Field Workshops Research Articles

Determinants of adoption of multiple sustainable agriculture practices among mandarin producing farmers in Salyan District of Karnali Province, Nepal

Sustainable agriculture practices (SAPs) are eco-friendly farming techniques, which ensure the agricultural production and environmental protection simultaneously. The aim of this study was to identify the potential SAPs being adopted by farmers, their adoptability, and to assess the determinant factors for multiple SAPs adoption. For this, face-to-face interview with 120 mandarin producing farmers, six focus groups, and 11 key informants was conducted in Salyan District of Karnali Province, Nepal. Farms were categorized into four categories on the basis of sustainability score and required inferences on quantitative and qualitative data were made by descriptive statistics and probit regression. Results revealed that majority of the mandarin farms were categorized as fairly low and fairly high categories. Factors such as age, gender, and schooling of household head, access to the Internet, distance of market for farm inputs, and availability of human labor had significantly increased the probability of multiple SAPs adoption at varied level of significance. Farm level policies regarding dissemination of integrated nutrient and pest management tactics, subsidization on eco-friendly farm inputs via cooperatives, trainings, demonstration, and field workshops should be formulated and implemented effectively.

Training of students – prospective teachers for summer teaching practice in children’s health camps

The paper deals with the role of summer teaching practice in students personal and professional qualities development, in activating his/her work on himself/herself, in acquiring the students first professional experience, in professional and pedagogical development of the personality of the prospective teacher, and substantiates the need for purposeful, systematic and consistent training of students for the implementation of professional activities of the counselor during summer teaching practice. The authors have revealed possibilities of psychological and pedagogical academic courses and specialized academic courses implemented in different universities (Organization of educational work in a summer health camp, Organization of summer holidays for children and adolescents, Teaching for summer practice, Fundamentals of counselor activities) as well as forms of practical training of students for professional activities of a leader (instructive camps, instructive and methodological camps, instructional fees, field workshops) in effective preparing students for summer teaching practice. The experience of Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education in teaching students prospective teachers for summer pedagogical practice in the process of mastering the content of the academic course Fundamentals of Leadership Activities is presented. As a result students can carry out independent educational work with children and adolescents during summer holidays, they can implement forms, methods and techniques of educating schoolchildren in a summer health camp; they have a responsible and creative attitude to educational work with children and adolescents.

Methodological measures to promote publishing projects in university libraries: from theory to practice

Today, in the era of digitalization, large arrays of educational and scientific literature data are presented in the libraries of educational institutions. The availability of sources, including through open access resources, on the one hand, facilitates the work of users, on the other hand, presents difficulties in the selection and structuring of resources. In the course of the study, we analyzed the websites of libraries of pedagogical universities and considered the main types of measures to promote educational resources, identified further vectors of development in the context of digital transformation. The object of the study is to identify the features of the promotion of publishing projects. The subject of the study is methodological activities carried out within the walls of libraries. The article describes in detail the types of methodological measures offered by publishers in offline and online formats. The joint work of libraries and publishing houses to popularize electronic resources is an important component on which the quality of the educational process depends.Main conclusions: methodological support of publishers is very important for the promotion of educational resources, which cannot be limited to instructions or other methodological materials. Field workshops and online events are designed to increase interest in electronic resources and structure work with large amounts of data. Professional development of library specialists in modern conditions also depends on the support of publishers.

Putting publication into practice: A summary of the impact of selected articles published in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Abstract This article introduces a special issue of Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC) whose contributions demonstrate examples of the practical impact of the authors' previous AQC articles on the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. The submitting authors of all articles published in AQC since 2009 were invited to express their interest in writing an article for the special issue. The 20 articles selected for publication discuss 33 AQC articles published from 2004 to 2019, spanning a wide range of geographical locations, habitat types, species groups, and impacts on aquatic conservation. The two impacts reported most frequently are ‘Undertaking practical management of habitats and species’ and ‘Establishing partnerships’, closely followed by ‘Restoring habitats/reintroducing or translocating species’. Many authors demonstrate the importance of their articles in raising awareness across an extensive range of organizations. Some impacts occur soon after publication (e.g. introduction of conservation guidelines), whereas others (e.g. influencing policy) take far longer. Authors report a wide range of methods for disseminating research results appropriate for different audiences, such as technical handbooks, seminars, magazine articles, media broadcasts, and field workshops. To assess whether ‘conventional’ measures of impact match authors' perceptions, three metrics were calculated for the 33 AQC articles discussed in this issue: the number of citations, the number of downloads, and the Altmetric Attention Score. These metrics were not significantly higher for the 33 articles than the corresponding median metrics of the articles in the issues in which the 33 were published. The goal of AQC is to continue to encourage scientists to recognize and promote the application of their research to practical conservation and management. Given the growing threats to aquatic ecosystems, much remains to be done to make this process even more effective.

