Filipino Research Articles

"Why Don't You Love Me?": Post/colonial Camp and the Imeldific Fetish in Here Lies Love

"Why Don't You Love Me?"Post/colonial Camp and the Imeldific Fetish in Here Lies Love Chris A. Eng (bio) They went into my closets looking for skeletons, but—thank God—all they found were shoes, beautiful shoes! —Imelda Marcos Around the world today, Imelda Romualdez Marcos is often remembered solely for the extensive shoe collection she left behind when she fled the Philippines.1 Her accumulation of over three thousand pairs of shoes, most notably stilettos, underscores the rampant corruption and abuse of power under the regime of her and her husband, President Ferdinand Marcos, from 1965 to 1986, during which the majority of the country lived in destitution. Among the many crimes they committed both during and outside martial law (1972–81)—crimes the former First Lady vehemently denies—are assassinations, executions, disappearances, secret detentions, torture, censorship, and extortion.2 Yet, as Imelda's cry of relief attests, the shoes were her saving grace. Captivated by the extravagant footwear, the international community has largely forgotten or abandoned the search for the thousands of skeletons hidden in plain sight. Through their incongruous juxtaposition, the beautiful shoes and the missing skeletons become dialectically linked within competing narratives around the Marcoses' legacy. This dynamic elucidates the fetishistic attachments prevalent throughout popular accounts of Imelda Marcos in the American cultural imaginary. Her shoe collection has become a fetish, "the object to which one consciously clings as a means of disavowing trauma."3 Such disavowal thus acknowledges trauma only to manage it through acts of displacement and substitution.4 Redirecting attention toward the shoes, Imelda's statement both registers and denies the possibility of skeletons in her closet. For Imelda, however, these skeletons only constitute a trauma insofar as they indicate the ongoing potential for a tarnished reputation. Whereas the masses who stormed the palace hoped to find the skeletons that offer definitive proof of the violence under the Marcoses, [End Page 993] their absence signals a crisis averted for Imelda. What they discovered instead suggests that her main crime is the extravagant actions that led to the excessive accumulation of not skeletons but shoes. Given how common invocations of Imelda remain fixated on the shoes, the highly publicized Off-Broadway production Here Lies Love raised concerns about its motives for performing martial law. Produced by David Byrne, frontman of the rock band Talking Heads, in collaboration with Fatboy Slim, an English DJ, it began as a concept album that centered on the relationship between Marcos and her domestic caretaker from childhood, Estrella Cumpas, and was later adapted into an immersive musical, which opened at The Public Theater (New York) in April 2013 and followed "the rise and fall of Imelda Marcos" through music reminiscent of the 1970s–80s disco scene.5 Featuring a predominantly Asian/American cast, the musical was heralded as a victory for diversity in theater. Yet some caution is needed against any emphatic embrace. Reminding us that "she danced while a nation burnt,"6 Luis H. Francia questions the implications of yet another cultural production centering on Imelda, through the form of a musical set to disco music no less, for a historical period marked by brutal state violence. Meanwhile, Denise Cruz calls attention to how the album "relies on the screen of structural ironies to attenuate its complicated politics."7 As Neferti X. M. Tadiar clarifies: "To be ironic (a deliberate act) is after all quite different from being in an ironic condition (an unwitting state)."8 She questions the prevalence by which Americans interpret Filipino cultural performances as being intentionally ironic, explaining: "The view of the ironies of third world existence comes with a long history of delighting in the contradictions that colonials/traditional peoples represent when they bear the trappings of an alien modernity."9 The fixation on Imelda Marcos may reproduce this dynamic by positing her as emblematic of the individualized act of "being ironic" while eliding consideration of her political actions and the broader ironic condition of the Filipino people under postcoloniality. Productions that encourage American spectators to delight in the acts of Imelda Marcos both invoke and disavow a broader fetish for the colonial other. Defenders of Byrne, however, might dismiss these...

Silangan Rising: Crafting the Filipino Self and the Other in the Diaspora

This article examines the newspaper Silangan, published in Winnipeg, Canada, from February 1977 to July 1982, to analyze the negotiation of Filipino identity in the diaspora. Over its six-year run, the columns in this newspaper dealt with issues of cultural maintenance, the importance of Filipino heritage, and political engagement in their adoptive homeland. A critical dialogue argued in support of certain aspects of life from the Philippines, such as extravagant pageantry and corrupt political practices. In discursively forming a Filipino Self, this ethnic newspaper created a number of Others, the most startling of which was the (transgressing) national Filipino.

