Cartridge Filters Research Articles

Life cycle assessment study on polishing units for use of treated wastewater in agricultural reuse.

A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used in the assessment of environmental impacts of some polishing units for reuse of wastewater treatment plant effluents in agricultural irrigation. These alternative polishing units were assessed: (1) microfiltration and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, (2) cartridge filter and ultrafiltration (UF), and (3) just UV disinfection. Two different energy sources, electric grid mix and natural gas, were considered to assess the environmental impacts of them. Afterwards, the effluent of each case was evaluated against the criteria required for irrigation of sensitive crops corresponding to Turkey regulations. Evaluation of environmental impacts was carried out with GaBi 6.1 LCA software. The overall conclusion of this study is that higher electricity consumption causes higher environmental effects. The results of the study revealed that cartridge filter and UF in combination with electric grid mix has the largest impact on the environment for almost all impact categories. In general, the most environmentally friendly solution is UV disinfection. The study revealed environmental impacts for three alternatives drawing attention to the importance of the choice of the most appropriate polishing processes and energy sources for reuse applications.

Adenovirus Particle Quantification in Cell Lysates Using Light Scattering.

Adenoviral vector production for therapeutic applications is a well-established routine process. However, current methods for measurement of adenovirus particle titers as a quality characteristic require highly purified virus preparations. While purified virus is typically obtained in the last step of downstream purification, rapid and reliable methods for adenovirus particle quantification in intermediate products and crude lysates to allow for optimization and validation of cell cultures and intermediate downstream processing steps are currently not at hand. Light scattering is an established process to measure virus particles' size, though due to cell impurities, adequate quantification of adenovirus particles in cell lysates by light scattering has been impossible until today. This report describes a new method using light scattering to measure virus concentration in nonpurified cell lysates. Here we report application of light scattering, a routine method to measure virus particle size, to virus quantification in enzymatically conditioned crude lysates. Samples are incubated with phospholipase A2 and benzonase and filtered through a 0.22 μm filter cartridge prior to quantification by light scattering. Our results show that this treatment provides a precise method for fast and easy determination of total adenovirus particle numbers in cell lysates and is useful to monitor virus recovery throughout all downstream processing.

Filtration characteristics of threaded microfiber water filters

Textile fibers are widely used for fine filtration in the disposable cartridge filter market. In this work the filtration mechanism of threaded microfiber water filters was characterized by testing the effect of filtration velocity, slurry concentration, particles size distribution (PSD) and filter pore size and porosity, on the filter performance. Constant flow rate experiments were conducted with micronized CaCO3 slurry as a model substance. It was found that the predominant filtration mechanism of the studied filters is cake filtration. Very efficient filtration followed by effective automatic cleaning of the filter was obtained as indicated by complete removal of the CaCO3 particles in all the conditions studied and similar clean filter resistance over repetitive cycles. Shorter filtration cycles were obtained at higher velocities, low porosity filter and narrow PSD. Correspondingly, the filter capacity declined as the filtration cycles were shorter. Yet, the filter capacity was found to be independent of the CaCO3 slurry concentration. A criterion of specific consumed energy per unit filtrate volume (Es) was developed. Analyses of the effect of the various studied parameters on Es revealed its dependence on the slurry concentration, velocity and filtration time.

Study of properties of nonwoven filter cartridges for the intake air of a car engine

The sources of atmospheric air pollution are presented. It has been shown that dust is a major component of the intake air of internal combustion engines. The impact of dust on the accelerated wear of the engine components and the influence of T-P-C system wear on engine operation were analysed. The parameters of the air filters are described and defined. The properties of nonwovens and papers, of which filters used in the filtration intake air internal combustion engines of motor vehicles are made, were analysed. Conditions and methodology for testing nonwoven air filter cartridge for passenger cars were developed. A research desk with a particle counter was presented. The results of the study on efficiency characteristics, filtration accuracy and flow resistance for three different filtration rates (three nonwoven cartridges) were presented. There were much smaller levels of efficiency (φw = 92÷98%) and accuracy for nonwoven filter contribution in comparison with paper ones (φw = 95.5÷99.9%). There were observed higher values of the absorbency factor km for nonwoven cartridge (km = 1000÷1300 g/m2) in relation to the paper cartridge (km = 190÷220 g/m2). Keywords: engine, air filter, nonwoven contribution, efficiency and accuracy of filtration, flow resistance, coefficient of dust absorbency, grain size

Abstract 2912: Size based enrichment and sorting of Ov90 cancer cells and clusters with a new multistage filtration cartridge reveals distinct phenotypes

