Final Angle Research Articles

Wetting kinetics, spreading phenomena and interfacial reaction of Sn-15Bi-xZn solders on Cu substrate at different temperatures

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the wettability of the self-developed Sn–Bi–Zn solder and to conduct a series of analysis on the wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–Bi–Zn solder on Cu substrate.Design/methodology/approachThe wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–Bi–Zn solder on Cu substrate were analyzed by experiments. The interface was observed by scanning electron microscope to study the effect of Zn content on its interface.FindingsWith the increase in brazing temperature, the final spreading equivalent radius of the solder increases significantly, and the final contact angle of the solder decreases significantly. In addition, when the Zn content is 1%, the spreading effect of solder is the best, the equivalent radius is the largest and the contact angle is the smallest. According to the microstructural analysis, the thick intermetallic compounds layer of the Sn–15Bi–xZn solders on the Cu substrate can be effectively decreased by adding appropriate Zn content.Originality/valueThe wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–15Bi–xZn solder on Cu substrate at different temperatures have not been studied yet.

Effect of laser-induced texture on lubrication retention and tribological properties of 40Cr alloy surfaces

Continuous and proper oil lubrication between the friction pair can reduce wear and increase the service life of mechanical components. The synergistic effects of oil wettability and spreadability on lubrication durability and tribological properties were investigated. The results indicate that the capillary action of textured structures can promote the oil spreadability and reduce the relaxation time of the contact angle, and the final contact angle will be affected by the laser-induced oxidation and hydroxylation. However, the excessive absorption behavior of textures limits the oil wettability and spreadability. In addition, capillary action and hydroxylation formed a textured surface with excellent oil spreadability and a relatively high contact angle. This is a critical factor in maintaining surface lubrication and improving tribological properties.

Spring-in behavior of woven carbon fiber/polycarbonate thermoplastic composites

The spring-in behavior of woven carbon fiber/polycarbonate thermoplastic composite is investigated by both the experiment and simulation ways. These thermoplastic composite plates are thermoformed into V-shaped structures, and the final bending angle is measured after demolding. In the finite element simulation to describe the thermoforming and spring-in behavior of the composite, the discrete approach is adopted to simulate the behavior of woven carbon fabric and combined with a resin model. The results from both the experiment and the simulation indicate the spring-in behavior of this thermoplastic composite. For [(±45)]6 blanks, the spring-in angle is around 2.60° for a 60-degree V-shape and around 1.72° for a 90-degree V-shape. For [(0/90)]6 blanks, the spring-in angle is around 2.38° and 1.19° for 60-degree and 90-degree V-shapes, respectively. The [(±45)]6 blank always has a slightly higher spring-in angle than the [(0/90)]6 blank, even though the difference is small. The finite element results show 6% to 12% differences with the experimental values if the spring-in angle is used, and the error is less than 0.6% when the bending angle is compared. By using the present finite element analysis, the results indicate that the stacking sequence could have an evident effect on the spring-in angle, and symmetric laminates have less spring-in effect as compared to their unsymmetric counterparts.

Electrically driven wetting of high-entropy (Zr1/3Hf1/3Ce1/3)1-x(Y1/2Gd1/2)xO2-δ ceramics by molten Cu

For the first time, the wettability of fluorite-type high-entropy (Zr1/3Hf1/3Ce1/3)1-x(Y1/2Gd1/2)xO2-δ (δ = 0.05‒0.3) ceramics by molten Cu under a direct current (DC) was investigated. The wetting behavior depended noticeably on the stoichiometry (x = 0.1‒0.6) of the metal components in (Zr1/3Hf1/3Ce1/3)1-x(Y1/2Gd1/2)xO2-δ. The initial contact angle increased with x. For x ≥ 0.4, DC application improved the wettability, and the final contact angle decreased with increasing x. The wettability improvement was mainly attributed to the diffusion of high-entropy metal components into the Cu melt and the formation of an interfacial product. The relatively weak Ce‒O and Gd‒O bonds were dissociated more easily, and Ce and Gd diffused more rapidly than Zr, Hf and Y and thereby influenced the wettability more prominently. This work is expected to advance the understanding of interfacial physicochemical interactions between metal melts and high-entropy oxides and provide a reference for joining high-entropy oxides with metals under an electric field.

