Filter Bank Multicarrier Signals Research Articles

The application of artificial intelligence in Unmanned Underwater Vehicle communication systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly enhance decision-making techniques in Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) communication systems by utilizing real-time sensor feedback and environmental data. To address the challenges posed by high data volume and error rates, we propose an advanced methodology known as the Variational Deep Network (VDN). This method integrates Variational Modal Decomposition (VMD) algorithms with the Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) to create a realizable AI decision-making system. In conjunction with the DCNN and VMD algorithms, our research focuses on accurately identifying received signals under data constraints. Considering the spectral efficiency and robustness, the Filter-Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) technology have been employed in this paper. Our results demonstrate that the VDN significantly reduces the volume of data needed for neural network training and effectively recognizes FBMC signals. These insights confirm the potential of VDN decision-making systems to drive advancements in UUV communication technologies.

Analysis and Improvement of Channel Equalization for Underwater Acoustic Communication Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and CNN-BiLSTM

Neural networks, including conventional neural networks (CNNs) and long- and short-term memory (LSTM) networks, have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their remarkable ability to recognize signals, which make them an ideal option for communication applications in aquatic environments. Despite the promising results achieved through the integration of various algorithms and CNN-LSTM networks, the utilization of these networks necessitates a significant amount of data for training which results in increased complexity of recognition systems. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new solutions that can mitigate these issues while also enhancing the overall performance of underwater acoustic communication systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a VCB framework that integrates the variational modal decomposition (VMD) algorithm, CNN and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) networks. This framework employs the VMD algorithm to extract energy characteristics from signals that are modulated by filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) technologies. One-dimensional convolution (Conv1D) is then employed to extract the abstract features, which are subsequently fed into LSTM for time correlation analysis, from the energy values at each time step. Experimental results indicate that the neural network framework utilized in this study significantly diminishes data volume and enhances the recognition rate of FBMC signals, resulting in a lower bit error rate (BER).

Digital DSM-Enabled DAC-Free Gigabit FBMC-VLC System With FWHT-Based Interleaved Block Precoding

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are widely used in bandwidth-limited visible-light communication (VLC) systems for high spectral-efficiency multi-carrier signal generation. To reduce the implementation complexity of the transmitter, a digital 1-bit low-pass delta-sigma modulation (DSM)-enabled DAC-free filter-bank multi-carrier (FBMC) signal generation scheme is proposed and experimentally investigated in a red light-emitting diode-based VLC system. In this scheme, one field programmable gate array gigabit transceiver in combination with a low-pass filter is employed to realize the 609 MHz baseband FBMC signal generation. Besides, a low-complexity fast Walsh-Hadamard transform (FWHT)-based interleaved block precoding (IBP) technique is also proposed to reduce peak-to-average power ratio and achieve a uniform SNR profile, and then improve the bit error rate (BER) performance. The experimental results exhibit that the net data rate of 2.38-Gbit/s 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation-encoded FBMC signal, generated by the proposed scheme, can transmit 2.3-m free space with the BER less than 3.8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . With the help of the FWHT-IBP technique, about 2-dB improvement in receiver sensitivity is achieved. In addition, the BER performance can provide a slight improvement in the BER performance with the proposed scheme, compared to the conventional DAC-based FBMC-VLC.

Investigation of FBMC-OQAM Equalization with Real Interference Prediction Algorithm Properties for MIMO Transmission Scheme.

Increasing the data transfer rate is an urgent task in cellular, high-frequency (HF) and special communication systems. The most common way to increase the data rate is to expand the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, which is often achieved through the use of multitone systems. One such system is the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC). In addition, speed improvements are achieved using multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems. In this study, we developed an algorithm for equalizing FBMC signals with offset-QAM modulation (OQAM) with self-interference compensation due to its correlation properties in a MIMO channel with memory. An analytical derivation of the proposed algorithm and an analysis of the computational complexity are given. According to the results of simulation modeling and a comparative analysis of performance in terms of the bit error rate and error vector magnitude with solutions with similar computational complexity, a similar level of performance was shown compared to a more complex parallel multistage algorithm, and a better performance was demonstrated compared to a one-tap algorithm.

The impact of M-ary rates on various quadrature amplitude modulation detection

The 5G system-based cognitive radio network is promised to meet the requirements of huge data applications with spectrum. However, the M-ary effect on the detection has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, an M-ary of quadrature amplitude modulation detection system is studied. Many rates are used in this study 4, 16, 64, and 256 constellation points. The detection system is applied to cooperative spectrum sensing to enhance the performance of detection for various rates of M-ary with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Further, three kinds of signals based 5G system are sensed: filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC). The best detection performance is obtained when the M-ary=4 and number of SUs=50 user, whereas the worst detection performance is obtained when the M-ary=256 and number of SUs=10 user, as revealed in the simulation results. In addition, the detection performance for the F-OFDM signal is better than that of UFMC and FBMC signals for SNR &amp;lt;0 dB.