Abstract Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are released in blood from the primary tumor, but although very heterogeneous both in size and marker expression, are very rare and provide information not available from the primary tumor. The identification of CTC cells and clusters could advance our understanding of metastasis and help personalize therapy.1,2 Notably, CTC clusters were shown to have a higher metastatic potential than single cells3 but the process remains poorly understood. We present a multistage filtration system with pore sizes from 20 down to 8 μm for the size-selective enrichment of Ov90 ovarian cancer cells and clusters from blood. Each captured cell population was released, cultured and characterized independently. Methods: We developed a 3D printed multistage filtration cartridge and polymer filters with 20, 15, 12, 10 and 8 μm-diameter pores. Filters were stacked from 20 (top) to 8 μm (bottom) and used to enrich and sort Ov-90 cells spiked in 1:6 mL of blood:PBS. Captured cells were released by removing individual filters from the cartridge, reverse flowing OSE medium, and then cultured separately. Results: Ov-90 clusters were found mostly on the top filter (20 μm) and interestingly, few small clusters (3-4 cells) were found on the 8 and 10 μm filters, suggesting alignment of cluster cells as they pass through the pores.4 Cell and nucleus diameters were measured, and a general correlation was found between filter pore size and cell and nucleus size. Interestingly, nucleus size was found to be the single most significant parameter in determining passage of single cells and small clusters through pores. Following cell culture, two distinct phenotypes were observed: cell captured on small pore filters (8-12 μm) grew primarily in a monolayer. Cells captured on filters with larger pores (15-20 μm) first grew as monolayer, but rapidly formed cell aggregates that subsequently detached from the surface. Staining for E-Cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion protein, revealed a loss of expression of cells from filter with larger pores. Conclusion: We developed a new multistage filtration method and selectively enriched and sorted cells based primarily on their nucleus size. We identified two Ov-90 populations with different growth behaviors with low E-cadherin expression on the cells forming clusters, which is known to correlate with metastasis. The application of multistage filters may also reveal different CTC populations based on nucleus and cell size.

Polysulfone Hollow Porous Granules Prepared from Wastes of Ultrafiltration Membranes as Sustainable Adsorbent for Water and Air Remediation

Polysulfone hollow fibers (PS‐HF) are widely used in ultrafiltration modules for hemodialysis and drinking water purification for the removal of large colloids, microbes, and viruses. The preparation of commercial PS‐HF standard modules leads to the generation of PS‐HF scraps in amount higher than 5% of the total production (tons scale) that cannot be used for filtration purposes and represent large volume plastic wastes. Here, a simple approach to convert such high value waste into a new granular material with excellent adsorption properties toward organic compounds is introduced. Polysulfone hollow porous granules (PS‐HPG) are prepared by a mechanical grinding process and then exploited for the removal of selected organic compounds from water under flow and batch conditions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and also selected emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), including two common drugs (carbamazepine and diclofenac), a plastic additive (bisphenol A), and a textile dye (Rhodamine B), are successfully adsorbed. Regeneration and reuse possibility of PS‐HPG are also demonstrated. Additionally, air remediation from VOCs and from airborne nanoparticles is successfully achieved by flowing an air stream through a filtration cartridge filled by PS‐HPG.

Use of Preservative Agents and Antibiotics for Increased Poliovirus Survival on Positively Charged Filters

Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The bag-mediated filtration system is an efficient method to filter large volumes of environmental waters at field sites for monitoring the presence of viruses. As filters may require long transit times to off-site laboratories for processing, viral inactivation or overgrowth of bacteria and fungi can interfere with virus detection and quantification (Miki and Jacquet in Aquatic Microb Ecol 51(2):195–208, 2008). To evaluate virus survival over time on ViroCap™ filters, the filters were seeded with PV type 1 (PV1) and/or MS2 and then dosed with preservatives or antibiotics prior to storage and elution. These filters were stored at various temperatures and time periods, and then eluted for PV1 and MS2 recovery quantification. Filters dosed with the preservative combination of 2% sodium benzoate and 0.2% calcium propionate had increased virus survival over time when stored at 25 °C, compared to samples stored at 25 °C with no preservatives. While elution within 24 h of filtration is recommended, if storage or shipping is required then this preservative mixture can help preserve sample integrity. Addition of an antibiotic cocktail containing cephapirin, gentamicin, and Proclin™ 300 increased recovery after storage at 4 and 25 °C, when compared to storage with no antibiotics. The antibiotic cocktail can aid sample preservation if access to appropriate antibiotics storage is available and sample cold chain is unreliable. This study demonstrated that the use of preservatives or antibiotics is a simple, cost-effective method to improve virus detection from ViroCap cartridge filters over time.

