Fig Fruit Research Articles

Study on skin anti-inflammatory activity of fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit extract fractions

Study on skin anti-inflammatory activity of fig (<i>Ficus carica L.</i>) fruit extract fractions

New Approaches in Fig Preservation: Use of Melatonin to Maintain Postharvest Quality of Fig (Ficus Carica L.) Fruit During Cold Storage

New Approaches in Fig Preservation: Use of Melatonin to Maintain Postharvest Quality of Fig (Ficus Carica L.) Fruit During Cold Storage

Quantitative determination of macro and micro elements and heavy metals accumulated in wild fruits analyzed by ICP-OES method.

The moisture amounts of wild fruits ranged from 51.07 (rosehip) to 88.49% (raspberry (yellow)). Wild strawberry generally contained the highest amounts of P, K and Ca. In addition, the highest Mg result was recorded in wild strawberry, fig and rosehip fruits. P and K amounts of wild edible fruits were recorded between 385mg/kg (blackberry) and 2538mg/kg (fig) to 6114 (medlar) and 18,613mg/kg (wild strawberry), respectively. Depending on the fruit variety and type, the microelements found in the highest amounts were Zn, Cu, Mn and B. Fe resultss of fruits were reported at very low levels. Fe results of wild edible fruits changed between 0.21 (apple) and 1.32mg/kg ((fig). Zn and Cu values of wild edible fruits were recorded between 1.39 (apple) and 16.4mg/kg (fig) to 1.54 (apple) and 18.4mg/kg (wild strawberry), respectively. Cu contents of raspberry (red), raspberry (yellow), blackberry, jujube and medlar fruits were found to be very close to each other. Arsenic (As) contents of wild fruits were recorded to be higher than those of other elements. In addition, some fruits have high heavy metal contents. The heavy metal found in the highest amounts in fruits was As, followed in descending order by Ali Ba, Se, Ni and Pb. The high As content of these fruits is likely due to the As content of the soil where the plants are grown and its contamination with As-rich industrial waste. While As contents of edible wild fruits are detected between 4.21 (rosehip) and 65.7 (wild strawberry), Al results of fruits were reported between 0.03 (rosehip) and 16.0μg/g (mulberry (white)).

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by extracts of fig fruits and myrrh oleogum resin and their role in antibacterial activity

Multidrug-resistant bacteria hindering disease management have become a matter of serious concern. Nanotechnology has evolved as a fresh promise for managing infectious diseases. The intended purpose of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using fig fruit (Ficus carica) and myrrh oleogum resin (Commiphora sp.) extracts and microwave irradiation. UV–visible, FTIR, TEM, DLS and Zeta-potential analysis were deployed to characterise silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, and their effects on the bacteria's cells were examined as well through SEM. Fig fruit and myrrh’s extract reaction solution changed color (reddish brown) after 90 and 120 s of microwave operation, respectively. UV–Vis-validated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with fig fruit extract (FAgNPs) and myrrh extract (MAgNPs), showing absorption bands between 434.41 nm and 434.95 nm. TEM revealed that the FAgNPs and MAgNPs were predominantly spherical and of various sizes. The average diameter of FAgNPs and MAgNPs was 33.79 nm and 31.63 nm, respectively, and both of them were moderately polydispersed and relatively stable colloids. The antibacterial evaluation of FAgNPs shows that the highest level of inhibition was against S. aureus and it was higher than that of Augmentin, and next to it were E. coli and S. pyogenes. While in case of MAgNPs the most sensitive pathogen was S. aureus, followed by E. coli and S. pyogenes, respectively. FAgNPs and MAgNPs had MIC values of 15 µg/ml against S. aureus, compared to 30 µg/ml against E. coli. SEM images showed that treatment with FAgNPs and MAgNPs caused S. aureus cells to become malformed. Similar cell damage was also observed in E. coli cells treated with FAgNPs and MAgNPs. This study for the first time report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing fig fruit and myrrh extracts and microwave irradiation.