The Degree of Applying of Standards of Total Quality Management in Jordanian Universities in the Light of the International Standards

This study aimed to know the degree of applying standards of total quality management in the Jordanian universities in the light of the international standards. The study population included all the heads of academic departments in the Jordanian universities for the academic year (2015/ 2016). The study sample has been chosen from the study population b using the stratified random method. To achieve the objectives study, the researcher developed the study tool that comprised the following domains: (vision, mission, objectives, operations management, continuous improvement, beneficiaries' satisfaction, evaluation), both the validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The researcher distributed the tool over the sample of the study and carried out the relative statistical processing. The results showed that the degree of applying the standards of total quality management in the Jordanian universities is medium, also it showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05= α) level attributed to (the gender, the specialization, and the years of experience). While as there are differences attributed to region variable, in favor the southern region. According to the results, the researcher recommended to hold training courses and field workshops in order to activate the standards of total quality management.

The Eurasian Dry Grassland Group – conserving grassland habitats in the Palaearctic region

Grassland ecosystems of Europe comprise a variety of mostly semi-natural habitats, which have developed over long periods of traditional land-use regimes, such as grazing and mowing, and they support a remarkable level of biodiversity. At some scales, the species diversity of these habitats is greater than that of tropical rain forests. Such valuable habitats are currently facing several threats, some natural but mostly anthropogenic, and many of them are threatened with extinction. The Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG, www.eddg.org) was established in 2008 by scientists, conservationists and others who are involved in the study and conservation of grassland habitats. The organization currently has 1299 members from a total of 64 countries. Since 2004, the EDGG has organized an annual scientific conference in different parts of Europe. Since 2009, the EDGG has also organized international field workshops to collect diversity data on the plant species composition of dry grasslands and related communities in understudied regions of the Palaearctic. These data are collated in the GrassPlot database and used as a resource for collaborative research. We hope to expand this initiative to also include data on arthropod taxa. The next EDGG conference will be held in Bilbao in 2020.

The Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) in 2018–2019

Abstract This report summarises the activities and achievements of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) from January 2018 through July 2019. During the reported period, two Eurasian Grassland Conference (EGCs) took place: the 15th EGC in Sulmona, Italy, and the 16th EGC in Graz, Austria. The 11th and 12th EDGG Field Workshops studied vegetation diversity patterns in the inner alpine valleys of Austria and Switzerland, while the 13th Field Workshop was organised in Armenia. The formerly electronic newsletter of EDGG (Bulletin of the Eurasian Dry Grassland) was transformed into a peer-reviewed international journal, called Palaearctic Grasslands, which now is attracting both scientific and photographic contributions. Furthermore, the EDGG homepage was re-constructed with a new design and content management system. The EDGG has also finalised two grassland-related Special Features during the past 1.5 years in the international journals Tuexenia and Hacquetia, and contributed with eight chapters to the book Grasslands of the World: Diversity, Management and Conservation. The vegetation-plot database GrassPlot, containing standardised multi-scale data from Palaearctic grasslands and closely connected with EDGG, has developed well, as did some other regional and national grassland-focused databases.

Linking the Gross National Happiness Concept to Smallholder Farm Level: An Empirical Application

This study aims to refine the gross national happiness (GNH) development concept of Bhutan at the farm level and to show the major temporal and spatial trends in the development of rural areas with differing agroecological conditions and adoption of cattle crossbreeding. The study areas (four localities) are described as extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, and intensive peri-urban. Technical, social, economic, and environmental data from 183 households in the study areas were collected in 2000, 2004, and 2015. Participatory methods were used to select from the collected data the most relevant issues and their corresponding indicators at the farm level. The issues identified during the field workshops conducted in the study areas could be grouped as social, economic, and environmental. Next, the indicators were aggregated into economic, social, and environmental indices. In 2000 and 2004, the intensive peri-urban area showed the highest performance in the economic and social indicators. Livestock farming, despite its potential for dairying, was prohibited in one of the localities in 2010 when the territorial coverage of the capital Thimpu expanded. On the other hand, the dynamics of the indicators in the other three localities indicated that the social and economic indices were highest in the intensive area, followed by the semi-intensive area, and lastly, by the extensive area. This could be because different crossbreeding techniques were implemented in these areas. In the period 2004–2015, the reference values of the social indices declined, which could be attributed to increased rural-urban migration and intensified farm labor shortages in the study areas. The environmental indices did not change much during the monitoring periods. In summary, this study presents a methodological approach for examining the GNH in Bhutan based on participatory identification of social, economic, and environmental issues and indicators along with the reference values for the selected indicators. Likewise, this study showed that an integral assessment can complement the implementation of the GNH philosophy in the rural areas of Bhutan.