Levodopa+carbidopa in X-linked Dystonia Parkinsonism (XDP/DYT3/Lubag): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Objective. X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (XDP) is an adult-onset, progressive and debilitating movement disorder described among Filipino males from Panay Island. The available oral medications have been ineffective. While chemodenervation with botulinum toxin A works and deep brain stimulation surgery is promising, these are not affordable for the vast majority of patients. Thus, we decided to look into the efficacy, safety and tolerability of levodopa+carbidopa (levodopa) versus placebo among patients with XDP.
 Methods. This was a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients were randomized to receive levodopa or placebo for 6 months. The dose was increased gradually until 1000 mg levodopa/day is reached or until side effects appear.
 Results. A total of 86 out of 94 randomized patients (91.5%) were included in the intention-to-treat cohort for the primary efficacy analysis. Nineteen patients (9 in levodopa, 10 in placebo) dropped out or were lost to follow up. There was no significant difference in the baseline and last visit Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale and the part III of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores between levodopa and placebo. The most common adverse events in the levodopa group were increased movements, pain and nausea/ vomiting.
 Conclusion. While levodopa is safe and well-tolerated, it does not have any effect in alleviating the dystonia or parkinsonism in XDP

Hegemony In Pnoy’s And Duterte’s 1st State Of Nation Address: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Person Deixis

This paper compares Benigno S. Aquino’s (Pinoy) and Rodrigo R. Duterte’s (Duterte) person deixis and argues that their use of such linguistic device in their first State of the Nation Adressesses was deliberate to communicate hegemony of inclusion. Triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods was observed to analyze the person deictic markers in the speeches. The quantitative part involves counting the number of occurrences of the lexical names and person deixis used; whereas, the qualitative method involves analysis of the nominals and pronominals used within the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) frameworks of Fairclough (1989, 1992, 1995, 2003) with Halliday’s (1978) Systemic Functional Linguistics, and the general framework of pragmatics for person deixis as explained by Huang (2007). Data showed that Duterte’s choices of deictic names for the Filipino people convey the solidarity of his government and his alignment with both his constituents and the marginalized Filipinos. Duterte’s first State of Nation Address (SONA) may be described by the marked use of I inclusive we, and you; whereas, Pinoy’s may be described by the marked use of inclusive we. Duterte used the third person the least times; while, Pinoy used the second person the least. Analysis revealed that the two presidents’ person deictic markers position themselves with the Filipinos and convey their good intents as well as the goodness of their administrations, their sharing of responsibilities even with the commoners, and their building of hegemony of inclusion while communicating power, despite the difference in the frequency and choices of pronouns. Duterte appeared to be more consistent in his lexical choices and use of pronominals. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, person deixis, hegemony, critical thinking

Am I Really Filipino?: The Unintended Consequences of Filipino Language and Culture Courses in Hawai'i

The colonial mentality, a perception of Filipino cultural inferiority, results in many Filipinos distancing themselves from their Filipino heritage. In Hawai‘i, the colonial history of the Philippines is reinforced by the history of Hawai‘i’s plantation era and the creation of a “local” identity, which marginalizes the Filipino community and strengthens the colonial mentality. A content analysis of 105 essays written by Filipino students enrolled in college-level Filipino language and culture classes in Hawai‘i was conducted to critically examine whether and how educational curriculum is used to challenge the colonial mentality. Data analysis shows students often entered classrooms with a colonial mentality that they learned through familial socialization and experiences of ethnic discrimination outside of the family. Although these language and culture courses helped students to reconnect with their Filipino heritage, many students developed a positive and essentialist construction of a Filipino identity, which reduced the individual’s agency in constructing an identity and facilitated processes of othering.

