Mirogabalin is a newly developed gabapentinoid drug. Several in vivo and clinical studies have demonstrated the potent analgesic effects of mirogabalin in neuropathic pain. This study aims to investigate the impact of mirogabalin on visceral pain and inflammation. Adult male Balb/c mice (20-25 g) were used in the study (n=7). Mirogabalin was administered intraperitoneally at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses. Inflammatory visceral pain was induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid. The number of writhing was observed after acetic acid administration, and the effective dose of mirogabalin was determined. In the second phase of the study, the effects of mirogabalin on locomotor activity and leukocyte infiltration into peritoneal tissue were examined. IL-6, GSH levels, and SOD activity were investigated biochemically. Statistical analyses were performed in the GraphPad Prism (v8.0.1) program. Mirogabalin was significantly antinociceptive at all three doses (p<0.001). Histopathologic examination showed that the effective dose of mirogabalin decreased leukocyte infiltration into the peritoneum. Mirogabalin did not affect total distance moved and mean speed in the open field test. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IL-6, GSH levels, and SOD activity. Our results demonstrated a significant antinociceptive effect of mirogabalin against visceral pain. In addition, anti-inflammatory effects were revealed by decreasing leukocyte infiltration. However, the fact that mirogabalin did not alter antioxidant systems and IL-6 levels suggests that other mechanisms are responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects. Key words Mirogabalin " Pain " Inflammation " Visceral " GABA.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health issue leading to high mortality and disability. Activated astrocytes are one of the pivotal driving factors in the neuroinflammatory cascade following TBI. This study aims to investigate the role of esketamine on TBI and the underlying mechanism. Mice received a mouse weight-drop cortical impact or sham surgery and TBI mice were treated with either vehicle or esketamine at 2h post-injury for 7 consecutive days. The modified Neurological Severity Scoring system, Rotarod test, Open Field test and Novel Object Recognition test were used to assess the neurological function after TBI. And cortical tissues surrounding focal trauma were obtained for Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA assay and western blotting. In vitro, astrocytes were induced with LPS, followed by the addition of esketamine to the culture medium. After a 24h exposure, the astrocytes were collected for CCK-8 assay, qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and Co-IP analysis. Esketamine dramatically improved the neurological outcome of mice and reduced neuronal cell death (P < 0.05) and neuroinflammation after TBI. Its anti-inflammatory benefits stem from its ability to suppress astrocyte activation (P < 0.05), inhibit pro-inflammatory A1 astrocyte differentiation (P < 0.01), and promote the formation of protective A2 astrocytes (P < 0.01). Esketamine exerts its effects by inhibiting the METTL5/c-Myc/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Esketamine can effectively alleviate activated astrocytes and promote the polarization of activated astrocytes toward A2 following TBI by inhibiting the METTL5/c-Myc/PD-L1, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

NMDA receptor hypofunction can lead to behavioral and cognitive disturbances, including hyperlocomotion, and is considered a core pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. This study examined whether treatment with the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 (1 and 2 mg/kg) could counteract such disruptions induced by the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). Rats were tested under two conditions: an aversive learning task (active place avoidance on a rotating arena) and a non-aversive open field test. Additionally, local field potentials were recorded from the medial prefrontal cortex during the open field test and later under urethane anesthesia. Contrary to expectations, LY379268 did not consistently alleviate MK-801-induced impairments. In the aversive learning context, the combination of MK-801 with LY379268 (2 mg/kg) paradoxically led to exacerbated hyperlocomotion and impaired navigational performance. In contrast, the 1 mg/kg dose of LY379268 had a modest beneficial effect in the non-aversive setting, slightly reducing MK-801-induced hyperactivity. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that MK-801, alone or in combination with LY379268 (1 mg/kg), disrupted theta-high gamma phase-amplitude coupling in the open field test, indicating impaired neural processing. Under anesthesia, MK-801 increased low gamma power. LY379268 did not reverse this alteration. These findings highlight the task- and dose-dependent nature of LY379268's effects. While it offered limited improvement in a non-aversive environment, it failed to mitigate and sometimes exacerbated deficits in more challenging, aversive tasks. This complexity underscores the need for further research to refine the therapeutic potential of mGlu2/3 modulation in conditions associated with glutamatergic dysfunction. Key words MK-801 " LY379268 " Electrophysiology " Medial prefrontal cortex " Hyperlocomotion.