Preoperative Leg Length Discrepancy >2 cm in the Supine Decubitus PositionMay Induce Compensatory Pelvic Obliquity in Patients during Total Hip Arthroplasty.

The leg length discrepancy (LLD) in the supine decubitus position may influence the inclination angle of the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty (THA). The relationship among LLD, pelvic obliquity, and inclination angle of the acetabular component has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between LLD in supine position and changes in the inclination angle of the acetabular components during THA, and the compensatory ability of the pelvis based on LLD and inclination. A total of 135 patients were prospectively classified into three groups according to the preoperative LLD in the supine decubitus position: the cranial type group had a positive LLD value; the fixed type group had LLD=0; and the caudal type group had a negative LLD value. Patients in the cranial type group and caudal type group were divided into four subgroups based on the LLD value (either positive or negative): LLD >3cm subgroup; 2≤ LLD ≤ 3cm subgroup; 1≤ LLD < 2cm subgroup; and LLD <1cm subgroup. The targeted and final inclination of the acetabular component was measured intra- and postoperatively. The results showed a significant difference in the targeted and final inclination angles among the patients in the cranial type and the caudal type groups. In the caudal type group, increased inclination was observed in the patients of LLD >3cm subgroup (mean 3.13°) and 2≤ LLD ≤ 3cm subgroup (mean 5.17°) after THA, respectively. Decreased inclination (mean, 6.16°) was observed in 2≤ LLD ≤ 3cm subgroup in the cranial type group after THA. Our findings revealed that in patients with discrepancy greater than 2 cm, postural pelvic obliquity imposed a remarkable influence on the inclination.

Role of intra-operative traction in deformity correction in neuromuscular scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Intra-operative traction (IOT) has emerged as new modality for improving correction rates in scoliosis since it has the potential to reduce operative time and blood loss in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS). The aim of this study is to describe the effects of IOT in deformity correction in NMS. The search was conducted in online electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. This review included studies on NMS which have described usage of IOT in deformity correction. Eight studies were included in analysis and review. There was low-to-moderate heterogeneity across the studies (I2 - 42.4 to 93.9%). All the studies used cranio-femoral traction for IOT. The final Cobb's angle in coronal plane was significantly lower in the traction group as compared to the non-traction group (SMD -0.36 95% CI -0.71 to 0). There was a trend towards better outcomes in final obliquity (SMD -0.78 95% CI -1.64 to 0.09), operative time (SMD -1.09 95% CI -2.25 to 0.08) and blood loss (SMD -0.86 95% CI significantly lower in the traction group as2.15 to 0.44) but did not reach statistical significance. IOT helped to achieve significant scoliotic curve correction in NMS compared to non-traction group. Despite the overall tendency of improved pelvic obliquity correction, reduced operative time and reduced blood loss as compared to a surgery without the use of IOT, it did not achieve statistical significance. Further studies which are prospective with a larger sample size and focussing on a particular etiology may be conducted which would validate the results. IV.

Prediction of optimum alkaline hydrolysis conditions for imparting superhydrophobicity to large-area fabrics using three-dimensional modeling

This study proposes a fabric-specific alkaline hydrolysis method to impart stable water repellency to large-area polyester fabrics, regardless of yarn type or weave pattern. The geometries of 120 virtual fabrics with varying yarn properties, weave patterns, and weave densities are modeled, and their surface-etching efficiency and superhydrophobicity are predicted. While the alkaline hydrolysis-derived nano-structuring efficiencies of fabrics are predicted based on the Kallay and Grancaric model (1990) with changes to reflect the fiber volume fraction F as a major variable for fabric structures. For predicting superhydrophobicity, the fabric meso-structure contact angle is calculated based on the Michielsen and Lee model (2007); the fixed yarn distance used in the original model is replaced by the simulated inter-yarn porosity P to exclude error caused by structural variability. The final virtual fabric contact angle is predicted reflecting the effect of nano-roughness, which is validated by comparing the predicted contact angle with a physical sample having identical geometries. The contact angle of any fabric can be predicted using structural simulation, given the alkaline treatment conditions are adjusted according to the unique geometry of each fabric to express superhydrophobicity. Moreover, even for samples with low predictive contact angles, superhydrophobicity can be achieved by maximizing the effect of the nanostructure through strong alkaline treatment. An ISO 5 water repellency is achieved for all large-area polyester fabrics.