Marcosian Atrocities: Historical Revisionism and the Legal Constraints on Forgetting

The Philippines resoundingly cried ‘never again’ to the horrors of the Marcos dictatorship through the People Power revolution of 1986. Thirty years later, the Filipino people have come to realise that success is indeed fleeting. On 18 November 2016, the remains of Philippine dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos were buried in the Libingan ng mga Bayani—the Heroes’ Cemetery. While the Philippine Supreme Court insists that the hero’s burial conferred to the author of the nation’s darkest chapter is a political question, from established doctrines here and abroad, the authors seek to derive the political answer. This article will look at the legitimacy of memory laws within the Philippine Constitutional framework. Finding guidance from the Auschiwtz lie case of the German Constitutional Court, the article seeks to combat historical revisionism and prohibit the Marcosian lie. Our research begins by looking at the resurgence of authoritarianism as seen through the populist presidency of Rodrigo Roa Duterte. We will then proceed to address the threshold issue of state-sanctioned narratives. Recognising that the duty to establish the truth involves the power to determine the narrative, the authors will reconcile the conflicting demands of the freedom of thought and the right to the truth. We will then proceed by utilising the fact-opinion distinction to demonstrate how the Marcosian lie may be the valid subject of regulation. The last phase of the research looks into the approaches adopted by the United Nations (un) Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights in dealing with negationism and historical revisionism.

Filipinos Love Serving Others: Negotiating a Filipino Identity in Hawai’i

Examining how individuals negotiate a Filipino identity in Hawai’i provides insights into the fluidity and flexibility of racism. Filipino identities in Hawai’i are often negotiated at the intersections of a Filipino colonial mentality, a local Hawai’i identity, and racialized structures that marginalize Filipinos. Drawing on interviews with upwardly mobile individuals who grew up in Hawai’i, I illuminate how young adults reclaim a Filipino identity after growing up being ashamed of being Filipino. Spurred by experience in higher education, the participants worked to affiliate themselves with being Filipino and recast negative stereotypes in positive fashions. Although these reframings of stereotypes enabled one to confidently assert that they were Filipino, they also upheld the negative characterizations of Filipinos that inform their marginalization in Hawai’i. Ultimately, this research demonstrates the racial ideologies are fluid and flexible, as they can shape identity processes that attempt to construct a positive Filipino identity in Hawai’i.

Association of Pallidal Neurostimulation and Outcome Predictors With X-linked Dystonia Parkinsonism

Anecdotal evidence suggests that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) is effective in ameliorating dystonia in X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (XDP), a disease that is usually refractive to medical therapy. To determine the efficacy of GPi-DBS in a cohort of patients with XDP in a prospective study and identify predictors of postoperative outcomes. This observational prospective cohort study enrolled patients in February 2013 and was completed in December 2014. The patients were followed up for up to 46 months. Patients from the Philippines were treated in a single center in Lübeck, Germany and followed up in the Philippines. Sixteen men with XDP (mean [SD] age, 40.9 [7.3] years; disease duration, 1-6 years) from the Philippines with predominant dystonia were selected. All patients underwent bilateral GPi-DBS in Lübeck, Germany. Clinical assessment included the motor parts of the Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale (BFMDRS-M) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III). T1-based basal ganglia volumetry was performed and correlated with postoperative outcomes. The study participants included 16 Filipino men (mean age, 40.9 years). Masked video ratings revealed significant improvements of dystonia severity 1 week (-55%; range, -94% to 59%; P < .01) and 6 months (-59%; range, -100% to 22%; P < .001) after surgery. The UDPRS-III score also improved, albeit to a lesser extent (-19%; range, -54% to 95%; and -27%; range, -70% to 124%; respectively). Unmasked long-term follow-up confirmed the continued efficacy of GPi-DBS up to 46 months after surgery. Important secondary end points improved, including activities of daily living, pain severity, weight, and quality of life. Caudate atrophy was a predictor of a less beneficial outcome (r = 0.817, P = .004). Internal globus pallidus DBS had a positive association in XDP with predominant dystonia (the primary end point) and contributed to an improved quality of life (the secondary end point). The response to DBS occurred within 1 week. Given the inverse correlation of postoperative benefit and caudate atrophy, GPi-DBS should be considered early during the disease course. Close international collaboration, training, and funding from multiple sources enabled the sustainable follow-up of patients with XDP in the Philippines.

Artsibo at Sineng Bayan: Pagpapanatili ng Kolektibong Alaala at Patuloy na Kolektibong Pagsalungat sa Kasinungalingan at Panunupil

Sineng Bayan (People’s Cinema) is a salient part of Philippine alternative cinema, which is in stark contrast to the dominant commercial cinema. It is an important aspect in the pursuit of a more serious Philippine cinema. Political film collectives that arose in the early 1980s and flourished during the Marcos dictatorship gave way to Sineng Bayan. This article focuses on the archival audiovisual works of AsiaVisions Media Foundation (AVMF), a non-government organization which primarily utilized film documentaries in its propaganda-education work, and Alternative Horizons (AlterHorizons), the first media cooperative in the country. This study on Sineng Bayan and the Archives forwards the discourse on film as an effective cultural weapon of the Filipino people in their struggle for national freedom and genuine democracy. Capturing the people’s experiences and struggles through audio-visual presentations, videos, and films, the works of these political film collectives are part of the collective memory and documentary heritage of the country.