EDGG Field Workshops 2019 – the international research expeditions to study grassland diversity across multiple scales and taxa: Call for participation

EDGG Field Workshops 2019 – the international research expeditions to study grassland diversity across multiple scales and taxa: Call for participation

EDGG Field Workshops 2019: Switzerland and Armenia Fist call

EDGG Field Workshops 2019: Switzerland and Armenia Fist call

Final Results and Recommendations of the Last 10 Years IGCP 572 and 630 Field Workshops in South Turkey, Oman, India (Kashmir) and Armenia

Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey (2009), in Oman (2010), as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir (India, 2014) and in Armenia (2017), I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past 10 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) microbialites and their ecosystems (including ostracodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades). The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonation. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist (thecamoebians) that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8–14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the longest record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more comprehensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.

Assessment of the possibility of carrying people inside military field workshops

Assessment of the possibility of carrying people inside military field workshops

IBS biennial meeting: abstract deadline is 10th October

Announcements ISSN 1948-6596 IBS biennial meeting: abstract deadline is 10 th October The 7 th Biennial Meeting will be held 8–12 th Janu- ary 2015 in Bayreuth Germany 1 . The local hosts at the University of Bayreuth and the program com- mittee are completing the details of the meeting as we approach the deadline for abstract submis- sion (10 th October); review of abstracts will begin shortly after that date. Also, remember that although the deadlines for early registration and student travel award applications were 30th September, you can still register (regular fee) and add or remove supple- mental activities (field trips and workshops). Field trip registration is open until 30 th November. Workshop registration will remain open until the workshops fill. The meeting The format of IBS’s biennial meetings is centered on four plenary symposia. At this meeting, we are introducing two minor variations to the original format of two days of plenary symposia followed by one day of contributed talks. First, we are breaking up the symposia to span all three days, so that on two days there will be a plenary sympo- sium in the morning, followed by contributed talks in the afternoon, and a poster session in the eve- ning. Second, prior to each poster session, and convened in the large auditorium, there will be one hour of “lightning talks” of about 40 rapid-fire presentations of the highlights of certain posters. If you wish to participate in this, select “poster with lightning talk” when submitting an abstract. We can accommodate only 40 such presentations each day. For the Bayreuth conference, IBS also has increased the capacity for oral contributed pres- entations (15 minutes in length), while maintain- ing only four concurrent sessions. Abstracts will be reviewed by small committees assigned to each of the disciplinary themes. These committees will make every attempt to achieve fair and quick de- cisions. For workshops, we recommend visiting the conference web pages for an updated description of the BioGeoBEARS workshop, which is on meth- ods and software for historical biogeographic analyses. Attendees of this workshop will learn how to build and test models in BioGeoBEARS, as well as necessary basic skills in R and statistical model choice. A second pre-conference workshop will fo- cus on the ‘next generation’ in species-distribution modelling. It will provide an introduction to emerging themes that represent current frontiers in SDM research. Theoretical overviews and prac- tical examples will be related to these emerging fields. Intense exercises will allow hands-on ex- perience with data and software and provide use- ful R scripts for future use. After the conference, on Monday 13 th a workshop is aiming to link the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2 (IPBES) and biogeography. IPBES participants will present insights into the first set of assessments to be presented and voted on during the same week at the plenary of IPBES-3, in Bonn. Structure, tasks, and perspectives of IPBES will be discussed. Upcoming calls for working groups will be pre- sented. Furthermore, the review process and the political nature of IPBES will be addressed. The fourth workshop is on the integrative analysis of spatial biodiversity data and the ‘Map of Life 3 . Participants will consider pitfalls of (and solutions for) spatial biodiversity data analysis in fields encompassing biodiversity and ecological informatics, species distribution modeling, species niche characterization, species richness analyses, trait biogeography, and conservation assess- ments. Particular emphasis will be given to occu- pancy-based and Bayesian models. New tools in the Map of Life infrastructure will be introduced. The surroundings The city of Bayreuth offers a setting of historical 1 http://www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/ibs2015/, last accessed 26/09/2014 2 http://www.ipbes.net/, last accessed 26/09/2014 3 http://www.mappinglife.org/, last accessed 26/09/2014 frontiers of biogeography 6.3, 2014 — © 2014 the authors; journal compilation © 2014 The International Biogeography Society

