analysis is used to capture parents’ well-being experiences of home-schooling amid COVID-19 compulsory school closures. This paper explores how the pressure on parent-carers to provide education at home akin to a school setting is physically and emotionally challenging. The paper also addresses how parents’ stress levels intensified in the second (January 2021) home-schooling period. A post-structural feminist framework is deployed to unpick gender socio-cultural inequalities relating to the distribution of work/labour/childcare duties at home during lockdown. Existing research has focussed on the impact on low-income families and children’s well-being during the pandemic. This research contributes to existing research by addressing an under-researched area relating to the impact on well-belling for middle-income maternal caregivers. Findings of this research show how financial privilege does not provide an escape from additional stress and how parents’ well-being was affected.

Abstract America’s legacy of racism and inequity has created a criminal legal system that privileges money over innocence. A protracted encounter with the courts has the potential to bankrupt entire families, keeping them and even their descendants in a cycle of disadvantage that can span generations. Yet there are also countless legal backwaters across the country where money, instead of insulating a defendant from the worst of the criminal legal system, puts a different kind of target on their back. Drawing on the author’s lived experience as a formerly incarcerated citizen, this piece uses personal history to explore the different financial pressure points used in the criminal legal system: the ecosystem of cash bail, fines, and fees. It outlines differences in the ways such pressure is applied depending on a defendant’s economic standing, and argues that it amounts to a form of coercion inflicted on defendants from across the spectrum of financial privilege. The piece also highlights how financial exploitation in the criminal legal system can leave defendants not only financially indebted to their support networks but emotionally indebted as well: ashamed of the money and time that was spent—and seemingly wasted—on trying to secure an outcome that the system, by design, always keeps just out of reach.

Aim: The aim of this research was to compare and contrast the dowry and alimony of women in the Islamic and Western legal systems. Method: This study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner using library sources. Texts in the form of books and articles in Persian and English as well as newspapers were used in this way. In addition, reputable internet search engines such as Google and Yahoo were used in the development of this research. Results: In this study, the financial rights of husband and wife towards each other, financial independence of couples, and laws related to dowry and alimony were examined in Islam and the West. Conclusion: The Islamic legal system, according to the five schools of jurisprudence, has special financial privileges for the wife, which is almost unique compared to Western legal systems. One of these privileges is "dowry." Dowry is a mandatory gift that belongs to the wife and although it is not a condition for the validity of marriage, it becomes the responsibility of the husband as soon as the marriage contract is concluded, at least to the amount of the mahr al-mithl. Dowry is one of the financial rights of women in the Islamic family legal system. The judicial system of England and Wales is one of the most famous judicial systems in resolving divorce cases and observing equal rights for men and women, to the extent that London is called the divorce capital of the world. In the courts of this country, the man is considered as the main pillar of the family, but in case of divorce, the assets of both parties, and even their future retirement rights, will be examined and based on these examinations, excess assets beyond the needs of each party will be identified and divided equally between the wife and husband. This process is similar in most European and American countries, although structural differences in the law and judicial system of each country may lead to changes in the implementation of court orders.

Aim: The aim of this research was to compare and contrast the dowry and alimony of women in the Islamic and Western legal systems. Method: This study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner using library sources. Texts in the form of books and articles in Persian and English as well as newspapers were used in this way. In addition, reputable internet search engines such as Google and Yahoo were used in the development of this research. Results: In this study, the financial rights of husband and wife towards each other, financial independence of couples, and laws related to dowry and alimony were examined in Islam and the West. Conclusion: The Islamic legal system, according to the five schools of jurisprudence, has special financial privileges for the wife, which is almost unique compared to Western legal systems. One of these privileges is "dowry." Dowry is a mandatory gift that belongs to the wife and although it is not a condition for the validity of marriage, it becomes the responsibility of the husband as soon as the marriage contract is concluded, at least to the amount of the mahr al-mithl. Dowry is one of the financial rights of women in the Islamic family legal system. The judicial system of England and Wales is one of the most famous judicial systems in resolving divorce cases and observing equal rights for men and women, to the extent that London is called the divorce capital of the world. In the courts of this country, the man is considered as the main pillar of the family, but in case of divorce, the assets of both parties, and even their future retirement rights, will be examined and based on these examinations, excess assets beyond the needs of each party will be identified and divided equally between the wife and husband. This process is similar in most European and American countries, although structural differences in the law and judicial system of each country may lead to changes in the implementation of court orders.

