File Transmission Research Articles

Performance evaluation of wireless compressed‐image transmission over discrete Fourier transform‐based orthogonal frequency division multiple access system

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has been attracting much attention in the recent generation of wireless communications to meet the required demands arising from the explosive growth of Internet, multimedia and broadband services. Currently, images transmission is one of the main parts of wireless communication. However, an image file transmission requires sending a large amount of data which consumes a huge bandwidth so that the image must be compressed to reduce the amount of information to be transmitted. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wireless transmission of the compressed image over discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based OFDMA DFT-OFDMA system for different compression methods, different modulation schemes and different subcarriers mapping schemes over three wireless channels including SUI3, vehicular A and uniform. The required minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to recover the transmitted compressed image is determined to evaluate the system performance. For the sake of diversity, nine compression techniques are used in this work. The MATLAB simulator is used to determine the required minimum SNR to recover the transmitted compressed image for each compression method. The results show that the performance of the set partitioning in hierarchical trees three-dimensional for true colour images (SPIHT-3D) method is nearly better than that of other compression methods, especially when the QPSK and interleaved system are considered.

An Effective Big Data Sharing Prototype Based on Ethereum Blockchain

Because of its many advantages, big data has been extending to various domains of science, health, education, and commerce. Despite its many applications, big data sharing typically suffers from some key issues, such as user control, lack of incentives, cost, and the right of data. This paper proposes a decentralized big data sharing prototype to improve the applications and services of big data. The method makes use of Ethereum blockchain and related technologies to systematically recommend the implementation guidelines. The research provides a detailed description of the design and implementation of each sublayer of a big data system. As the method is based on blockchain technology, the key technical points are properly addressed in each of the layers. For evaluation, relevant data were collected, and functional testing was performed. A comparison was performed about the sharing frequency and blockchain consensus performance of similar platforms. The dual mining node of the proposed prototype succeeded in processing 1366 blocks and 300 messages. A comparatively satisfactory file access time in the range of 10 m to 20 s and file transmission time between 100 m and 200 s were achieved. The results obtained show that this prototype can effectively verify the feasibility of the model, the layered architecture, and the related sharing mechanism. For the functional and performance testing, practical projects were implemented and evaluated. The promising results obtained testify that the research offers a theoretical background for innovative research in the domain and specialized guidelines for practical implementation.

Communication Transport Protocol Strategies for Rail Applications

Current technologies for managing rail traffic such as the Global System for Mobile communications for Railway (GSM-R) will be no longer be available within the upcoming years. The European Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking (S2R-JU) proposed the Adaptable Communication System (ACS) to overcome this problem. In this work, we model the ACS by abstracting it at the Internet Protocol (IP) level, using tunnels for datagrams’ transmission as a communication bearer is available along the rail. Then, to evaluate its performance, an ACS emulator has been implemented. The core part of it is a Tunnel Manager which can establish pseudo-virtual circuits through multi-bearer tunnels, forcing datagrams on a service-basis to follow specific paths between gateways (i.e., from on-board to a train to the network-side rail control center and vice versa). The Tunnel Manager can properly select a given tunnel/bearer for sending messages (and duplicating them on redundant paths) of critical rail applications for train traffic management, relying on tunnels based on either connection-oriented protocol (i.e., the Transport Control Protocol, TCP), connectionless protocol (i.e., the User Datagram Protocol, UDP) or a mix of them. In this paper, we investigate the best solutions in terms of transport protocols for implementing tunnels through the bearers. Results are based on two main use cases: i. the position report/movement authority messages for the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERMTS) and ii. the critical file transmission, considering either TCP or UDP as tunnel transport protocol. For the first rail application, one UDP bearer can be selected only if the end-to-end channel delay is lower than 100 ms and the experienced packet loss is lower than 4% in the whole crossed network. Two UDP bearers, one TCP bearer or two mixed UDP/TCP bearers should be selected in case the channel delay is greater than 300 ms and the experienced packet loss is greater than 15%. Considering the critical file transfer in the rail scenario, TCP should be selected with two bearers to have a throughput greater than 50 Mbit/s even for a packet loss of 1%.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: MLPD: a multi-layer protection with deduplication technique to preserve audio file transmission over the public domain

RETRACTED ARTICLE: MLPD: a multi-layer protection with deduplication technique to preserve audio file transmission over the public domain