Application of magnetic susceptibility as a paleoclimatic proxy on Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and characterization of the magnetic signal – IGCP-580 projects and events

The International Geoscience Program project IGCP-580 (started in 2009), focuses on the application of magnetic susceptibility (MS) as a paleoclimatic proxy on Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and on the characterization of the magnetic susceptibility signal. Here we provide a summary of the scientific targets behind the project and a summary of the organized activities. This project concerns three main issues: the first one consists of compiling the available MS data from the different researchers and continuing the collection of new data (with a main focus on the Devonian). The second issue focuses on the identification of the nature and origin of the magnetic minerals carrying MS signal. The last issue concerns the application of MS as a correlation, cyclostratigraphic and paleoclimatic tool. The IGCP-580 community consists of 245 researchers, from 45 countries (including Kenya, Namibia, Vietnam, Iran, Uzbekistan, Algeria, Tunisia, Colombia, Nigeria, India, etc.). During the project, we organized five meetings (Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Austria, Canada), three special sessions in international meetings and eight field workshops, as well as various training sessions.

From the society: Plan now for the Miami 2013 conference

membership corner ISSN 1948‐6596 from the society Plan now for the Miami 2013 conference Registration is now open for the 6 th Biennial Con‐ ference of the International Biogeography Society (IBS) in Miami, Florida on 9‐13 January, 2013 1 . Lo‐ cated at the Kovens Conference Center at the Bis‐ cayne Bay campus of Florida International Univer‐ sity, we are preparing for what we hope will be the largest conference of the IBS. With the bulk of the planning now complete, we wish to share our excitement about the conference’s agenda, loca‐ tion, and associated activities. Highlighting the meeting will be the keynote address by the Alfred Russel Wallace Award win‐ ner, James H. Brown. Jim was the first President of the IBS. Jim also received a Lifetime Honorary Membership from the society in early 2012. The society will be presenting its new award, the Mac‐ Arthur & Wilson Award, to Miguel Araujo (see Frontiers of Biogeography 4.2 for short biogra‐ phies of the award winners). The plenary sympo‐ sia will span the gamut of subfields in biogeogra‐ phy across temporal scales, from paleontology to projected impacts of climate change and across taxonomic scales, from a focus on functional traits to entire biotas. In addition, this year we will dou‐ ble the number of contributed oral presentations, with four concurrent sessions on the third day of the conference. Posters will be highly visible, located in a long gallery and adjoining rooms running through the conference center. Posters will be organized thematically and two long poster‐viewing times per day will provide plenty of time for interaction. To facilitate attendance at posters, we are explor‐ ing a means by which poster presenters can invite conference attendees to their poster. At some point after registration closes, poster presenters will be able to view a list of all attendees and in‐ vite up to five people to their poster. The system will prevent any one person from receiving more than five invitations. Although this remains a ten‐ tative plan, we have witnessed its success at the 2013 Evolution meeting in Ottawa and we think it has great promise to enhance the IBS conference. January is peak tourist season in Miami. The conference hotel, the Newport Beachside Re‐ sort, is literally on the beach in the city of Sunny Isles Beach. Located halfway between Miami and Fort Lauderdale, the row of hotels has the official slogan of “Florida’s Riviera”. The hotel will be hosting the conference banquet and auction on the beach. During your time off, you can get about easily within the city using a free shuttle service within Sunny Isles Beach. We have ar‐ ranged competitive pricing at the conference ho‐ tel, with one price that covers breakfasts, a shut‐ tle for transportation to the meeting location, and taxes. Please see the conference “Travel & Ac‐ commodation” web page for important informa‐ tion on booking your room. The slate of field trips and workshops is also impressive. The field trips, which will be run both pre‐ and post‐conference, will focus on the nature of the greater Everglades National Park and nearby coastal habitats. In addition, one field trip tours the world‐class Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden. Please see the conference web site 1 for more information. Prior to the main meeting, we will offer five optional workshops, which will provide unique opportunities for training and professional growth. The “Biogeography of Stress” workshop will involve presentations and discussions on the geographic patterns and processes impacting stress, disease susceptibility, and genetic diversity in natural populations. Another half‐day work‐ shop will be a presentation and discussion of “Bayesian Statistical Analysis” with applications in ecology and biogeography. The full‐day “Biodiversity Informatics Tools” workshop will ad‐ dress how to tackle both conceptual and practical issues in dealing with massive quantities of bio‐ geographic data. Lastly, there are two workshops involving writing and presenting your research. The “Communicating Biogeography” workshop 1. Full details are available at http://www.biogeography.org/html/Meetings/2013/ © 2012 the authors; journal compilation © 2012 The International Biogeography Society — frontiers of biogeography 4.3, 2012