Female breast cancer as taboo: Cultural factors and awareness amongst patients and their families in the Philippines

Abstract Statistical information from cancer studies show that the Philippines has the highest incidence rate of breast cancer in Asia. Efforts on creating awareness are being spearheaded by the country’s health department, local governments, and cancer-interest organizations. Despite these, discussions on the issue remain a forbidden topic among many Filipinos, particularly the patients and their families themselves. This study aims to know the central discourses behind the prevailing treatment of Filipinos on female breast cancer as taboo and the correlation to the slow development of awareness on the illness. A quality circle was conducted on three middle-aged women from General Santos City, southern Philippines. All of the respondents were breast cancer survivors. A discourse analysis on the data figured that there are two central and interconnected discourses hindering the awareness and acceptance of breast cancer: (i) fear and denial due to financial instability, and (ii) folk belief. The researchers suggest that instead of coursing breast cancer treatment budget through the Philippine government’s health insurance provider, it should be directly allocated to the country’s health services program. They concluded that beyond creating awareness, it is with the accessibility of treatment that the Filipino people will be liberated from the prevailing central discourses on breast and any type of cancer. Keywords : breast cancer, discourse analysis, Filipino culture, patient, Philippines, public health

Compliment Responses by College Male and Female Filipino Second Language Learners of English

This study analyzed compliment responses (CRs) of Filipino male and female ESL students through a discourse completion task (DCT) adapted from Tang and Zhang (J Pragmat 41:325–345, 2009) on four situational topics of appearance, character, ability, and possession (Manes and Wolfson in The compliment formula: conversational routine, Mount Publishers, Amsterdam, 1981; Wolfson in: Wolfson, Judd (eds) Sociolinguistics and language acquisition, Newbury House, Rowley, MA, pp 82–95, 1983; Holmes in Anthropol Linguist 8:485–508, 1986). The 807 CRs elicited were categorized into Holmes’ (J Pragmat 12(3):445–465, 1988; J Pragmat 20(2):91–116, 1993) three-way macro-level CRs of accept, reject, and evade and their micro-level CRs. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted to supplement and corroborate data from the DCT. Results showed an overwhelming number of CRs of accepting compliments (Cs) of both male and female contrary to findings in studies of other Asian speakers in China, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam who generally rejected and downgraded Cs (Chen in J Pragmat 20(1):49–75, 1993; Baba in A study of interlanguage pragmatics: compliment responses by learners of Japanese and English as a second language, 1996; Tran in The nature and conditions of pragmatic discourse investigated through naturalized role-play, Lincom Europa, Muenchen, 2006; Yu in Mod Lang J 88(1):102–119, 2004), and also similar to English native speakers who generally accepted Cs (Chen 1993; Herbert in Am Speech 61(1):76–88, 1986). A preponderance of data, however, showed a peculiar Filipino way of accepting then underplaying the effect of accepting Cs through combination and modification strategies that avoid self-praise. Ability to do this is only possible with relatively adequate linguistic repertoire that make ESL learners pragmatically and communicatively competent. It is hypothesized that this language tendency also has an L1 culture connection.

Megha Amrith, Caring for Strangers. Filipino Medical Workers in Asia

L’auteure de cet ouvrage, Megha Amrith, est une jeune anthropologue d’origine indienne qui a rejoint l’Institut universitaire des Nations unies sur la mondialisation, la culture et la mobilite (UNU-GCM) en 2014, a la suite de son doctorat obtenu a l’universite de Cambridge en 2012. Ce livre issu de sa these porte sur la migration des travailleurs medicaux philippins en Asie du Sud-Est aupres desquels elle a mene des enquetes ethnogra...