Transition from child to adult health care for patients with lysosomal storage diseases in France: current status and priorities\u2014the TENALYS study, a patient perspective survey

BackgroundTransition from childhood to adulthood (TCA) is usually difficult in rare, progressive and multisystemic diseases. New treatments and modalities of care for many lysosomal diseases (LD) can increase life expectancy, and a successful TCA can help patient who reach adulthood to avoid disruption to health care. In France, some TCA initiatives have been taken by referral centers but in view of the problems encountered by Vaincre les Maladies Lysosomales (VML), the LD patient association, they seem to be insufficient. The aim of this study is to determine the current state of the TCA process and to identify actions to improve it through interviews with patient families and physicians in LD referral centers. The study is based upon an observational, non-interventional, cross-sectional, national survey which used two anonymous questionnaires. These questionnaires, developed by a scientific committee including representatives from VML and medical specialists in LD, were sent to patients who were receiving care in pediatric departments at age 15 years or older. Questionnaires were also sent to their referral pediatricians.ResultsFifty-four patients were included. Forty-two questionnaires were completed by patients and their corresponding physicians and 12 were completed by physicians only. The majority of the patients (80%) were informed that transfer to adult healthcare would occur, but 52% were informed after their eighteenth birthday. Forty-eight percent indicated that they were informed that a TCA coordinator would be appointed; for 39% the time frame for the transfer was communicated, and 31% were informed of the composition of the adult medical team. Among the actions that patients rated as “important/very important”, and considered to be a priority in their comments, the most frequently cited were the provision of explanatory documents on the TCA (94%), the transmission of the medical file from the pediatric sector to the adult sector (94%) and a joint consultation with both pediatrician and adult unit physician (91%). Physicians were in agreement concerning the primary importance of the last two actions.ConclusionThis study provides a basis for the deployment, on the national level, of transition programs which include specific actions that patients view as priorities.

Dynamic Encryption and Secure Transmission of Terminal Data Files

Data is the last defense line of security, in order to prevent data loss, no matter where the data is stored, copied or transmitted, it is necessary to accurately detect the data type, and further clarify the form and encryption structure of the data transmission process to ensure the accuracy of the data, so as to prevent data leakage, take the data characteristics as the core, use transparent encryption and decryption technology as the leading, and According to the data element characteristics such as identity authentication, authority management, outgoing management, file audit and external device management, the terminal data is marked with attributes to form a data leakage prevention module with data function, so as to control the data in the whole life cycle from creation, storage, transmission, use to destruction, no matter whether the data is stored in the server, PC or mobile device, provide unified policy management, form ecological data chain with vital characteristics, and provide comprehensive protection system for file dynamic encryption transmission, such as prevention in advance, control in the event, and audit after the event, so as to ensure the security of dynamic encryption in the process of file transmission, ensure the core data of the file, and help the enterprise keep away from the risk of data leakage.

Использование DNS-туннелирования для передачи вредоносного программного обеспечения

Purpose of the article: to develop a way to increase the level of protection of an information system from an attack using DNS tunneling. Method: using entropy to identify domains and subdomains used when transferring data through a DNS tunnel. The result: a method of data transmission through the DNS protocol bypassing the information security tools is considered. A malicious file was transferred using DNS tunneling, and an analysis was made of the operation of information protection tools during transmission. Information security tools do not detect the transfer of a malicious file via the DNS protocol, but they do if it is transferred in clear text. The concept of information entropy, its role in data processing is given. By calculating the entropy for domain names, the domain used in the transmission of a malicious file through the DNS tunnel was identified. It is concluded that entropy can be used not only to detect data transfer through the DNS tunnel, but also to detect the activity of malicious software that uses random domain and subdomain names in its work. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that malicious activity is detected without using the knowledge base. There is no need to signature check each DNS request, it is enough to calculate the entropy to detect an attack.