This paper illustrates how People’s Republic of China has applied a form of economic diplomacy to Central and Eastern Europe in order to extend its regional political influence. Using the “17+1” Initiative, the Chinese state sought to provide financial privileges to member states so that they would later become dependent on Beijing’s political and economic visions. However, despite the European Union’s concern, the results of the project were not as expected, with great doubts about the initiative’s future. These were confirmed by the position of NATO, which considered that China’s efforts do not represent a security issue for the Alliance’s eastern flank.

Topicality. One of the problems of the state innovation policy in Ukraine is the abolition or suspension of financial privileges for the subjects of innovation activity due to the lack of transparency of the mechanisms of their distribution. However, complete rejection of state financial support o innovation, that is one of the most widespread instruments of innovation policy in the world, does not correspond with the interests of innovative development of the state. As a solution of this problem at the regional level could be the mechanism of financial support for innovative projects on a competitive basis. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop organizational and economic mechanisms of innovative development at the regional level and to discover the source of formation of their financial support. Research results. The article proposes a mechanism for competitive selection of innovative projects to receive funding from local budgets, which, unlike the existing ones, is as transparent as possible, ensures competitiveness among applicants and takes into account the priorities of innovative development of a particular region through the following procedure: the committee for selection of innovative projects is formed on the principles of participatory involvement of representatives of all stakeholders - authorities, business, science, education, community, determines the terms of competition and announces the competition; the competition is open to anyone who has ideas on the announced theme; the selection procedure occurs with maximum transparency and the announcement of the criteria, the selected projects receive funding from the local budget at the expense of the development budget; audit. It is envisaged that economic support for the competitive selection of innovative projects is carried out on the basis of partnerships and financial support from local budgets. The following mechanisms have been proposed: public-private partnership financing through equity participation; granting tax exemptions for other taxes paid to regional budgets; investment-oriented tax benefits, which provide for the exemption from income tax on the financial results of enterprises that are not withdrawn from business and reinvested in innovative projects. Conclusion. Implementation of the proposed mechanisms will ensure transparency of the project selection process, competitiveness among applicants, financial support from different sources and taking into account the priorities of innovative development of a particular region.

Reducing income inequality and enhancing access to financial institutions play a vital role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 10, especially in developing countries. While there are studies on the nexus between financial development and economic growth, literature on financial development–income inequality nexus is limited and lack consensus. This paper examined the different dimensions of financial development on income inequality for the period 1990 to 2015 in Turkey. For this purpose, four financial development indices (i.e., overall financial development index, banking sector development index, stock market development index, and bond market development index) were constructed with principal component analysis (PCA). In addition to financial development indicators, the impact of real income, government expenditures, and inflation on income inequality were investigated using the ARDL bound testing procedure. The results showed that increasing real income and government expenditures reduce income inequality. We found a positive impact of inflation on income inequality in the short run, while the reverse holds in the long run. In the case of financial development, an inverted U-shaped relationship with income inequality for overall financial development and banking sector development was confirmed. A monotonically decreasing relationship between stock market development and income inequality was found in Turkey. The study highlights that the implementation of policies that eradicate discriminatory laws and facilitate equal access to financial privileges will promote equity and decline the outcomes of income inequality.