Wetting kinetics of a bitumen droplet on a glass substrate

In order to understand how interfacial forces may act in cold mix asphalt just after emulsion breaking, a new experimental procedure has been developed. It tends to mimic what happens when, just after the emulsion breaking, a bitumen droplet is in contact with an aggregate particle. The spreading is monitored by measuring the contact angle of the bitumen droplet on a glass slide over time. As expected, wetting kinetics strongly depends on temperature but equilibrium wetting state (final contact angle) appears to be temperature independent. The main output is the huge effect of the temperature. Indeed, total time for wetting at 35°C is close to 8 h while wetting time at 10°C approaches eight years. The relationship between viscosity at 0 Hz and wetting half-life time was found to be linear. This relationship is intrinsic to the system bitumen/glass/air studied here and derived from the interfacial properties of the three mediums.

Wettability and Reactivity of Liquid Magnesium with a Pure Silver Substrate

For the first time, experimental data on the high-temperature interaction of liquid Mg with pure Ag are presented. The study was performed by the sessile drop method and capillary purification procedure. The test was carried out under isothermal conditions at 720 °C in a protective atmosphere of Ar + 5 wt.% H2. The solidified couple was subjected to detailed microstructural observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Under the used conditions, immediately after contact with the Ag substrate, liquid Mg drop showed a good wetting (θ0 ~ 65°) followed by fast spreading over the substrate in subsecond time to form the final contact angle of θf ~ 31°.SEM/EDS analysis showed that θf is apparent because of a deep crater (200 μm) formed in the substrate under the drop by the dissolution of Ag in liquid Mg. SEM/EDS observations of complex structural transformations in the Mg/Ag couple due to high-temperature contact and subsequent cooling are in good agreement with the Ag-Mg phase diagram. Besides substrate dissolution, the interaction between liquid Mg and solid Ag at 720 °C is accompanied with the alloying of the Mg drop with Ag and the formation of a continuous layer of the β-AgMg phase at the Mg/Ag interface. During cooling, the chemical composition of the Mg(Ag) drop continuously changes, and this process is followed by the formation of the β-AgMg phase by secondary precipitation from Ag-saturated liquid, a partial transformation of the β-AgMg to ε′-Ag17Mg54 phase by peritectic reaction, followed by the solid-state transformation of the ε′-phase to the ε-AgMg3 phase, and finally, the solidification of residual liquid in the form of the two-phase eutectic mixture of AgMg4 + (Mg). The results obtained suggest that a very good wetting and fast spreading observed experimentally for the Mg/Ag couple is caused by high reactivity between liquid Mg and Ag substrate leading to the combined effect of two reactive wetting mechanisms, i.e. through dissolutive wetting and wetting through the formation of the interfacial reaction product (β-phase).

Multimodal Deep-Learning Framework for Accurate Prediction of Wettability Evolution of Laser-Textured Surfaces.

The lengthy process through which laser-textured surfaces transform from hydrophilic to hydrophobic severely restricts their practical applications. Accurately predicting the wettability evolution curve is crucial; however, developing a reliable prediction model remains challenging. Herein, a data-driven multimodal deep-learning framework was developed, in which multimodal data of micro/nanostructure morphology images, composition distribution images, and time information are effectively coupled and fed into a convolutional neural network (CNN). Rich data input and in-depth data mining make the framework more robust, achieving accurate prediction of the wettability evolution curves of various typical micro/nanostructures. Additionally, accurate prediction of input images with varying magnifications and untrained laser-textured surfaces demonstrates the generalizability of the multimodal CNN framework. The visualization results of the convolution layer confirmed the rationality of the information learned by the model. Additionally, the proposed multimodal CNN framework was successfully utilized to investigate the optimization process. Further, a laser-textured surface with a shorter evolution period and a larger final contact angle was realized. The proposed multimodal CNN framework offers an efficient and cost-effective method for predicting the wettability evolution curves and exploring the optimization processes, enhancing the application potential of laser micro/nanofabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces.

Partial Remodeling after Conservative Treatment of Trampoline Fractures in Children.