PAPR Reduction Using Advanced Partial Transmission Scheme for 5G Waveforms

The implementation of Peak Average to Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction technologies will play an important role in the regularization of Fifth Generation (5G) radio communication. PAPR reduction in the advanced waveform will be the key part of designing a 5G network for different applications. This work introduces the simulation of an Advanced Partial Transmission Sequence (A-PTS) reduction techniques for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) transmission schemes. In the projected A-PTS, the FBMC signals are mapped into the number of sub-blocks and Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is performed to estimate the high peak power in the time domain. The FBMC sub-blocks are multiplied with the phase elements to achieve an optimal PAPR value. A MATLAB 2014v simulation is used to estimate the PAPR, Bit Error Rate (BER), Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), and Modulation Error Rate (MER) performance of the proposed reduction schemes. The simulated result reveals that the performance of the projected algorithm is better than the conventional algorithms.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER WAVEFORMS FOR 5G WIRELESS NETWORKS

In the last few decades, telecommunication systems have become an essential tool that profoundly changed the perception of the world and how people interact with it. The fifth generation (5G) envisions the support of a new class of demanding services and requires a paradigm shift in current wireless communication technology. As an example, radio access via alternative waveforms other than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is feasible and has many advantages. In particular, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) multiplexing is a promising nonorthogonal waveform due to its high-performance spectrum signature, resilience to time-frequency dispersion, and nonreliance on cyclic prefix. From this perspective, we study FBMC as an enabler of 5G by providing an overview of FBMC systems and proposing new prototype filter designs for such a multiplexing scheme. In this paper, we study FBMC as a means of characterizing and improving the feasibility of FBMC for 5G wireless systems. More specifically, we study promising prototype filters, highlight their importance on the spectrum and their symbol reconstruction qualities of FBMC signals, and propose prototype filter designs to enhance the operation of FBMC systems, throughput, bit error ratio, and bit error probability comparisons of different filters of FBMC systems.

Residual Doppler Effect Analysis of the FBMC/OQAM Communication System in Underwater Acoustic Channel

The filterbank multicarrier (FBMC) waveform has better properties in spectral as compared to the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and it exhibits good anti-interference performance. We mainly consider an important variety of the FBMC systems, namely FBMC based on offset orthogonal amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM). This letter presents an analysis of the residual Doppler effect in the multipath underwater acoustic (UWA) channel for the FBMC/OQAM system. Assuming the received signal has gone through coarse non-uniform Doppler compensation by resampling, we model the compensated signal with residual Doppler effect and multipath effect. Especially, we derive a simplified closed-form expression for the received FBMC signal after non-uniform Doppler compensation under the signal-to-interference ratio. The theoretical results and the simulations show better compliance in the UWA multipath channel. Furthermore, the results obtained demonstrate that FBMC has better BER performance than the cyclic prefix (CP) based OFDM in the case of residual Doppler effect under the UWA channel.

Filter Bank Multi Carrier Signal System for Frequency Selective Channels

Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) frameworks are a subclass of multicarrier (MC) frameworks. The essential guideline, separating spectrum into many thin sub channels, may not be new, MC frameworks have seen wide appropriation. These days, multicarrier regulation frameworks dependent on the discrete Fourier transforms are usually used to transmit over recurrence particular channels subject to forceful noise aggravations. In any case, these handsets experience the ill effects of poor sub channel spectral control, that is, the measure of inter channel impedance isn't unimportant. It very well may be indicated that the framework execution reduces when it is dependent upon an unsettling influence with a large portion of its energy focused on a narrow frequency band. This Paper aims that identify the Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC) performance. The MIMO system combined with the FBMC then identifies the over Frequency Selective Channel (FSC). Here the analysis for FSC, Flat fading model FBMC and system with MMSE equalization. The Prototype filters are analyzing the system performance characteristics. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the MIMO FBMC system for the given spectrum. The proposed systems are best to compare all existing technique and we measure the spectral efficiency of the system.