Two meanings of the word ‘duty’ are relevant to this paper. The first denotes a tax typically payable when goods are moved across borders. If movement of things, such as artworks, between countries is duty free because they remain in free ports, the host jurisdictions confer an extraordinary financial privilege on the typically super-wealthy owners of the artworks. Objects concealed in free ports become detached from their usual use – jewellery is not worn, wine is not consumed and artworks are not viewed, either privately or publicly. Filmmaker and theorist Hito Steyerl, who has analysed duty free art, describes free ports as ‘a luxury no man’s land, tax havens where artworks are shuffled around from one storage room to another once they get traded’. Artworks are commonly a currency of liquid capitalism in which ‘capital itself is now weightless, free of spatial confinement’. Art can be a useful analogy for law, and, as I seek to demonstrate, under certain circumstances, citizenship. The second meaning of ‘duty’ contemplated in this paper is duty as the reciprocal of a right, and is used here in relation to the bundle of interdependent claims and obligations that constitute citizenship. These two meanings of duty meet – analogously and factually – in the case of New Zealand’s extraordinary grant of citizenship to the ultra-libertarian entrepreneur Peter Thiel for whom the normal residency requirements for people applying for the country’s citizenship were waived. The paper, which is a draft work in progress, is structured as follows: after this Introduction, Part II sketches a plausible model of citizenship, identifies key provisions of New Zealand’s citizenship law, and then extracts salient points from journalist Matt Nippert’s investigation into the Thiel’s citizenship. The aim here is to demonstrate that the grant of citizenship to Thiel is incompatible with traditional theory, policy and law on citizenship, and, indeed, New Zealand’s espoused national values. Part III borrows the terminology of Giorgio Agamben to speculate on the idea of ‘homo sacrissimus’ as a privileged exception to the usual norms of citizenship, and an antithesis to the bare life (la vita nuda) of the non-citizen (homo sacer). Conclusions are then drawn.

We consider the legal situation specificity and the main activities of European associations of lawyers. Communities of judges, prosecutors, lawyers in public service are quite rare and, as in Russian practice, are not considered as public (non-governmental) associations. Membership in the association of lawyers of European countries is mainly associated with such professional activities as advocacy and notary, which is a private legal component of legal activity. The main tasks of many associations of lawyers is to protect the interests of its members, training and retraining of association members. Membership in these associations does not give any financial privileges, in Western European professional legal associations at the regulatory level, tax benefits for members of these organizations and legal instruments for professional growth are fixed. We analyze the activities of such associations as the German lawyer association, the Bar Association of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of China (Taiwan), the European Bar Association for democracy and human rights. On the basis of the comparative and legal characteristics of Russian and European associations of lawyers we made a conclusion about the distinctive and similar features in their legal position.

Within a legion of the U.S. aid recipients, there is a narrow group of the most privileged partners which has included the Arab Republic of Egypt since the signing of the Camp David Agreements. However, the end of the 30-year rule of Hosni Mubarak during the Arab Spring in 2011 induced the United States to reconsider its support to Cairo. Reacting to a series of subsequent governmental changesthe U.S. executive and the Congress sought to use suspending military and economic aid and modifying political, financial and technical conditions of its provision to influence domestic and foreign policies of Egypt. Logic and dynamics of these efforts, as well as the constraints that hindered their implementation under the Barack Obama and Donald Trump presidencies have not been examined yet in detail and with proper attention to the role of various domestic actors’ interests and external developments, namely, the Egypt’s actions and changes in its international environment. The paper draws several key conclusions. Indeed, the United States has demonstrated its willingness to experiment with a truly unique range and combination of methods of using conditional aid as leverage but thisexperimentationprocess was distorted by a mixture of powerful internal and external factors. The domestic political economy of the U.S. military assistance to Egypt, determined by its ‘tied’ status and distinctive financial privileges, and a permanent pressure from defense and pro-Israeli lobbies (and lobbyists occasionally hired by Egypt) had as strong an impact as the U.S. authorities’ intent to obtain perceived benefits from continuing strategic cooperation with Egypt or to avoid risks of ‘losing’ it to competitors, especially Russia. Egyptian governments understood clearly thelogic of the U.S. aid provision and the ways to mitigate the threat of aid suspension, which – notwithstanding a parallel generous support from the Gulf countries to Cairo – may help explain the U.S. failure to accelerate Egypt’s transition to democracy after 2011.

You're worth what you eat: Adolescent beliefs about healthy eating, morality and socioeconomic status