Managing tricky decentralised competencies: case study of a participatory modelling experiment on land use in the Lake Guiers area in Northern Senegal

We describe an action-research project whose objective was to help stakeholders at different organisational levels achieve sustainable land management by developing mediation models and tools. We chose to test a specific approach called companion modelling in the framework of a multidisciplinary research partnership and a formal local partnership (a ‘users committee’) involving an array of stakeholders at different organisational levels. The study area covers 10,000 km2 of agro-pastoral land around Lake Guiers in northern Senegal. We conducted studies to update the knowledge base of the area and organised six field workshops that clearly revealed three important tool functions to support decision-making on land use at different scales, i.e. understanding maps, monitoring and evaluating land tenure, and foreseeing changes in land use. We found that a toolbox approach was the best way to implement the three functions and overcome the constraints faced by the research team and those linked to the timing of the project. Therefore, we produced five simple complementary tools aimed at various users: a farm-level optimisation model (for researchers and technical services), a database for land allocations and a discussion tool to assess the impact of land allocation decisions (for the rural council), a paper atlas (for local players) and a regional land use change simulation model (for regional and national planners). Participants were able to work with paper maps, to interpret computer-generated simulations of land use change and understand the strengths and limitations of each. Self-assessment of the research process emphasised the importance of the context and the critical role played by social capital at both the research and the field level, which, in turn, emphasised the need for major improvements in the design and implementation of a quality process for participatory modelling. It turns out that action-research may be an effective way to undertake sustainability science.

Forest Values: A Framework for Old-Growth Forest with Implications for Other Forest Conditions

Old-growth forests (OGF) in North America have declined significantly since European colonization. Many conflicts about basic values over OGF harvesting have occurred in recent decades. Understanding these values is an im- portant component of addressing such situations. This paper is based on two studies of OGF values, which captured the range of existing values and the nuances that define them. Moyer conducted a narrative study with six leaders in Canada's forest sector. Owen conducted a series of nine one-day field workshops which included 76 participants representing citi- zen constituency groups in Nova Scotia. Insight gained from these two studies was used to build upon existing forest val- ues typologies to construct a forest values framework with some unique features. The framework provides opportunities for immediate use and future research.

Harnessing nature to improve sustainability

Harnessing nature to improve sustainability

The PABITRA Project: Island Landscapes Under Global Change

ABSTRACT The Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) is a network of the Ecosystem Division in the Pacific Science Association's Task Force on Biodiversity. The PABITRA project seeks to develop a network of ocean-to-mountain transects on islands across the Pacific to test hypotheses about biodiversity and promote sustainable use of island ecosystems under the influence of global change. A specific objective of PABITRA was to establish an ocean-to-mountain transect in Fiji with major involvement of the resident islanders. Along this transect, a number of biodiversity study sites were to be selected for further research. The transect was established during two consecutive field workshops, from 18 November to 3 December 2002. Involved were 25 University of the South Pacific (USP) students, eight local faculty including Fiji Government and nongovernmental organization officials, and seven overseas collaborators. The outcome was documented in a 69-page illustrated report issued by the USP Institute of App...

Terrestrial analogs to Mars: The NRC community decadal report

In 2001, the US National Research Council, at the request of NASA, initiated a broad community survey of the current state of solar system exploration seeking recommendations for the coming decade. One of the studies was on Terrestrial Analogs to Mars. It is well recognized that interpretations of Mars must begin with the Earth as a reference. The most successful comparisons have focused on understanding geologic processes on the Earth well enough to extrapolate to Mars’ environment. Over the next decade, we will be entering a new phase of Mars study as the era of reconnaissance global mapping is ending and we begin to focus on detailed analysis at the regional to outcrop level. Recommendations from the Terrestrial Analogs to Mars community panel included: process studies at analog sites, field workshops, instrument and operations tests, and laboratory measurements. Coordinated deployment of airborne, spaceborne, field instrumentation, and personnel to several sites to test instruments and technology intended for Mars and to provide data for ongoing studies of terrestrial geologic processes relevant to Mars was the most important area recommended for support. Field workshops should be continued and expanded and could also include operation of field instruments, modeled after the Marsokhod field tests at Silver Lake and this workshop. Laboratory studies are needed to determine more fully the physical, spectral, and electromagnetic characteristics of Mars analog materials. Data archives were recommended to collect, document, and make available via the Web existing terrestrial data relevant to Mars studies. The establishment of Mars analog sites would also support human exploration objectives and could be used for effective outreach to better engage the public in the exploration of Mars.