Determination of 137Cs in large volume seawater using Cu-hexacyanoferrate cartridge filters

A simple method to determine 137Cs in seawater has been developed based on the use of a Cu-hexacyanoferrate scavenger. The Cu-hexacyanoferrate supported on cotton wound cartridge filter was used to absorb 137Cs from seawater by passing large volumes over the cartridge filters with flowrate of 240 L hr-1. Results from the Cu-hexacyanoferrate method were proved acceptable for accuracy with bias below ± 20 % i.e. - 9.16 to + 18.55 % when compared with the traditional ammonium molybdophosphate pre-concentration method. This developed method is cost-effective and less time consuming. In addition it can be easily performed at sampling fields.

Improved design of two-stage filter cartridges for high sulfur natural gas purification

Abstract Two-stage filtration units including pre-filtration and coalescence filtration play an important role in the quality control of high-sulfur natural gas, because micron-sized particles can significantly influence the gas sweetening process. Filtration failure usually occurs in operation, because of the mismatch between the two types of filter cartridge in the filtration unit. To overcome this drawback, the performance of the coalescing filter cartridge must be improved and a matching pre-filter cartridge need to be designed. One approach for accomplishing this is to spray an atomizing adhesive onto the fibrous layers of the filter cartridge to enhance its integrated filtration performance. In this study, a pleated protective layer and a hydrophobic drainage layer were designed for the coalescing filter cartridge to prolong the operation cycle and quickly drain the captured liquid. Testing results showed that the new-type of coalescing filter cartridge exhibited 75% decrease in its steady pressure drop over that of the original filter and the filtration efficiency reached 99.99% for liquid droplets with diameter greater than 0.3 µm. The structure of pre-filter cartridge was also redesigned to match the performance of the new coalescing filter cartridge. As a result, the operational loading of the improved two-stage filter cartridges achieved the desired performance. Field testing of the new filter combination showed that the acid gas filtration unit produced a more reasonable pressure drop and a higher rate of captured liquid than with the conventional filter.

Evaluation of methods for the quantification of ether extract contents in forage and cattle feces.

The objective of this study was to compare the estimates of ether extract (EE) contents obtained by the Randall method and by the high-temperature method of the American Oil Chemist's Society (AOCS; Am 5-04) in forages (n = 20) and cattle feces (n = 15). The EE contents were quantified by using the Randall extraction or AOCS method and XT4 filter bags or cartridges made of qualitative filter paper (80 g/m²) as containers for the samples. It was also evaluated the loss of particles, and concentration of residual chlorophyll after extraction and the recovery of protein and minerals in the material subjected to extraction. Significant interaction was observed between extraction method and material for EE contents. The EE estimates using the AOCS method were higher, mainly in forages. No loss of particles was observed with different containers. The chlorophyll contents in the residues of cattle feces were not affected by the extraction method; however, residual chlorophyll was lower using the AOCS method in forages. There was complete recovery of the protein and ash after extraction. The results suggest that AOCS method produces higher estimates of EE contents in forages and cattle feces, possibly by providing greater extraction of non-fatty EE.

Cleaning of Filter Cartridges with Convergent Trapezoidal Pleat Shape via Reverse Multi-Pulsing Jet Flow

ABSTRACTPleat structure and tight pleat spacing of pleated filter cartridges often lead to patchy cleaning when applying reverse pulsing technique process to regenerate filter media, consequently resulted in the decrease of the efficiency and quality of reverse pulsed-jet cleaning as well as the service lifetime of filtration units. For improving the non-uniform cleaning or patchy cleaning, a novel convergent trapezoidal pleat shape was used in multi-pulsing reverse flow cleaning. A transient 3D CFD simulation in a simple filtration system with a single filter cartridge was carried out under the four multi-pulsing modes. The effects of multi-pulsing flow cleaning on the cleaning efficiency and quality were systematically investigated. Compared with single-pulsing cleaning mode, the peak pressure differences at the upper regions all became positive because of the increased cleaning frequency, and thus which would be crucially important for improving the local cleaning mechanical stresses and cleaning efficiency. Moreover, the extra peak-pressure augment in the lower regions of filter cartridge also had a positive influence of local cleaning efficiency. For the multi-pulsing scheme of Waveform #4, the peak pressure difference at the section 4 increased by 11.2% than the single-pulsing scheme. The related action mechanism had high correlation with the interaction of residue gas and following jet. Finally, the improvement of the cleaning efficiency and quality are expected to be validated under the decreasing tank pressure and real permeability.