The Impact of Ethnic Subgroups on Tumor Stage at Diagnosis, Treatment Received, and Long-Term Survival Among Asian Adults With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) outcomes among Asians may differ by the Asian ethnic subgroup. We aim to evaluate the impact of the Asian ethnic subgroup on HCC tumor stage, treatment received, and overall survival among USadults. Using the 2004-2012 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results U.S. cancer registry, we retrospectively evaluated disparities in HCC tumor stage at diagnosis, HCC treatment received, and overall survival among Asian adults, stratified by Asian ethnic subgroups. Multivariate regression models evaluated the independent impact of Asian ethnic subgroups on the HCC tumor stage at diagnosis, treatment received, and overall long-term survival. Among 8160 Asians with HCC, Southeast Asian(SEA) patients accounted for 26% of all HCC, followed by Chinese (CH) (22%), and Filipinos (FP) (14.0%) patients. Japanese (JP) patients were significantly older than those of the other subgroups (mean 71.1, SD 10.8, P < 0.01). When evaluating HCC stage, FP patients were less likely to have localized HCC and less likely to have HCC within the Milan criteria than CH HCC patients. When evaluating HCC treatment, pacific islanders (PI), FP and SEA patients were significantly less likely to any receive HCC treatment than CH patients. Overall five-year HCC survival was highest among CH HCC patients (33.1%) and lowest among FP (19.9%) and JP patients (22.0%). Among Asians with HCC in the US, significant disparities among Asian ethnic subgroups exist. More advanced disease was seen among FP patients, less HCC treatment was seen among FP and SEA patients, and significantly higher mortality was seen among FP, SEA, and JP patients with HCC.

Sociosexuality, testosterone, and life history status: prospective associations and longitudinal changes among men in Cebu, Philippines

Abstract Sociosexuality is defined as an individual's interest in uncommitted sexual activity and can be measured in terms of both psychological orientations and behavioral expression. In socio-ecological contexts in which adults monogamously partner and cooperate to raise children, individuals with unrestricted sociosexuality are likely to prioritize mating/competition over committed partnering and parenting. Given the importance of mother-father cooperation in the evolutionary past, humans may have the capacity to facultatively and opportunistically downregulate sociosexuality to focus on priorities related to invested partnering and parenting. To date, no prior studies have used longitudinal data to track within-individuals changes in sociosexuality as it relates to such life history transitions. Given the lack of prior longitudinal research in this area, it is likewise unknown what physiological mechanisms might mediate within-individual changes in sociosexuality through time but testosterone is a plausible candidate. To explore these questions, we drew on a large, long-running study of Filipino men (n = 288), who were single non-fathers at 25.9 years of age and were followed up 4–5 years later. We found that men with more unrestricted sociosexuality at baseline were more likely to experience relationship dissolution by follow-up, consistent with past work. Compared to men who remained single non-fathers at follow-up, men who became married residential fathers showed shifts towards more restricted global sociosexuality as well as sociosexual behavior. Relative to their own baseline values, married residential fathers also had more restricted sociosexuality in all domains at follow-up. They were the only group for whom this was found. We found theoretically-consistent but modest support for positive correlations between men's testosterone and their sociosexuality, but no evidence that the two change in tandem together through time. Our results suggest that some amount of between-individual differences in sociosexuality are not stable and can facultatively shift alongside other aspects of male reproductive effort.

The Silence of Nayanaya in Cebuano Songs

The article is part of the chapter “Silence in Nayanaya visa- vis Silence in Zhuangzi” in the author’s dissertation entitled Phenomenology of Nayanaya: A Filipino Philosophy of Survival Interpreted in the Light of Silence in Zhuangzi.” 1 The meanings of Nayanaya and the different ways of doing nayanaya were extracted from the questionnaire accomplished by respondents from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Interview was also utilized. In its strictest significance, nayanaya is a whiling away of the time amidst a crashing limit-situation (to borrow Karl Jasper’s term), a taking time-out, a distancing, until one is able to face it, unbroken. Nayanaya is both an end and a means. As a means, the ways are many; singing or humming a song, being one of them. The pinnacle of nayanaya is wu-wei, that is, doing nayanaya by not doing nayanaya. As an end, while it aims at silence, nayanaya is actually a will to be happy and ultimately, a will to be.