The purpose of this paper is to assess driving safety in non-professional drivers who have moderate to severe glaucoma. Cross-sectional analytical study. It is a hospital-based study conducted in a multispecialty tertiary care institute. Fifty-five patients (110 eyes) above 40 years of age with moderate to severe glaucoma as per Hodapp-Anderson-Parrish classification, having a valid driving license (for at least one year). Enrollees underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment along with contrast sensitivity (CS) testing with Pelli-Robson chart and binocular field testing with Esterman visual field test (EVFT). The driving habits questionnaire was administered, and driving eligibility was compared to international guidelines. Patients having moderate to severe glaucoma as well as poor CS experience significant driving-related difficulties, have reduced driving space, and are more dependent on others for mobility. The mean age (years) was 61.42 ± 10.17 with a significant male preponderance (98.2%). The study population included 47.3% moderate and 52.7% advanced glaucoma patients. Twenty-two patients (40%) had CS less than 2.00 in their worse eye (mean: 1.93; Standard deviation (SD): 0.27; range: 1.4-2.3), out of which five had moderate glaucoma and seventeen had severe glaucoma. Only two patients with advanced glaucoma had CS <1.5 (visual impairment). Around half of the participants (30/55; 54.5%) passed the EVFT. The driving dependency score (mean ± SD) was 1.78 ± 0.92 (range: 1.0-3.0), driving difficulty score (mean ± SD) was 69.38 ± 20.43 (range: 0-100), and driving space score (mean ± SD) was 3.15 ± 0.85 (range: 0-6). Patients with moderate to advanced glaucoma with reduced CS face significant difficulties while driving. It is necessary to establish precise rules regarding vision standards for driving license issues and renewal in India so that motor vehicle accidents can be prevented due to vision-related impairments.

Cardiac morphologic changes induced by a 10-week water treadmill training for show jumping horses: a preliminary evaluation.

Bi-allelic Variants in AP5Z1 and AP5B1 lead to retinal degeneration.

This study investigates premature detonation failures in an 82 mm grenade fuze using a multiscale framework combining fault tracing, time-frequency analysis, finite element simulation, and modal testing. After eliminating software, hardware, and environmental pathways through fault tree analysis, structural dynamic anomalies were identified as the primary failure mechanism. Time-frequency analysis revealed failures occurring between 34.59 and 35.17 seconds, coinciding with the turbine generator's excitation band of 1160–1240 Hz. Simulations predicted a local bending modal frequency of 1216 Hz, validated experimentally at 1204.10 Hz (0.98% deviation). The third-order mode showed high sensitivity to assembly parameters, with frequency variations reaching 271.5 Hz. A dual-side washer configuration shifted the modal frequency to 985.9 Hz and reduced response amplitudes by 56.44%. Optimized wave springs stabilized frequencies between 987.2 and 1064.6 Hz with 39.39% additional amplitude reduction. Field testing of 40 units validated the "stiffness regulation–interface dissipation" strategy

Agricultural soil fertility is a key determinant of crop productivity and long-term sustainability. However, intensive farming practices often require repeated passes of heavy machinery, which can lead to soil compaction. This study examines the interplay between tractor traffic, tire inflation pressure, and their effects on soil physical properties and fertility indicators. Tire pressure management emerges as a crucial mitigation strategy: high inflation pressures concentrate the load and exacerbate subsoil compaction, whereas reduced pressures (within safe limits) enlarge the tire–soil contact area, distributing the vehicle’s weight more evenly. This in turn improves traction, lowers ground pressure, and reduces energy losses. As a result, both the depth and severity of soil compaction are reduced. Further advances may be achieved through innovative tires manufactured with eco-sustainable materials and tread patterns specifically designed to enhance traction and minimize slippage-related energy loss. In this context, CREA conducted comparative field tests on two tractor tire models from the same manufacturer: a conventional design and an evolved version featuring an innovative tread and larger footprint. The trials assessed the impact of each tire on soil compaction, traction performance, and energy efficiency. Tests were performed on a silty-clay agricultural soil naturally settled for a year, using a dynamometric vehicle to apply different controlled traction force levels, combined with two inflation pressure settings. To highlight performance differences between the two models, the tractor was rear-ballasted, and the study focused on the rear axle, which carried most of the traction stress. Results indicated that, under the specific test conditions, at high inflation pressure both tires performed similarly (with the innovative model slightly reducing fuel use and the conventional yielding marginally higher maximum tractive force), whereas at low pressure the innovative tire clearly outperformed the traditional model in traction efficiency and caused less soil compaction. The extent of the benefits associated with using the innovative tire model across various soil conditions, moisture levels, and in the absence of rear ballasting will be evaluated in further tests based on traction force control using the proposed testing system.