Detection of Stego Images with Adaptively Embedded Data by Component Analysis Methods

Ensuring the effective protection of personal and corporate sensitive data is topical task today. The special interest is taken at sensitive data leakage prevention during files transmission in communication systems. In most cases, these leakages are conducted by usage of advance adaptive steganographic methods. These methods are aimed at minimizing distortions of cover files, such as digital images, during data hiding that negatively impact on detection accuracy of formed stego images. For overcoming this shortcoming, it was proposed to pre-process (calibrate) analyzed images for increasing stego- to-cover ratio. The modern paradigm of image calibration is based on usage of enormous set of high-pass filters. However, selection of filter(s) that maximizes the probability of stego images detection is non-trivial task, especially in case of limited a prior knowledge about embedding methods. For solving this task, we proposed to use component analysis methods for image calibration, namely principal components analysis. Results of comparative analysis of novel maxSRMd2 cover rich model and proposed solution showed that principal component analysis allows increasing detection accuracy up to 1.5% even in the most difficult cases (low cover image payload and absence of cover- stego images pairs in training set).

Instructional guides for filming infant movements at home are effective for the General Movements Assessment.

To determine the effectiveness of two instructional guides to obtain video recordings for the General Movements Assessment (GMA). A cross-sectional study of a community sample of family participants with low-risk term newborn infants recruited via social media and randomly allocated to receive one of two instructional guides (detailed or quick versions) to film their infant's movements at home. Participants returned videos via a secure Research Electronic Database Capture link and videos were scored for quality across 10 criteria, along with scoring the GMA. Participants were surveyed about their perceptions of the instructional guides and electronic file transmission. Seventy-six parents of infants were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive detailed (n=38) and quick (n=38) instructions to film their infant for a GMA. Videos were returned by 87% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72%, 96%) of detailed instruction users and 84% (95% CI 69%, 94%) of quick instruction users. The GMA could be conducted on all returned videos. The mean score for video quality was 9.9/10 (standard deviation 0.4, 95% CI 9.7, 10.0) for detailed instructions and 9.7 (standard deviation 0.6, 95% CI 9.4, 9.9) for quick instructions. Overall, participants felt that either instructional guide was easy to use. Fifteen (20%) participants had difficulties with video file transmission, requiring additional support. Parents can successfully use one of two different instructional guides for filming their infant's movements for GMA; however, support should be provided for safe and easy file transmission.

Fast Implementation of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) Algorithm with Robust Packet Data Loss Detection Function

Encryption is the process of protecting information from unauthorized parties by converting such information into an unreadable form. Packet data is a method of transferring data, broken into bits called packets which travels over a network. Packet losses occur when packets fail to reach their destination devices as a result of network congestion, faulty routers or as a result of an attack. Encryption is the standard method for making a communication private. In sending a private message to another user, it is first encrypted (termed encipher), the intended recipient alone knows how to correctly decrypt (decipher) the message. There are several algorithms developed for the purpose of encryption which provides data security and integrity. This paper proposes the use of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm to implement a system for encrypting text files of any length (by breaking long messages into valid blocks and encrypting each block) capable of being transmitted using a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Probable primes, 3048 bits in length are generated to be used in the generation of public, private key pairs for encryption and decryption. The proposed scheme is better because the route taken during transmission of data is recorded and packet losses are also checked for during transmission of encrypted files as compared to known state-of-the-art schemes.

Implementation of a 46-node quantum metropolitan area network

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchanges between two remote users. The ultimate goal of secure communication is to establish a global quantum network. The existing field tests suggest that quantum networks are feasible. To achieve a practical quantum network, we need to overcome several challenges including realizing versatile topologies for large scales, simple network maintenance, extendable configuration and robustness to node failures. To this end, we present a field operation of a quantum metropolitan-area network with 46 nodes and show that all these challenges can be overcome with cutting-edge quantum technologies. In particular, we realize different topological structures and continuously run the network for 31 months, by employing standard equipment for network maintenance with an extendable configuration. We realize QKD pairing and key management with a sophisticated key control centre. In this implementation, the final keys have been used for secure communication such as real-time voice telephone, text messaging and file transmission with one-time pad encryption, which can support 11 pairs of users to make audio calls simultaneously. Combined with intercity quantum backbone and ground–satellite links, our metropolitan implementation paves the way toward a global quantum network.