Multi-User Wireless Information and Power Transfer in FBMC-Based IoT Networks

In order to address the shortcomings of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and extend the lifetime of energy-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, the combination of filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is investigated in this paper. Specifically, a multi-user FBMC-based SWIPT system is proposed in which user nodes (UNs) have the capability for both energy harvesting (EH) and information decoding (ID) with the aid of separate antennas. A practical non-linear EH model, which considers the saturation effects of the EH circuit, is considered. The information receiver at both the UNs and base station (BS) adopts an iterative interference cancellation (IIC) receiver to cancel the intrinsic interference in the demodulated FBMC signal. A sum-rate maximization problem is solved to jointly optimize parameters such as time, power, and weight allocations. Sub-optimal schemes are proposed for comparison. Numerical results show that the optimal solution significantly outperforms the sub-optimal methods in terms of achievable sum-rate and amount of harvested energy. Moreover, the results show that the proposed algorithm converges within a few iterations.

Millimeter wave switching for single carrier and aggregated filter bank multi-carrier signals in radio over fiber networks

The 5G wireless communication systems promise to utilize the RF spectrum more efficiently and use advanced modulation and access techniques to provide ultra-high data rate speeds. Millimeter wave (MMW) signals and MMW based systems are playing a fundamental role in achieving these requirements. The modules and devices, proposed for these systems, are intended to use the robust capabilities of photonic technologies. In this paper, we consider MMW switching and wavelength conversion using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as a technique to support MMW transmission over fiber-based networks. In particular, we exploit the nonlinear special effects in SOA to generate a switched optical single-sideband signal that carries aggregated filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) 5G signals. First, we optimize the SOA for single FBMC band switching. Then, the switching of six FBMC aggregated signals is considered. The intention is to investigate the performance of such aggregated FBMC signals after applying either single or cascaded wavelength conversion. The results include analyzing the performance in terms of bit error rate, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and error vector magnitude.

SSB Pruned DFT-Spread FBMC Signal With Low PAPR in Direct-Detection PONs

Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) using offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) has recently attracted increasing interests for the next-generation high-speed optical transmission systems, due to the salient FBMC modulation advantages in terms of high spectrum efficiency by completely removing the cyclic prefix. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) still plays a key role of constraining the performance of FBMC systems. In this paper, we investigate a single sideband (SSB) pruned discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread FBMC for direct-detection (DD) passive optical network systems (PONs). It is demonstrated that the PAPR of the SSB pruned DFT-spread FBMC signal with the overlapping factor of 1.56 outperforms the conventional FBMC signal and the simple DFT-spread FBMC signal by ∼2 dB and 1 dB at the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of 1 × 10−3, respectively. Finally, by using the pruned DFT-spread FBMC with low PAPR, the aggregate data rate of 50-Gbit/s can be achieved after 50-km single mode fiber (SMF) transmission below the 7% hard decision forward-error correction (HD-FEC) threshold in the DD PONs.

ICI analysis of hyperbolic FRFT‐FBMC based on optimal order of transform for Internet of Things applications

This study aimed at analysing intercarrier interference (ICI) of filter bank multicarrier signals which are made by hyperbolic fractional Fourier transform, depend on optimum order of transform for the Internet of Things applications. Calculation of ICI power based on joint time and frequency selective fading channel has been derived. The upper bound of ICI power has been found as an applicable equation for the system design, which has been mathematically calculated. In order to minimise the amount of ICI power which is relative to the order of transform, the optimum order of transform with almost accurate formula has been computed. Simulations demonstrate the proposed signal is so robust to the frequency offset and by selecting the optimum order of transform, the acceptable amount of ICI is generated.

Adaptive DCO-FBMC in Visible Light Communication

Filter Bank multicarrier (FBMC) has been modified for VLC. FBMC is the main filter suitable for high-speed data transfer using multicarrier modulation (MCM). Therefore, the FBMC is an appropriate alternative to the OFDM system which suffers from several weaknesses like limited bandwidth due to the presence of the cyclic prefix (CP). FBMC has been adapted to IM / DD compliant using Hermitian Symmetry to make the real signal, but this method increases system complexity and power consumption. In this paper, FBMC was adapted using a different technique than the above which consisted of generating an original complex FBMC signal. The signal was then dismantled into two real and imaginary parts (juxtaposing the real and imaginary parts of the complex signal in the time domain), thus the imaginary signal turned real. The proposed technique saved 50% in the number of the FFT/IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transformer/Fast Fourier Transformer) operations, which resulted in a great decrease in power consumption and the occupied chip area.

Time domain synchronisation estimation algorithm for FBMC vector signal analysis in 5G system

For the challenges of filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) test applications in the fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G) system, presented is a time domain synchronisation estimation algorithm based on power synchronisation in frequency domain. Through MATLAB simulation, the proposed algorithm is verified to achieve good synchronisation at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and large frequency offset without signal quality changes. As a result, it can be applied in FBMC signal vector analysers, promoting FBMC signal vector analysis functions used in 5G test applications.