A double-layer pervious concrete composite structure incorporating recycled fine aggregates derived from construction waste was developed to advance ecological slope protection performance. Single-factor experimental investigations on single-layer pervious concrete examined the effects of recycled fine aggregate replacement ratios (0–60%) and water–cement ratios (0.27–0.39) on material properties. The experimental results established 0.36 as the optimal water–cement ratio, while a 45% replacement ratio achieved an effective balance between permeability and compressive strength. Subsequently, parametric studies on double-layer composite concrete evaluated paste-to-coarse aggregate ratios ranging from 0.3 to 0.55. A paste-to-coarse aggregate ratio of 0.45 yielded optimal compressive strength while preserving favorable permeability characteristics, thereby achieving an effective balance between hydraulic and mechanical performance. Field tests of slope protection demonstrated that the double-layer configuration exhibited superior water retention capacity within the planting layer, while the fine particle layer effectively attenuated infiltration rates. Interlayer capillary mechanisms facilitated vertical moisture redistribution, ensuring equilibrated moisture distribution across soil strata. These findings provide a theoretical framework and experimental validation for implementing recycled fine aggregates in sustainable ecological slope protection engineering.

Practical development of terahertz technology requires higher power radiation sources. The sheet electron beam vacuum device is an effective solution of increasing the output power of terahertz radiation sources, but faces the difficulty of stable transmission of the beam. In this paper, a compact quadrupole permanent magnet (QPM) focusing system for terahertz sheet beam devices is designed, and a practical focusing system is constructed into a prototype for beam transmission verification. In the experiment, 16 pieces of high-performance NdFeB permanent magnets were adopted with a total weight of about 10 kg. The magnetic field test of the system was carried out and the results show that the system can provide a uniform high-intensity magnetic field of over 0.95 T within an axial length of 20 mm. With the tested QPM magnetic field configuration, PIC simulation of the sheet beam transmission was implemented, indicating that a sheet electron beam with a 20 kV voltage and 15 mA current can travel through a beam tunnel of a cross-section 0.1 mm × 0.05 mm, with a transmission ratio of 98.5%.

Purpose: Older Hispanic adults (OHAs) in the United States are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs), driven by factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and socioeconomic disparities. To support this population, culturally grounded and linguistically appropriate tools are essential for delivering effective risk reduction interventions. The Functional External Memory Aid Tool (FEMAT) is a performance-based measure used to assess compensatory strategies in daily life to guide person-centered cognitive treatment planning. This study describes the cultural and linguistic adaptation of the FEMAT-English-US, Version 2.0 into FEMAT-Spanish-US for Spanish-speaking OHAs. Method: A six-stage cross-cultural adaptation process was followed: preparation, forward adaptation of source to target, back adaptation from target to source, committee review, field testing, and final review. Adaptations focused on cultural relevance, dialect neutrality, idiomatic equivalence, and address formality. Acceptability and feasibility were measured using Spanish versions of the Acceptance and Feasibility of Intervention Measures. Results: Adaptations included modifying daily activities, translating content into dialect-neutral Spanish, substituting culturally familiar names, and translating idioms. Field testing with participants ( M age = 67 years; eight females, two males) from diverse Hispanic backgrounds demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility. Participant feedback affirmed the tool's clarity and usability. Conclusions: The FEMAT-Spanish-US v2.0 is a culturally and linguistically adapted tool for evaluating external memory aid use in Spanish-speaking OHAs. It supports person-centered cognitive intervention and addresses equity in ADRD care. The adaptation framework offers a model example for tailoring clinical tools across languages and cultures. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31431379