A Validated LC-MS/MS Method for the Estimation of Bortezomib and Bortezomib D3 (IS) in Human Plasma with Protein Precipitation and SPE Filter Cartridges

Evaluation of microalgae’s (Chlorella sp. and Synechocystis sp.) pollutant removal property: Pig effluent as a live stock dischargeLeonidas Pachacama, Juan Ortiz Tirado, Jessica Duchicela, Bangeppagari Manjunatha, Rajesh R. Kundapur, Bugude Rajeswari

Properties Analysis of waste activated carbon water filter cartridge particulate reinforced metal matrix composite

Metal matrix composites are nowadays under serious considerations for many researchers because of its unique properties and reliability for the different applications. Also, the researchers are trying out to make best possible composite with desirable properties and low cost. In today’s scenario, there are different findings to make composites with low cost reinforcement. One of these can be done by the effective utilisation of the waste materials to make composites. Activated carbon is one of the valuable materials which is used in the drinking water filtration process and could be gone into the waste after usage for sometimes. So, this Activated carbon can be utilised as reinforcement, and great innovative search to make composites.In experimental procedure two composites with different compositions (2% activated carbon/LM24 and 4% activated carbon/LM24) and pure LM24 Aluminium alloy were taken. By the experimental study it is found that the hardness increases with increase in the% composition of the activated carbon. Impact strength and compressive strength decreases with the increase of activated carbon by weight percentage in the composite. It is found that these composites can be used for the applications where the hardness is the main criteria.

LC-MS/MSによるアユ（<i>Plecoglossus altivelis</i>）中のフェニコール系薬剤の分析

An analytical method for the determination of residues of 3 phenicol drugs (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol) in Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) by LC-MS/MS was developed. We used the whole body of Ayu, including the bones and internal organs, in addition to muscle. Phenicols were extracted with 90% acetonitrile and an aliquot of the crude extract was cleaned up on a Florisil column (2 g), followed by defatting with n-hexane. The acetonitrile extract was evaporated and the solvent was replaced with phosphate buffer, then the extract was purified on a hydroxylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer column (200 mg). Finally, sample solution was passed through a deproteination cartridge filter with a lipid removal function. Chloramphenicol was quantitated by means of a calibration curve corrected with salogate standard (chloramphenicol-d5) and thiamphenicol and florfenicol were quantitated based on absolute calibration curves. This method was validated in accordance with the notification of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. As a result of the validation study, the trueness, repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility were 85-103, 5-13 and 8-13%, respectively. This method is useful for inspecting residues of 3 phenicol drugs in whole body of Ayu efficiently. Moreover, when chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are detected by this method, the quantitated value is applicable to decide the compliance of the sample with the specifications and standards of the Food Sanitation Law.

Performance Analysis of 20 Micron Self-cleaning Disc Filter Versus Cartridge Filters for RO Membrane Protection After Media Filtration in a SWRO System

Performance Analysis of 20 Micron Self-cleaning Disc Filter Versus Cartridge Filters for RO Membrane Protection After Media Filtration in a SWRO System

Organic carbon movement through two SWRO facilities from source water to pretreatment to product with relevance to membrane biofouling

The presence of algae, bacteria, various fractions of natural organic matter (NOM), and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the raw water, after each pretreatment process and in the permeate and concentrate streams, were measured at two SWRO plants to assess biofouling potential. It was found that the most significant process controlling the concentration of algae, bacteria, and the biopolymer and humic substances was the intake type with the subsurface intake discharge showing significant reductions. The mixed media filtration process was marginally useful in removing some TOC and NOM, but had little effect on TEP removal. Some bacterial regrowth may be occurring in the cartridge filters, but the evidence is inconsistent. Significant quantities of the biopolymer and humic substance concentrations were found to be retained in the membranes, but the concentrations were significantly greater in the facility using an open-ocean intake. Bacteria and TEP were found in the permeate stream, which may document bacterial regrowth and TEP production downstream of the membrane process. Measurements of the organic carbon passage through SWRO facilities can be successfully used to evaluate pretreatment process effectiveness and to make SWRO plant operational improvements.

Non-Pumped Wells in Backfilled Trenches versus Permeable Reactive Barriers for Containing and Treating Contaminated Groundwater

A flow and mass transport model simulated two low-energy groundwater remediation strategies: 1) a permeable reactive barrier and 2) non-pumped wells with filter cartridges in a backfilled trench. B...

ADVANCED TREATMENT OF BIOTREATED WATER OF SECONDARY SETTING TANKS FROM SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES BY VOLUME FILTER CARTRIDGES

The article considers the problem of removal of suspended substances from secondary setting tanks during wastewater treatment and suggests a technology of wastewater radvanced treatment from suspended solids with volume filter cartridge. The volume filter cartridge is placed inside a secondary settling tank - in front of the collection tray. Volume filter cartridge is a cylinder that is made of a porous polymeric material, the direction of filtration is determined as from outside to inside. The results of prototype installation use in secondary setting tank show that this technology allows to reduce the concentration of suspended solids by 75 %; BOD5 - up to 30 %; COD - up to 10 %.

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes ≤4 L or >4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA.

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes ≤4 L or >4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.