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Based on Penalty-CCCP for Filter Bank Multicarrier Systems

Filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) has received substantial research attention as benefit of its low out-of-band emission and high spectral efficiency. However, a main challenge of FBMC is its relatively high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Hence we formulate an optimization problem for the PAPR reduction of FBMC signals, where the PAPR is minimized subject to the constraints of symbol distortion and dummy subcarrier power used for PAPR-reduction. In order to tackle the highly coupled nonconvex problem, we convert the original problem into a more tractable yet equivalent form and then propose a novel algorithm based on the penalty concave-convex procedure (penalty-CCCP). Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm substantially reduces the PAPR compared to conventional techniques.

PAPR Reduction of FBMC Using Hybrid and k-Hybrid Techniques

FBMC-OQAM is reflected as one of the most capable techniques for the next generation mobile communication namely 5G. It has several advantages as compared to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) but it also has some drawbacks like high peak power. Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) employs a group of filters at the transmitter and the receiver part of the system. The high peak power decreases the efficiency FBMC system. In this study, a joint (hybrid) peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique is carried out by using partial transmit sequence (PTS) and tone reservation (TR) for FBMC signals. The blocks of data signal are split into numerous segments and the blocks of each segment are decided on the basis of overlapping factor. In every part, we pick out the optimal block of data to transmit and mutually consider the contiguous coincided block to accomplish reduce peak signal. The simulation results reveal that the proposed technique is better than the conventional PAPR reduction technique. Additionally, k-hybrid PAPR reduction technique is carried out. It is observed that the performance of the proposed k-hybrid technique is better than the hybrid technique.

Modified SLM scheme of FBMC signal in satellite communications

In this study, a segment-selected mapping (SSLM) scheme is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) signal in satellite communications. The standard selected mapping (SLM) scheme is suggested to reduce the PAPR of the traditional multi-carrier signals. However, it cannot be directly applied to the FBMC signal due to the overlapping nature of the FBMC signal. In the proposed method, each symbol in the FBMC signal is divided into several segments to solve the overlapping problem. Each segment is regarded as an independent unit, and rotates a suitable phase to minimise the PAPR in the frequency domain. The authors simulated the FBMC signal in the satellite communications by introducing the influence of the high power amplifiers and the Doppler frequency shift. The simulation results from complementary cumulative distribution function of the PAPR show that the proposed scheme can achieve about 0.3 dB PAPR performance compared to the existing dispersive SLM scheme, with lower complexity.

Bidirectional carrier aggregation in next-generation radio-over-fiber heterogeneous network based on FBMC

We have projected and verified a bidirectional intra-/inter-radio-access-technology carrier-aggregation method for a next-generation heterogeneous mobile network supported by filter bank multicarrier (FBMC). Successful transmission of intra/inter-band carrier aggregation between five broadband FBMC signals and three bands 4G long-term-evolution-advanced signal over 50 km single-mode fiber plus 10 m free-space is successfully broadcasted by employing an incoherent light-injection scheme in downlink. In uplink, two intra-bands carrier-aggregated wireless local area network Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11g signal is carried over the equal distance. High receiver sensitivity, low error vector magnitude, and clear constellation diagrams show successful delivery of different wireless services for different consumers. Therefore, the proposed hybrid system should become a potential solution for a future mobile front-haul network because of its low latency and high capacity.

Performance Optimization by Nonparametric Histogram Estimation for Low Resolution in IMDD-OQAM-OFDM System

In this paper, for the first time, we propose a nonparametric histogram estimation (NPHE) scheme for the nonuniform quantization in intensity modulated direct detection with filter bank multicarrier signal to improve system performance. By combining the NPHE scheme and the common nonlinear programming method, the distribution of offset quadrature amplitude modulation based optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OQAM-OFDM) signal is accurately estimated and then it is used to achieve the optimal nonuniform quantization level. In this way, the low-level signal can achieve much more effective digitalizing bits, thereby significantly reducing the quantization noise. The numerical simulation and experiment with 10-Gb/s 16-order OQAM-OFDM signal over 20 km fiber are conducted to further verify the feasibility of our scheme. The results show that our scheme always outperforms the uniform quantization and Gaussian-like nonuniform schemes in terms of the signal to quantization noise ratio, error-vector-magnitudes, and bit error rate. Compared to the conventional method, our scheme also achieves received sensitivity improvement thereby improving the system power budget. So, it can support the low-bit resolution transmission in intensity modulated direct detection-based OQAM-OFDM system.