Abstract Nowadays, excavation accidents frequently happen when building or maintaining pipelines, leading to many injuries and financial losses. Understanding the location and direction of underground pipelines is essential for preventing excavation accidents, which can be achieved by underground pipeline detection. The detection has been facilitated by the development of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), which offers the advantages of high detection accuracy and good environmental adaptability. This study proposes an integrated workflow utilizing GPR B-scans to achieve three-dimensional mapping of underground pipes. The workflow includes data preprocessing, automatic hyperbola extraction for wave velocity estimation, f-k migration for image reconstruction, and RANSAC-based linear fitting to realize high-precision mapping. Notably, an iterative survey line orientation correction mechanism is incorporated to eliminate errors caused by non-orthogonal scanning, ensuring adaptability to field blind detection scenarios. Through simulation and field tests on non-metallic pipelines under various conditions, the viability and efficacy of the proposed method have been confirmed. According to the experimental results, this algorithm can more clearly display the location, burial depth, and direction of pipelines in 3D images, with an average positioning error of less than 0.05 m and iterative correction convergence within 3 iterations. This can provide strong technical support for the installation and maintenance of underground non-metallic pipelines, thereby reducing the risk of excavation accidents.

This study aimed to investigate the role of various plant extracts: Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and cold and hot aqueous fruit extracts of the Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach L.), referred to as A1, A2, A3 respectively, besides the control treatment A0 at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 mg L-1, for controlling the fungus F. semitectum. Based on preliminary screening, effective concentrations were identified, namely 1000, 2000 and 1500 mg L-1 for A1, A2 and A3 respectively, which resulted in 100 % inhibition of fungal growth. These were then used for conducting a field test experiment and laboratory test to study the effect of soaking seeds using various combinations of A0, A1, A2, A3. Four experiments were conducted on the germination and emergence of maize seeds in a media with fungus culture. Results showed that neem leaf extract at a concentration of 1000 mg L-1 and the aqueous extracts of Chinaberry fruits at a concentration of 1500–2500 mg L-1 completely inhibited the growth of the fungus. Moreover, Neem treatment alone A1 showed better results over the control treatment in both in vitro germination (87.50 %) and emergence (80.25 %). Interaction A1×A2 showed maximum strength of germination (1135), emergence length (6.72 cm), maximum dry weight of sprouting (0.0517g), suggestive of a synergistic effect of the compounds in A1 and A2. These observations reiterate that Neem and Safflower leaf extracts could be utilized effectively in promoting healthy seed life with reduced possibilities of seed diseases, besides being eco-friendly substitutes for poisonous pesticides.

Background Press needle therapy, may alleviate depressive-like behaviors. Methods Male rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8): Normal control group (CON), Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress(CUMS) group (CUMS), Press-needle group (PN), and Fluoxetine group (FLX). A depressive-like model was established by the CUMS paradigm for 28 consecutive days. Body weights were recorded at baseline and on Days 7, 14, and 28. Behavioral assessments were conducted, including: open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Protein expression levels of BDNF, CREB, TrkB, AKT, PKA, 5-HT1A receptor, and 5-HT2C receptor in hippocampal tissues were quantified by Western blot analysis. Concurrently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured the concentrations of PI3K and AKT in hippocampal homogenates, and IL-6 and TNF-α in both hippocampal homogenates and serum samples. Hippocampal mRNA expression levels of 5-HTT, 5-HT1A receptor, TrkB, MAPK, and BDNF were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). For morphological assessment, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed on paraffin-embedded hippocampal sections. Results Press-needle ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats, restored body weight gain and improved behavioral performance. The treatment upregulated the hippocampal BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway, increasing BDNF, TrkB, CREB, AKT, and PI3K in the hippocampus. The therapy modulated serotonergic neurotransmission by increasing hippocampal 5-HTT expression, while downregulating 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors and PKA. Notably, press-needle exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effects, reducing hippocampal and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Histopathological analysis confirmed its neuroprotective efficacy, demonstrating attenuated neuronal damage in hippocampal tissues.