Feeling freedom: Japanese and American wartime films on the liberation of the Philippines, 1943–1945

ABSTRACTThis article juxtaposes the Japanese wartime film Dawn of Freedom and Hollywood films on the Philippines during WWII as a method to analyze the representational strategies by which the U.S. and Japanese empires tried, respectively and in opposition to the other, to nurture the feeling that the peoples of the Philippines and beyond would enjoy freedom under their stewardships. Under pressure from the twin crises of colonialism and capitalism, the two empires sought to establish hegemony in the Asia-Pacific by fashioning a new model of empire that disavowed imperialist intentions and territorial aggrandizement while promising freedoms that included but went beyond national self-determination. The article focuses on four overlapping freedoms that run through the Japanese and Hollywood films: namely, political self-determination/consumerist freedom, freedom of self-sacrifice or the freedom to die, freedom in romance, and freedom from racism. Despite their differences, the author argues that the two sides in the imperial film wars shared much more than what is commonly realized and that the new strategy that advanced and yet disavowed imperialist ambitions while promoting the feeling of freedom, has great relevance for understanding the militarized world today.

Bilibid and beyond: Race, body size, and the native in early American colonial Philippines

The United States’ occupation of the Philippines began with proclamations of a new era of development and the prospect of local political representation. In coming to grips with what they saw as America's civilising mission, colonial scholars and officials sought information about the peoples of the Philippines by conducting a census and various population studies, using an array of methodologies drawn from criminology and physical anthropology. This article traces and critiques representations of the Philippine population in the 1903 Philippine Census as well as in several related studies published in the early American period, which served to reduce the Filipinos to a state of ‘otherness’ which served to justify colonial projects. Several of these racialised studies used the inmates of Bilibid Prison, both alive and dead, as experimental and documentary subjects to create a record of Filipino ‘sample types’ for various administrative and other purposes, such as the exhibition at the St Louis World's Fair of 1904. Bilibid prisoners’ body size, brain weight, skin colour, facial features and other physical attributes were selectively correlated with other colonial constructions of Filipino individuals and groups, such as ‘wildness’ and political maturity.

Rizal’s Marxist Critique of Spanish Colonization and Religion

This paper analyzed the themes of Jose Rizal’s critique of the Spanish colonization and religion. It works on the propositions that Rizal’s writings were intended to emancipate the Filipinos from the fetters of the Spanish colonization; as such, he provides an analysis on the effects of the Spanish colonial strategies and policies to the Filipino psyche, and exposes the illnesses that these caused the Filipino nation. His analysis of the nineteen century Philippine society and its social, economic and political situations under the Spanish colonial rule is similar to the ideas of Karl Marx on religion and the human person. Though it was never acknowledge in his writings that he read Marx’s works, Rizal’s criticisms of religion, education, and government showed resemblances with Marx’s ideas.&#x0D; References&#x0D; “Addendum to San Agustin’s Letter by Father Murillo,” in Documentary Sources of Philippine History. Gregorio F. Zaide, ed. vol. 5, Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1990.&#x0D; Bernard, Miguel A. The Christianization of the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives, Manila: The Filipiniana Book Guild, 1972.&#x0D; Blumentritt, Ferdinand. “Blumentritt’s Review of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere,” in Jose Rizal Correspondence with Blumentritt, vol. II, Manila: National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 2011.&#x0D; “Chrino’s Account of the Pre-Spanish Filipinos and Their Civilization (1604),” in Documentary Sources of Philippines History. Gregorio F. Zaide, ed., vol.3, Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1990.&#x0D; “Colin’s Account of the Filipinos and Their Pre-Spanish Civilization (1663)” in Documentary Sources of Philippines History, Gregorio F. Zaide, ed., vol. 5, Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1990.&#x0D; Del Pilar, Marcelo H. “Noli Me Tangere: Before Monkish Hatred in the Philippines” in Rizal’s Correpondence with Fellow Reformists, Manila: National Historical Institute, 1992.&#x0D; Diokno, M. S. and R.N. Villegas, “Chapter Six: The Making of the Filipino” in Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, vol. 4, Philippines: Asia Publishing Company Limited.&#x0D; “Father San Augustin Slanders the Filipino People (1720)” in Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Gregorio F. Zaide, ed., vol. 5, Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc., 1990.&#x0D; Fromm, Erich, Beyond The Chains of Illusions: My Encounter with Marx and Freud, New York: Continuum, 2006.&#x0D; Lauer, Quentin, “Response Occasioned by McGovern’s ‘Atheism: Is It Essential to Marxism?” in The Journal of Ecumenical Studies, vol. XXII, no. 3, Summer 1985.&#x0D; Marx, Karl, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” in in K. Marx and F. Engels, On Religion, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957.&#x0D; Phelan, John Leddy, The Hispanization of the Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses, Madison: The University of Wisconsin.&#x0D; Rasmussen, David M., “Critical Theory and Philosophy” in Handbook of Critical Theory, D.M. Rasmussen, ed., Cambridge, Masschusetts: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 1996.&#x0D; Rizal, Jose, “Message to the Young Women of Malolos” in Jose Rizal’s Political and Historical Writings, vol. VII, Encarnacion Alzona, trans., Manila: National Historical Institute, 2000.&#x0D; _________, “The Indolence of the Filipinos” in Jose Rizal’s Political and Historical Writings, vol. VII, Encarnacion Alzona, trans., Manila: National Historical Institute, 2000.&#x0D; _________, “The Philippines A Century Hence” in Jose Rizal’s Political and Historical Writings, vol. VII, Encarnacion Alzona, trans., Manila: National Historical Institute, 2000.&#x0D; _________, “To My Motherland” in Noli Me Tangere, trans. Ma. Soledad Lacson-Locsin, Philippines: The Bookmark, 2004.&#x0D; Tan, Samuel K., A History of the Philippines, Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, 2009.