Effects of Tray and Freeze Drying on Physico-chemical and Structural Properties of Fig Fruit Powder

A study was conducted on the drying of fig fruits using tray-drying [50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C for 3 h] and freeze-drying [(-)43 °C for 24 h] dehydration techniques. The physico-chemical properties of fig fruit powder were studied. Different temperatures and methods of drying had effects on the moisture content, water activity, physico-chemical properties, and structural properties. Moisture content and water activity were in the range of 6.5-8.5% (w.b.) and 0.40-0.60, respectively. Powders of 15- 30 μm size range and with a flaky texture had moderate flowability. FTIR analysis exhibited peaks of varied range. XRD analysis showed that the powders were predominately amorphous in nature, and C-type starch was present.

The effect of ripeness level, storage and heating conditions on vitamin C in Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice using bivoltammetry sensor

Vitamin C, as a crucial nutrient, plays a vital role in human health and is known to be sensitive to various factors such as ripeness level, storage and heating conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect of ripeness level, storage and heating conditions on vitamin C in fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice using bivolmetric sensor. Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice samples with different ripeness level were collected and analyzed the vitamin C. Full-ripe fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice samples subjected at different storage (cold, cool, and room temperature) and heating (30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C) conditions. The vitamin C level was monitored using a bivoltammetry sensor. The results showed that the higher ripeness level of fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit the lower level of the vitamin C. The results also showed that the higher storage and heating conditions generally accelerate with degradation of vitamin C. Degradation of vitamin C content in fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice with all different storage temperature had the best kinetic model fit zero order. Meanwhile, heating temperature at 30 °C and 60 °C showed that the best kinetic model fit first order. But, heating temperature at 90 °C showed that the best kinetic model fit second order. The kinetic modeling analysis showed that storage and heating conditions significantly influenced the degradation kinetics of vitamin C in the fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit juice.

Effect of Bio-Based Protein Coating on the Quality and Shelf Life of Fig Fruit (Ficus Carica L.)

Effect of Bio-Based Protein Coating on the Quality and Shelf Life of Fig Fruit (Ficus Carica L.)

Digestion under saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation in vitro by human gut microbiota of polysaccharides from Ficus carica Linn.

Previous studies have shown that Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCPS) extracted from common fig fruit exhibits antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether FCPS can modulate the metabolism of gut microbiota. This study aims to assess whether the polysaccharides from two different types of figs can be broken down by the upper digestive system, including saliva, simulated stomach, and small intestinal conditions, and whether the gut microbiota can utilize them (Mw = 4.59 × 104 (LFCP, Low molecular weight), Mw = 6.08 × 104(HFCP, High molecular weight)). The results revealed that FCPS retained its molecular weight and reducing sugar content even after passing through the upper digestive system, indicating its safe arrival in the gut without undergoing decomposition. In vitro FCPS fermentation of gut microbiota lowered the pH and produced more gas in the order of LFCP<HFCP, LFCP>HFCP, respectively, indicating that it can be broken down and utilized by the microbiota. Additionally, the amount of short-chain fatty acids increased notably (LFCP < HFCP), indicating the higher the molecular weight, the stronger the acid production capacity. FCPS demonstrated the ability to significantly decrease the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, potentially inhibiting obesity and inflammation. Therefore, FCPS is a promising functional food with potential to enhance health and prevent disease by promoting gut health.

The Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Figs (Ficus carica L.) Grown in the Black Sea Region.

This study compared the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of three varieties of fig fruits (Ficus carica L) from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenolic compositions were analyzed in green, purple, and dark purple species. The mean TPC value was 42.10 ± 5.71mg GAE/100g FW, ranging from 35.98 to 47.30mg GAE/100g FW, and was highest in the dark purple species. The mean TFC value was 1.27 ± 0.93mg QUE/100 FW g, ranging between 0.35 and 2.21mg QUE/100 FW g, and was highest in the purple species. The samples' total antioxidant capacity was measured based on ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the values ranging from 151.98 to 372.97μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100g FW, with an average value of 239.64μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100g FW, being highest in the dark purple species. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruits was expressed as SC50 (mg/mL), and the values ranged from 10.04 to 42.42mg/mL, being highest in the purple species. The phenolic composition was analyzed using HPLC-PDA according to the method in which 25 phenolic standards were used. Chlorogenic acid and t-cinnamic acid were the most common phenolic compounds, with rutin, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin being detected at different amounts. In conclusion, the purple species contained the highest flavonoid content, was rich in apigenin, luteolin, and chrysin, and possessed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Khasiat Buah Tin (Fiscus carica L.) dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Sains