(1) Background: Trampoline fractures (proximal tibia fracture with positive anterior tilt) are increasing. This study represents the first attempt to determine the extent of remodeling in these fractures after conservative treatment (2) Methods: This Swiss prospective multicenter study included children aged 2 to 5 years with a trampoline fracture who were radiologically examined on the day of the accident and after one year. In addition, the anterior tilt angle was compared between the injured and unaffected tibia. Remodeling was defined as complete (final anterior tilt angle ≤ 0°), incomplete (smaller but still >0°), or no remodeling. (3) Results: The mean extent of remodeling was -3.5° (95% CI: -4.29°, -2.66°, p < 0.001). Among the 89 children included in the study, 26 (29.2%) showed complete, 63 (70.8%) incomplete, and 17 patients (19.1%) no remodeling. Comparison of the anterior tilt angles between the fractured and healthy tibia showed that the anterior tilt angle on the fractured leg was, on average larger by 2.82° (95% CI: 2.01°, 3.63°; p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Although the anterior tilt angle decreased during the study period, the majority of patients showed incomplete remodeling. In contrast, children with radiological examinations >1 year after the trauma showed advanced remodeling, suggesting that one year is too short to observe complete remodeling.

RISK FACTORS FOR MANIPULATION UNDER ANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TIMING

The optimal timing of when to perform manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) for stiffness following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is unclear. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for MUA following primary TKA and whether performing an “early” MUA within 3 months results in a greater improvement in range of motion.Primary TKAs performed between January 2013 and December 2018 at three tertiary New Zealand hospitals were reviewed. International Classification of Diseases discharge coding was used to identify patients who underwent an MUA. Multivariate Cox regression was performed to identify patient and surgical risk factors for MUA. Pre- and post-MUA knee flexion angles were identified through manual review of operation notes. Multivariate linear regression was performed to compare the mean flexion angles pre- and post-MUA, as well as the mean gain in flexion, between patients undergoing “early” (&lt;3 months) versus “late” MUA (&gt;3 months).7386 primary TKAs were analyzed in which 131 underwent subsequent MUA (1.8%). Patients aged &lt;65 years were two times more likely to undergo MUA compared to patients aged ≥65 years (2.5% versus 1.3%, adjusted hazard ratio = 2.1, p&lt;0.001). Gender, body mass index, patient comorbidities or a history of cancer were not associated with the risk of MUA. There was no difference in the final post-MUA flexion angle between patients who underwent early versus late MUA (104.7 versus 104.1 degrees, p = 0.819). However, patients who underwent early MUA had poorer pre-MUA flexion (72.3 versus 79.6 degrees, p = 0.012), and subsequently had a greater overall gain in flexion compared to patients who underwent late MUA (mean gain 33.1 versus 24.3 degrees, p&lt;0.001).Younger age was the only patient risk factor for MUA. A greater overall gain in flexion was achieved in patients who underwent early MUA within 3 months.

Preparation of simple biodegradable, nontoxic, and antimicrobial PHB/PU/CuO bionanocomposites for safely use as bioplastic material packaging

AbstractPlastic waste in Egypt is causing a problem. An innovative solution to reduce this pollution is inevitable. Microalgae were considered a new resource for developing biobased bioplastics. This study aims to prepare a simple biodegradable film able to use in packaging and from polyurethane (PU) nanocomposite with Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the presence of various concentrations of CuO-NPs. The Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate compounds were extracted from the dominant microalgal species in High rate algal pond Microcystis sp. Algal extracts have antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Films prepared from PHB, and PU showed no cytotoxic impact on human tumor cell lines in terms of cell viability. The mechanical properties of the films were studied, and it was found that the final contact angle values were improved from 77° to 87° as CuO-NPs loading raised from 2 to 4%, respectively. XRD displays no difference in the intensity of CuO-NPs peaks by increasing CuO-NPs loading in the PHB/PU matrix. FTIR spectra of all blends were recorded in the range of 400 to 4000 cm−1. Tensile properties were improved with the addition of 40 wt.% PHB.