Tourism 4.0 integrates Industry 4.0 technologies into tourism services to enhance visitor experiences and improve destination management. This study presents the design, implementation, and pilot validation of an integrated IoT–Augmented Reality (IoT–AR) cyber-physical urban node developed for smart tourism infrastructure in Baños de Agua Santa, Ecuador. The system combines distributed environmental sensing, LoRa-based communication, edge-level preprocessing, cloud data management via RESTful services, and immersive visualization through a cross-platform augmented reality mobile interface. The development followed the TDDM4IoTS methodology, adapted into five phases covering requirements analysis, technological design, modeling, validation, and deployment. The architecture supports contextual real-time information delivery while maintaining low power consumption and robustness under heterogeneous connectivity conditions. Field tests confirmed stable communication between sensor nodes and the gateway, as well as reliable AR marker recognition under varying light and distance conditions. Usability evaluation using the System Usability Scale (SUS) yielded a mean score of 84.38, classified as excellent, with high internal consistency (α ≈ 0.89). The results demonstrate technical feasibility and strong user acceptance, providing a scalable and replicable model for interactive IoT–AR urban systems in smart tourism environments.

Current antidepressants targeting neurotransmitters often fail to alleviate symptoms. Alternative hypotheses suggest inflammation may trigger an alternative route that converts tryptophan into kynurenine, reducing the bioavailability of tryptophan to synthesize serotonin while producing neuroactive metabolites such as quinolinic acid (QUINA, excitotoxic) and kynurenic acid (KYNA, neuroprotective). This study evaluates the effects on these systems of a specific strain of Ligilactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), identified in the Spanish Type Culture Collection as CECT 30632, in a preclinical model depression. Male Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into control (CT) and chronic mild stress (CMS) groups, treated with either vehicle or L. salivarius CECT 30632 for four weeks, starting one week before CMS exposure. Behavioral assessments, including the splash test (ST) and open field test (OF), were conducted. Biochemical analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, and frontal cortex (FC) samples assessed antioxidant markers phospho-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (p-Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), as well as tryptophan metabolites. In the ST, L. salivarius CECT 30,632 reduced latency to groom, indicating improved anhedonia and self-care, while no changes were observed in the OF test. CMS reduced p-Nrf2 and GPx1 expression in PBMCs, which was restored by L. salivarius CECT 30,632. This bacterium also reduced the QUINA/KYNA ratio in plasma and FC, suggesting a lower excitotoxicity risk. Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 30632 improved behavioral outcomes, enhanced antioxidant defenses, and modulated tryptophan metabolism in a rat model of CMS. These findings support its potential as a probiotic intervention for depression.

Traditional timber-framed buildings in Southwest China hold international recognition for their historical, cultural, artistic, and social value, yet their physical performance adequacy for modern living remains unexamined. Field tests on Miao dwellings in Jidao Village, Guizhou, characterized wall sound insulation and assessed contemporary suitability. Key results indicate: Newly "L-shaped" dwellings exhibited optimal wall insulation. Critical frequencies in modern walls aligned with experimental ranges, traditional walls showed lower experimental than theoretical values. Traditional exterior wall insulation increased with enclosure ("U-shaped" courtyard > "L-shaped" > "linear layout", Max≈2dB), while internal walls showed no significant differences. Enclosed layouts attenuated noise transmission, enhancing overall insulation. Traditional and newly "Linear-type" dwellings showed comparable performance, but new "L-shaped" dwellings with double-layer timber and embedded rock wool (30mm) outperformed others by 8-14dB. Exterior and bedroom walls critically influenced overall insulation, directly impacting daily life. Enhancing insulation while preserving ethnic features is essential.