The fig fruit plant (Ficus carica L.) is a type of plant that belongs to the Moraceae family which has a specialty in the Qur'an and is rich in benefits and grows a lot in the West Asia region and of course Indonesia. In Indonesia, the existence of figs has begun to be developed to be varied into products that can compete in the market. Figs are specifically enshrined in the Qur'an which is in the letter at-Tiin, this means that Allah hints at the efficacy or benefits of figs. The content of bioactive compounds in figs can be used as medicine and is useful for treating various diseases. In addition to bioactive compounds, the largest chemical content is in figs, namely polyphenols and flavonoids. The purpose of writing this journal is to provide information regarding the properties and benefits of figs. The properties contained in figs are also used for traditional medicine, including being used for the treatment of ulcers, indigestion and diarrhea, while in the scientific scope and pharmacological activity including as an antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory agent.

Processing and storage of tree fruits, cereals and pulses at PPNA Sharara, southern Jordan

Recent excavations at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Sharara (ca. 9250 cal bc) in southern Jordan have yielded a rich assemblage of charred macrobotanical remains. The bulk of this assemblage was recovered from a single structure at the settlement that was destroyed by fire and which appears to have functioned as an area for processing and possibly also for storing plant foods. Among the charred plant remains recovered from this space were nearly 700 fig fruits. Based on detailed archaeobotanical and contextual analyses, we infer that these were laid out to dry on the roof of the structure when it burnt down. We also demonstrate that plant exploitation and processing strategies at Sharara focused on a range of wild cereals, pulses and tree fruits (fig and pistachio), including several taxa that are not part of the canonical ‘Neolithic founder crop package’. We discuss our findings in relation to broader understandings of pre-agricultural plant management in southwest Asia and within the southern Levant specifically.

Harvest Time Influences Quality Attributes and Phenolic Composition of Fig Fruit: Insights from Physicochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

Harvest Time Influences Quality Attributes and Phenolic Composition of Fig Fruit: Insights from Physicochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

Assessment of Antidiabetic and Cyto-Regenerative Activity of Ficus carica through Gene Expression Analysis in Diabetic Rat Model

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease of the endocrine system, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance or defective insulin production. Among the complementary and alternative medicines, diet-based approaches are gaining popularity worldwide for the management of it. Ficus carica, one of the oldest plants cultivated on the earth, is rich in phytochemicals including anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, and organic acids. The present study was designed to analyze the therapeutic potential of dried fig and extract for their potential against hyperglycemia and related complication in the diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced by using alloxan monohydrate and divided into five groups including Negative-, Positive-, standard drug- group, treated-I (given extract), and treated-II (given 10% dried figs). Fig extract was administered through the intragastric tube, and fig paste was mixed in the feed of the experimental group, and then rats were decapitated after 6 weeks to collect the blood and serum. At the end of the study, biochemical analysis such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum glucose, and insulin was performed. Histopathological study of the pancreas showed cell deformation in the positive control group whereas damage was reversed in treated groups. The pancreas was also saved for gene expression analysis. The results revealed that the positive control group has lower expression of INS-1, INS-2, Pdx-1, amylin, and GLUT-2 genes. Results revealed that serum glucose and FBG started to normalize after the administration of treatment (Glibenclamide, dry fig, and fig fruit extract), and insulin concentration also started to improve. 10% dried fig was more effective to control hyperglycemic conditions, which might be due to the presence of fiber. However, the gene expression was more modulated in the group treated with fig extract. The findings of current research suggested the utilization of fig and fig-based products because of their potential to reverse the damage induced by the alloxan or stressors of daily life.