Exclusive π− electroproduction off the neutron in deuterium in the resonance region

New results for the exclusive and quasifree cross sections off neutrons bound in deuterium γvn(p)→pπ−(p) are presented over a wide final state hadron angle range with a kinematic coverage of the invariant mass (W) up to 1.825 GeV and the four-momentum transfer squared (Q2) from 0.4 to 1.0 GeV2. The exclusive structure functions were extracted and their Legendre moments were obtained. Final-state-interaction contributions have been kinematically separated from the extracted quasifree cross sections off bound neutrons solely based on the analysis of the experimental data. These new results will serve as long-awaited input for phenomenological analyses to extract the Q2 evolution of previously unavailable n→N* electroexcitation amplitudes and to improve state-of-the-art models of neutrino scattering off nuclei by augmenting the already available results from free protons.26 MoreReceived 15 April 2022Revised 26 October 2022Accepted 30 November 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.015201©2023 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasLepton induced nuclear reactionsResonance reactionsStrong interactionPhysical SystemsBaryonsNeutronsNuclear Physics

Nonsequential double ionization of atoms driven by spatially inhomogeneous laser fields

&lt;sec&gt;Using a three-dimensional classical ensemble method, we investigate the nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) of xenon atoms from the near infrared wavelength to the mid-infrared wavelength in spatially inhomogeneous laser fields, and compare the results with those from spatially homogeneous laser fields. The results show that the NSDI probability curves from spatially inhomogeneous laser field and spatially homogeneous laser field at short wavelength are similar to each other. With the laser wavelength increasing, NSDI at the high intensities is more and more suppressed for spatially inhomogeneous laser field.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;Compared with the result from the spatially homogeneous laser field, the final emission angle of two electrons from the NSDI exhibits a very strongly correlated characteristic in the spatially inhomogeneous field, especially at a longer laser wavelength, the final emission angles of two electrons are almost both concentrated around &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M2"&gt;\begin{document}${0^\circ }$\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="16-20230548_M2.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="16-20230548_M2.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;, meaning that the two electrons are always emitted into the same direction parallelly. Moreover, effective recollision of the NSDI is always dominated by first return of the first electron from the near infrared to the mid-infrared inhomogeneous laser fields, however, the transition from the first return dominance to the second return dominance occurs in the spatially homogeneous laser fields. Further, we reveal the more details of the ultrafast dynamics of the correlated electrons in the spatially inhomogeneous laser field by back-tracing the classical trajectories of NSDI.&lt;/sec&gt;

RETRATO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE ESCOLIOSE PEDIÁTRICA EM UM HOSPITAL TERCIÁRIO NO BRASIL

ABSTRACT Objective: To trace the epidemiological profile of patients with pediatric scoliosis in a tertiary hospital in the region of Campinas - SP, seeking to understand and evaluate the demand of these patients, the results of delay in treatment, and its impact on the progression of the deformity. Methods: An epidemiological, observational, and cross-sectional study was carried out in a digital database, including patients from 0 to 18 years of age, where sociodemographic variables, scoliosis classification, and institutional follow-up and treatment data were collected. Results: The sample had 30 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The age of the patients ranged from 5 years to 18 years, with a mean of 12.8 years. Neuromuscular scoliosis was the most prevalent etiology (40%), followed by congenital scoliosis (36.6%) and, to a lesser extent, idiopathic scoliosis (23.3%). The patient follow-up time between the first and last appointment has an average of 74.7 months. When the specialty monitors the patient, the initial and final Cobb angles are evaluated in degrees, with a percentage increase of 40.3%. Delay in care (outpatient care, conservative treatment, or surgery) was identified in 25 patients (83.3% of the sample). Conclusion: Most of the patients evaluated showed evolution of the scoliosis condition, especially due to the delay in care, failure to obtain surgical treatment, or even conservative treatment in an adequate time, with an increase in the magnitude of the curve and greater severity of the case. Level of Evidence III; Observational, Cross-Sectional Study.