Fatherhood and psychobiology in the Philippines: Perspectives on joint profiles and longitudinal changes of fathers' estradiol and testosterone.

Research on the psychobiology of partnering and fathering has focused on testosterone (T), oxytocin, and prolactin (PRL) as mechanisms that potentially mediate life history trade-offs related to those roles. Less is known about other hormones that might be responsive to life history transitions and implicated in fathering, such as estradiol (E2). We examined how E2 changed during the transition to marriage and fatherhood, its correlation with fathers' caregiving, and its joint within-individual production with other hormones (T, PRL). Data were collected from a total of 913 Filipino men (aged 25.9 years ± 0.3 SD at follow-up) enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Morning saliva samples collected at baseline (2005) and follow-up (2009) were assayed for T and E2 (n = 329), dried blood spots from baseline were assayed for PRL. Fathers reported on caregiving in 2009. When compared with men who remained single non-fathers over the study period, men who became married residential fathers experienced larger declines in E2. This effect was non-significant when we controlled for longitudinal changes in T. E2 was not significantly related to fathers' caregiving, controlling for T. In cross-sectional analyses for PRL, T, and E2, married residential fathers exhibited within-individual profiles of reduced T and elevated PRL, whereas single non-fathers exhibited the opposite profile of elevated T and reduced PRL. Our findings point to the need for future research to consider the mutually regulatory dynamics and/or combinatorial implications of multiple physiological axes acting within individuals to underpin life history trade-offs and behavioral strategies.

Filipinos Fit and Trim - A feasible and efficacious DPP-based intervention trial.

IntroductionFilipino Americans are at higher risk for obesity and related Type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to other Asian subgroups and non-Hispanic whites. Yet, there are limited research studies to reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes for Filipinos. Weight loss lifestyle intervention trials such as the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) can reduce obesity and T2D risks through physical activity and healthy eating.MethodsThus, we conducted a pilot Fit&Trim (DPP-based) intervention study - a randomized controlled trial 3-month intervention augmented with mobile technology + 3-month maintenance follow-up with a waitlist control. The objective assessed the intervention feasibility and potential efficacy to reduce T2D risks in Filipino Americans with overweight/obesity. The overall study goal was a mean 5% weight reduction.ResultsSixty-seven eligible Filipino men and women were enrolled and randomized to either an intervention or waitlist control group. Participant retention was 91%. In Phase 1 (baseline to 3-months), the intervention group had greater weight reduction compared to the waitlist control (−4.3% vs. −0.88%; cross-level interaction = −0.85 (−1.4, −0.35). In Phase 2 (3- to 6-months), after receiving the Fit&Trim intervention, the waitlist group also had similar significant weight reduction [-4.8% (- 0.75 (−0.92, −0.58)]. A majority of intervention group (57%) also maintained their weight loss. Overall, 41% of study participants achieved a 5% weight loss.ConclusionThe Fit&Trim intervention demonstrated feasibility and potential efficacy for Filipino Americans. Findings warrant a further larger, longer trial to test the Fit&Trim feasibility and effectiveness in a real-world Filipino community setting.ClinicalTrials.gov registration numberNCT02278939.