Effect of Ficus carica extract on hematological parameters and antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes of albino rats exposed to nickel chloride

Heavy metals including nickel have adverse effects on hematological system and red blood cells antioxidant defense. The purpose of the study is to examine the possible corrective effect of fig (Ficus carica L.) extract (FCE) on hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in red blood cells of rats exposed to sub-lethal concentration of nickel. Male Wistar rats were exposed to nickel chloride (10 mg/kg) and then treated or no with FCE (350 mg/kg) for 4-weeks. The intoxication induces alteration of haematological parameters and enhances blood haemolysis, generates oxidative stress induced decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities and depletion in reduced glutathione levels in intoxicated group compared to the control group. The oral administration of FCE increase significantly hemoglobin levels (Hb), red blood cells count (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and decreases white blood cells counts (WBC), and platelets in F. carica treated groups, and also the extract increase the GSH-Px and SOD antioxidant activity, GSH reserves in red blood cells, and reduces lipids peroxidation. The present study concludes that fig fruits may exhibit potent antioxidant potential for erythrocytes and have a positive effect on hematological system.

Polygalacturonase gene family analysis identifies FcPG12 as a key player in fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit softening

BackgroundThe fig (Ficus carica L.) tree has high economic value. However, its fruit have a short shelf life due to rapid softening. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are essential hydrolases, responsible for the pectin degradation that plays a key role in fruit softening. However, fig PG genes and their regulators have not yet been characterized.ResultsIn this study, 43 FcPGs were identified in the fig genome. They were non-uniformly distributed on 13 chromosomes, and tandem repeat PG gene clusters were found on chromosomes 4 and 5. Ka/Ks calculation and collinear analysis indicated negative selection as the main driver of FcPG family expansion. Fourteen FcPGs were found expressed in fig fruit with FPKM values > 10, of which seven were positively correlated, and three, negatively correlated with fruit softening. Eleven FcPGs were upregulated and two downregulated in response to ethephon treatment. FcPG12, a member of the tandem repeat cluster on chromosome 4, was selected for further analyses due to its sharp increment in transcript abundance during fruit softening and its response to ethephon treatment. Transient overexpression of FcPG12 led to decreased fig fruit firmness and increased PG enzyme activity in the tissue. Two ethylene response factor (ERF)-binding GCC-box sites were found on the FcPG12 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays showed that FcERF5 binds directly to the FcPG12 promoter and upregulates its expression. Transient overexpression of FcERF5 upregulated FcPG12 expression, thereby increasing PG activity and fruit softening.ConclusionsOur study identified FcPG12 as a key PG gene in fig fruit softening, and its direct positive regulation by FcERF5. The results provide new information on the molecular regulation of fig fruit softening.

Occurrence of pesticide residues in fig crops (Ficus carica L.), in Morelos, Mexico

The state of Morelos is the main producer of figs in the Mexican Republic, contributing 50% of the national production. Despite the fact that the official regulations in Mexico only allow the use of some pesticides on figs, it is common to find residues of prohibited substances. This work aims to assess the occurrence of pesticide residues in the fig cultivation from 15 different parcels located in Morelos in order to determine their degree of dissipation and the resultant health risk. The fig samples were analyzed using the QuEChERS multi-residue extraction, followed by gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. Nine pesticides were detected in the sampled crops, of which five were above the maximum allowed residue levels. The pesticides with the highest concentrations were thiophanate-methyl (0.733 mg/kg), chlorothalonil (0.445 mg/kg), propamocarb (0.395 mg/kg), and carbendazim (0.313 mg/kg). All Risk Health Index values were less than 1, indicating no risk to human health. However, it is noteworthy that dietary pesticide intakes estimated in this study considered only exposures from fig fruit and did not include other fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, fish, or meat, among others. These findings suggest the need for a continuous monitoring program for pesticide residues in cultivated vegetables in Morelos.