The influence of particle size on the spread distance and angle of friction of granular materials

To produce a hazard map and thus provide mitigation measures against natural catastrophic events such as landslides, avalanches, and debris flows, it is necessary to determine the spread distance of such flows. There is a well-documented relationship between the angle of friction and the debris flow volume, allowing one to determine the possible distance a debris flow can travel. However, the effect of mean particle size (d50) and the sorting coefficient (Sc) on the final spread distance (Df) has received mere attention. In this study, a mini conical-shaped mould was used to measure the final spread distance (Df) and angle of friction (αf) for various dry granular material samples both in air and in water. Experimental results indicated that a granular material sample with a smaller d50 travel a longer distance compared to a sample with a higher d50. However, a sample with a smaller d50 results in a smaller angle of friction than the one with a higher d50. Conversely, a well-sorted sample has a smaller spread distance and larger angle of friction. Results also indicated that the spread distance in air is slightly larger and the angle of friction is slightly smaller than in water.

Statics and diffusive dynamics of surfaces driven by p-atic topological defects.

Inspired by epithelial morphogenesis, we consider a minimal model for the shaping of a surface driven by p-atic topological defects. We show that a positive (negative) defect can dynamically generate a (hyperbolic) cone whose shape evolves diffusively, and predict that a defect of charge + 1/p leads to a final semi-cone angle β which satisfies the inequality . By exploiting the fact that for axisymmetric surfaces, the extrinsic geometry is tightly coupled to the intrinsic geometry, we further show that the resulting stationary shape of a membrane with negligible bending modulus and embedded polar order is a deformed lemon with two defects at antipodal points. Finally, we close by pointing out that our results may be relevant beyond epithelial morphogenesis in such contexts as shape transitions in macroscopic closed spheroidal surfaces such as pollen grains.

Comparative efficacy and complications of single and dual growing rods for early-onset scoliosis: an updated meta-analysis.

This updated meta-analysis aimed to compare single and dual growing rods, including both traditional growing rod and magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) used in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) with regard to deformity correction, spinal growth, and complications. This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using articles extracted from PubMed, EMBASE databases, and Cochrane Library databases. Only articles reporting the complications and the imaging parameters before and after growing rods in the patients diagnosed with EOS were included. We extracted and statistically analyzed the data deemed relevant for this study, and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias in each study. Data synthesis and statistical analyses were performed using R software. Fifteen eligible articles containing 409 participants (n = 185, single growing rods; n = 224, dual growing rods) were identified. The meta-analysis found no significant differences in the preoperative and postoperative major Cobb angle, T1-S1 distance, thoracic kyphosis, and coronal balance between single and dual rods groups. The final follow-up major Cobb angle (P = 0.01; standardized mean difference, - 0.42 [95% confidence interval (CI), - 0.74 to - 0.10]; I2 = 23%) was significantly smaller in dual rods group than single-rod group. However, no significant differences in the correction rate of angle (major Cobb angle and kyphosis angle) and changes in the T1-S1 distance between the two groups were observed. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the metalwork failure, infection, or proximal junctional kyphosis between single and dual rods groups. However, total complications (P = 0.03; risk ratio (RR), 0.79 [95% CI, 0.63-0.98]; I2 = 29%) and distraction failure in MCGR (P = 0.04; RR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.14-0.98]; I2 = 11%) were significantly lower in dual rods group than single-rod group. This updated meta-analysis found that patients with dual growing rods had fewer complications, especially distraction failure in MCGR, than those with single growing rod. However, none of deformity correction, spinal growth, or other complications differed between single and dual growing rods. Therefore, we believe that dual growing rods do not provide strong advantages over single growing rod in the treatment of EOS.

Position of meristems and the angles of the cell division plane regulate the uniqueness of lateral organ shape.

Leaf meristem is a cell proliferative zone present in the lateral organ primordia. In this study, we examined how cell proliferative zones in primordia of planar floral organs and polar auxin transport inhibitor (PATI)-treated leaf organs differ from those of non-treated foliage leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, with a focus on the accumulation pattern of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) protein, a key element for leaf meristem positioning. We found that PATI-induced leaf shape changes were correlated with cell division angle but not with meristem positioning/size or AN3 localisation. In contrast, different shapes between sepals and petals compared with foliage leaves were associated with both altered meristem position, due to altered AN3 expression patterns, and different distributions of cell division angles. A numerical simulation showed that meristem position majorly affected the final shape but biased cell division angles had a minor effect. Taken together, these results suggest that the unique shapes of different lateral organs depend on the position of the meristem in the case of floral organs and cell division angles in the case of leaf organs with different auxin flow.