Rationale:White dot syndromes include multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), which are rarely reported to coexist or occur sequentially in a single eye. The co-occurrence increases diagnostic complexity, and there are no previous reports of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to PIC following the resolution of MEWDS. This case report aims to supplement clinical evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of such sequential ocular diseases.Patient concerns:A 42-year-old healthy female presented with blurred vision in her right eye for 3 days initially; 2 months later, her right eye vision worsened further, and 2.5 months after that, she developed blurred vision again with decreased visual acuity.Diagnoses:At the first visit, the patient was diagnosed with MEWDS in her right eye based on fundus examination, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, visual field test, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. Two months later, she was diagnosed with PIC in the same eye due to new peripapillary yellow-white lesions and corresponding OCT changes. Another 2.5 months later, she was diagnosed with CNV secondary to PIC based on subretinal hemorrhage, abnormal vascular flow on OCT angiography, and fundus fluorescein angiography confirmation.Interventions:No treatment was given at the initial diagnosis of MEWDS. After the diagnosis of PIC, the patient received oral prednisone (1 mg/kg per day for 5 days, followed by gradual reduction over 6–8 weeks). For CNV secondary to PIC, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy (Ranibizumab, 0.5 mg/0.1 mL, once a month, twice in total) was administered.Outcomes:After 2 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, the best-corrected visual acuity of the patient’s right eye improved to 20/20, fundic hemorrhage resolved, and OCT demonstrated complete resolution of CNV. During 2 years of follow-up, no recurrence of CNV or PIC was observed, and best-corrected visual acuity remained stable at 20/20.Lessons:MEWDS and PIC may share common etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms. PIC may develop sequentially after MEWDS in the same eye, and CNV may be a complication of PIC. A combination of oral corticosteroid therapy for PIC and timely intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for secondary CNV can achieve favorable long-term clinical outcomes. Regular follow-up is necessary for patients with MEWDS to monitor for potential progression to PIC and CNV.

The aims of this study are the following: To examine whether field tests predict cardiorespiratory fitness in people with coronary heart disease (CHD) and to determine if heart rate (HR) agreement between the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) and field tests is sufficient for prescribing exercise intensity. Participants randomly completed field tests and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Linear regression models were developed to predict VT1. Agreement between predicted and measured peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) as well as field test terminal HR and HR at VT1 (VT1HR) was assessed using Pearson correlations, Bland–Altman analyses, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and standard error of estimate (SEE). Agreement between predicted and measured V̇O2peak was modest (Pearson’s r = 0.27–0.77; Lin’s CCC = 0.132–0.735; MAPE = 16.1–30.1%; SEE = 4.7–6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1). Agreement between field test terminal HR and VT1HR was moderate (Pearson’s r = 0.50–0.67; Lin’s CCC = 0.36–0.68; MAPE = 8.9–13.7%; SEE = 11.9–18.7 bpm; Bland–Altman 95%LOA = −3.5 to 13.7 bpm). Field tests demonstrated variable accuracy for predicting V̇O2peak, with none meeting predefined agreement criteria. Regression models indicate field tests can estimate VT1; however, levels of HR agreement indicate CPET is necessary for prescribing exercise intensity.

Structural displacement monitoring is an essential component of structural health monitoring of bridges, providing valuable information for performance evaluation, numerical model validation, and damage detection. While conventional contact-based sensors provide high accuracy, their installation is often complex, costly, and disruptive to traffic. Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms and vision-based measurement techniques offer a flexible, non-contact alternative; however, platform motion remains a major source of uncertainty. This study evaluates the accuracy and operational feasibility of UAV-based homography for static and dynamic displacement monitoring. The proposed approach is validated through three complementary experimental campaigns: a controlled calibration field test, a beam static load test, and bridge monitoring under traffic loading, with direct comparison to LVDT and RTS measurements. Under controlled conditions, sub-millimetre vertical precision was achieved, with RMSE values below 0.3 mm. In full-scale bridge applications, the method captured traffic-induced displacement trends with errors generally within 1-2 mm compared to LVDT data and with RMSE values below 1.4 mm. The results demonstrate that, when appropriate reference point configuration and imaging geometry are ensured, UAV-based homography provides a practical and sufficiently accurate solution for bridge displacement monitoring which is especially important in applications where sensor installation is difficult or unsafe.