BOER BUCK SPERM QUALITY IN EXTENDER SUPPLEMETED WITH NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS AND STORAGE AT COLD TEMPERATURE

The aim of this study was to determine the durability of standard extender tris egg yolk supplemented with non-enzymatic antioxidants from guava and fig fruit filtrate on the motility and viability of Boer buck sperm. Semen was collected using an artificial vagina every four days for ten replications. The treatment extenders were Tris+2.5% egg yolk (P0) and P0+1.487 mg vitamin A and P0+3.958 mg vitamin C per ml/100 ml (v/v) hereinafter referred as P1 and P2, respectively. The experimental design was a completely randomized 3 times 10 a factorial pattern. The variables assessed were individual motility, progessive motility and viability of sperm evaluated every day for 4 consecutive days. Result indicated that, 4 days after extended and stored at 5°C, the average individual motility, progessive motility and sperm viability were 45.2±7.94; 33.0±10.2 and 49.6±7.69 for P1, and 45.4±6.14; 30.4±8.38 and 50.5±5.88 for P2. The data on the three indicators of sperm quality between P1 and P2 did not show a significant difference (P0.05). While for P0 30.6±5.85; 24.6±7.30 and 40.7±5.77, respectively, and were significantly lower (P 0.05) than P0 or P1. It was concluded that semen extended using tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with vitamin A or C could still be used for Artificial Insemination until day 4 after extended and storage at 5°C. It is suggested that research needs to be done to produce a ready to use, simple preaparation, cheap and long lasting instant extender.

Phytochemical Composition and Health Benefits of Figs (Fresh and Dried): A Review of Literature from 2000 to 2022.

With their rich history dating back 6000 years, figs are one of the oldest known plants to mankind and are a classical fruit in the Mediterranean diet. They possess a diverse array of bioactive components, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols, which have been used for centuries in traditional medicine for their health-promoting effects addressing gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular issues. This review summarizes the updated information on the phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and other functional properties of fresh and dried figs cultivated in various parts of the world, highlighting variation in phenolic composition based on cultivar, harvesting time, maturity stage, processing, and fig parts. Additionally, the review delves into the bio-accessibility and bio-availability of bioactive components from figs and their potential influence on cardiovascular health, diabetes, obesity, and gut/digestive health. Data suggest that the intake of figs regularly in the diet, alone or with other dried fruits, increases select micronutrient intake and is associated with higher diet quality, respectively. Research in animal and human models of health and disease risk provide preliminary health benefits data on figs and their extracts from fig parts; however, additional well-controlled human studies, particularly using fig fruit, will be required to uncover and verify the potential impact of dietary intake of figs on modern day health issues.

Effect of Cytokinin, Western bud extract and CuSo4 on some Storage Traits of Fig Fruits of black Diyala cultivar. ( Ficus carica L. )

This study was conducted in quail as a particular work for the of histopathological disorders between Sept6, 2018 Nov23, 2018 (77 days), to determine the effect of adding cinnamon alcohol extract to diets in ovulation and the fertility rate of the ovary and oviduct tissue in the quail, there are (3 treatments), and they were divided into 12 cages, each group consists of 10 males with 5 females. In the first group, quails were fed on a standard diet without any additives, while in the second treatment, 300 mg/kg of alcoholic extract of cinnamon was added to the quails’ diet, and the third treatment include the addition of 400mg.kg-1 of alcoholic cinnamon extract powder, the results of the histological study showed that the quail diet includes alcoholic cinnamon extract of additives (400 mg per kg) a physiological reproductive activity changes, ovulation and fertility rate were increased without any side effects. In conclusion, the results showed an increase in growth rate and cilia number and ciliated epithelial layer cells in their numbers and shapes in the oviduct, despite the rapid growth and rapid ovulation, unless there was no change in the shape of the egg or a change in its components.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Fig Fruit Extract with Olive Oil and Date-Palm Fruit Extract on Hepatic Toxicity of Oral Subchronic Exposure to Some Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats

The aim is to study the possible protection of fig fruit extract with olive oil and date-palm fruit extract (FOD) as natural antioxidants in decreasing the subchronic toxicity hazards of SiO2NPs, Al2O3NPs, or ZnONPs in male rats treated for 75 days. We used 80 male Wistar rats distributed into eight groups according to the treatment. The FOD antioxidant treatments were used at their recommended antioxidant doses. All nanoparticles (100 mg/kg) were given orally and daily for 75 days. Compared with the control, the oral administration of different NPs alone led to dramatic oxidative stress, liver function parameters, histopathological, p53, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). The FOD-NPs-treated groups recorded significantly reduced hepatotoxicity effects compared to those treated with NPs alone. In conclusion, the FOD supplementations to the rats ameliorate the NP’s hepatotoxicity.