High-integrity based cooperative file transmission at urban intersections using pure V2V communication

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide safety management and entertainment services in smart city scenarios. However, due to the highly time-varying network topology caused by vehicles’ movement and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) areas in complex urban environment, the connection time between vehicles might be very short, leading to limited transmission capacity between vehicles. As a result, large file transmission such as online video sharing might be unavailable. To alleviate this issue, we study high-integrity based file transmission using pure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication at urban intersections. First, we develop the analytical models to evaluate file transmission at intersections, including vehicle mobility model, connection time prediction model, and V2V communication model. Then, we derive the relationship between transmission capacity and vehicles’ mobility. Based upon this analysis, we propose a cooperative file transmission strategy for the transmitting vehicle, which helps transmit the target file to the receiving vehicle. The proposed strategy includes three phases: transmission capacity evaluation, cluster establishment, and cooperative file transmission. By taking advantage of the cluster characteristics, the strategy can achieve file transmission with high integrity. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed system model which matches our analysis well, and show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy by comparing with other file transmission strategies in aspects of transmission success rate and data transmission volume.

FPGA-based Visible Light Communication System for Real-Time File Transmission

The digital image, character/texts, audio (music), and video are the multimedia contents commonly used as objects to be transmitted on the VLC system. This paper has performed the real-time file transfer successfully using VLC technology with a UART connection. The FPGA was chosen as a DSP due to its capability in clocked-speed. We used an Ethernet connection due to its easy configuration and ability to meet the high-speed communication requirement. It was used for communicating between the host and the client device computer. This work covers the MAC layer implementation, SoC FPGA for UART connection, and analog front-end (AFE) transceiver. According to the functional test, the achieved bandwidth of the Ethernet connection is about 83.6 Mbps. However, the FPGA’s clock is set at 100 kHz only due to the transferred file does not require a high speed. Thus, the physical layer baud rate is fixed to 11520 bps; it can be used for real-time transfer of a digital image with 512 pixels with no compressed file and error at 22 cm of optical LoS channel (no lenses).

Integrated satellite-ground post-disaster emergency communication networking technology

The reconstruction of the communication network is a precondition for the smooth implementation of rescue and disaster recovery after geological disasters. Although traditional post-disaster emergency communication equipment, such as emergency communication vehicles, satellite access stations and satellite communication terminals, to a certain extent, can solve communication problems, the firmware of them makes such equipment faced with difficulty in adapting to the complex disaster environment, limited network coverage and poor mobility of such devices. To settle those problems, we have proposed an integrated satellite-ground emergency constructed-network after disaster technology. The nodes of the network specifically including Mesh AP (access point) nodes and satellite portable stations, adopt a portable design which can be easily carried by the Network deployer and deployed to the corresponding location. The actual deployment test results of the multi-site network show that our technical solution can build a stable emergency communication network within 30 ​min and support multi-user access, on which users can carry out audio and video communication, file transmission and other services.

Single-Layer ZnO Hollow Hemispheres Enable High-Performance Self-Powered Perovskite Photodetector for Optical Communication

HighlightsSingle-layer hollow ZnO hemispherical arrays behaving light trapping effect as the electron transport layer in perovskite photodetectors were first introduced.Our photodetectors showed high self-powered performances with a LDR of 120.3 dB, a detectivity of 4.2 × 1012 Jones, rise/fall time of 13/28 µs and the f−3 dB of up to 28 kHz.Benefiting from the high device performance, the photodetector was demonstrated to the directional transmission of encrypted files as the signal receiving port with super high accuracy.

An Anonymous Key Distribution Scheme for Group Healthcare Services in 5G-Enabled Multi-Server Environments

Fifth generation (5G) mobile technology enables a new kind of network that provides high peak data rates, ultra-low latency communication and high user density. Electronic healthcare (e-health) allows the data to be stored and shared in a highly efficient and flexible manner. Group e-health services help in improving long-term results of the treatments due to its collaborative characteristic. The services including real-time remote patient monitoring and transmission of large health data files can be facilitated by e-health systems enabled with the 5G network. Since the communication channel is open, security and privacy in the system should be taken into account. Our work proposes a key distribution scheme for group healthcare services in 5G network environments. We construct various healthcare domains and apply the proposed scheme to the group services. The paper also introduces Single Sign-On (SSO), a cost-efficient solution, for multi-server architecture of the constructed system. Security and privacy of the scheme are enforced by a three-factor authentication mechanism (integrating smart card, password and biometrics) and strong user anonymity property. We provide security proof of the proposed scheme using various well-known tools including RoR model, BAN logic and AVISPA simulation. Results of various performance comparisons indicate that our scheme provides most functions and bears rational costs, compared with its related works.

Medical Education in Nepal: Impact and Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a global shift toward online distance learning due to travel limitations and physical distancing requirements as well as medical school and university closures. In low- and middle-income countries like Nepal, where medical education faces a range of challenges-such as lack of infrastructure, well-trained educators, and advanced technologies-the abrupt changes in methodologies without adequate preparation are more challenging than in higher-income countries. In this article, the authors discuss the COVID-19-related changes and challenges in Nepal that may have a drastic impact on the career progression of current medical students. Outside the major cities, Nepal lacks dependable Internet services to support medical education, which frequently requires access to and transmission of large files and audiovisual material. Thus, students who are poor, who are physically disadvantaged, and who do not have a home situation conducive to online study may be affected disproportionately. Further, the majority of teachers and students do not have sufficient logistical experience and knowledge to conduct or participate in online classes. Moreover, students and teachers are unsatisfied with the digital methodologies, which will ultimately hamper the quality of education. Students' clinical skills development, research activities, and live and intimate interactions with other individuals are being affected. Even though Nepal's medical education system is struggling to adapt to the transformation of teaching methodologies in the wake of the pandemic, it is important not to postpone the education of current medical students and future physicians during this crisis. Looking ahead, medical schools in Nepal should ensure that mechanisms are proactively put into place to embrace new educational opportunities and technologies to guarantee a regular supply of high-quality physicians capable of both responding effectively to any future pandemic and satisfying the nation's future health care needs.

Video streaming web service

Streaming is the continuous transmission of audio or video files from a server to a client. Streaming is real-time, and it's more efficient than downloading media files. Just like other data that is sent over the Internet, audio and video data is broken down into data packets. Each packet contains a small piece of the file, and an audio or video player in the browser on the client device takes the flow of data packets and interprets them as video or audio. The concept of video streaming services means free or subscription-based services offering online streaming of films and television programs. Video streaming platforms allow people to watch videos anywhere and anytime, provided they have an Internet connection, or even without it, if the preload option is available. This article covers the concepts of streaming, streaming media, and video streaming services. The subject matter is implementation of a video streaming web service with monolithic architecture. Selection justification is given for the architecture type. Explanations for the specific implementation details are provided as well. The service is flexible enough to carry out predetermined tasks and provides ample opportunities to adapt to various hardware platforms.

BNRDT: When Data Transmission Meets Blockchain

Data transmission exists in almost all the Internet-based applications, while few of them consider the property of nonrepudiation as part of data security. If a data transmission scheme is performed without the endorsement of a trusted third party (TTP) or a central server, it is easy to raise disputes while transmitting valuable data, especially digital goods, because a dishonest participant can deny the fact of particular data transmission instance. The above problem can be solved by signing and encrypting. However, digital signature schemes usually assume public key infrastructure (PKI), increasing the burden on certificate management and are not suitable for distributed networks without TTP such as blockchain. To solve the above problems, we propose two new schemes for nonrepudiation data transmission based on blockchain (we call it BNRDT): one for short message transmission and the other for large file transmission. In BNRDT schemes, nonrepudiation evidence of data transmission is generated and stored on the blockchain to satisfy both the properties of nonrepudiation (including nonrepudiation of origin and nonrepudiation of receipt) and data confidentiality. We implement and test the schemes on Hyperledger Fabric. The experimental results show that the proposed schemes can provide appealing performance.

Optimizing File Transfer in Distributed Storage System Based on Reconfiguration of Storage Structure

Distributed storage is the storage part of distributed computing. It is an easy-to-expand and virtualized storage resource pool. In order to meet the needs of large-scale storage structure applications, reliable mass data storage services are provided. Redundant data storage is needed to deal with the data unreliability caused by node failure. The lower the cost of file transmission, the less traffic generated in the network. According to the time logic, the regeneration process is divided into stages: data distribution, data encoding and decoding, data transmission and data reconstruction. The feedback mechanism can reduce the overhead of acquiring the load information of the data server node while ensuring the real-time performance. The determination of the activity factor function of the data block access frequency statistics needs to be established in the performance adaptability of the data block activity factor and the specific access times. The single-point dependency of the centralized storage system on the primary node is changed, which reduces the waiting delay of concurrent users and the average memory usage of the metadata server.