Ethnomycology, a specialized branch of ethnobotany, explores the dynamic relationships between humans and fungi, with particular emphasis on their roles in traditional and alternative medicine, food, rituals, and ecological stewardship. Among indigenous communities, fungi have long held a place not only as a food source but also as potent agents in folk healing systems, natural therapies, and preventive care. Despite their cultural and medicinal importance, these knowledge systems remain under-documented and increasingly vulnerable to erosion due to modernization, loss of oral traditions, and habitat degradation. This study investigates the ethnomycological practices of the Kani settlement at Chemmankala in the Peppara Forest Range of Kerala, with a focus on fungal diversity, classification, and utilization. Field surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with local informants to document fungal species, collection methods, preparation techniques, and perceived therapeutic and nutritional benefits. Particular attention was paid to fungi traditionally used in healing practices, wound care, immunity boosting, and dietary regulation. Specimens were collected and identified through both morphological and microscopic analyses, and their ethnomedical applications cross-referenced with existing scientific literature and pharmacological databases. The findings reveal a rich tapestry of culinary, medicinal, and ecological uses of fungi among the Kani people and underscore deeply rooted traditional conservation ethics that promote sustainable harvesting and habitat care. This study not only contributes to the ethnomycological literature but also reinforces the urgent need to preserve indigenous medical knowledge systems, support biocultural diversity, and promote the integration of traditional health wisdom into broader frameworks of alternative medicine and holistic health.

Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, continues to be one of the most devastating diseases of rice and poses a significant threat to crop productivity in the Kuttanad lowland ecosystem of Kerala. To understand the spatial pattern of disease occurrence and its association with microclimatic variables, a field survey was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024–2025 across twenty-one major rice-growing locations. Disease incidence (DI) and Percent Disease Index (PDI) were recorded from randomly selected ten one square meter quadrats in each field. Substantial spatial variation was observed among locations, with DI ranging from 14.57% to 66.42% and PDI from 10.53% to 64.41%, the higher disease level occurring at Kaduthuruthy, Kainakary and Purakkad. Correlation analysis revealed that relative humidity and dew point temperature were strongly and positively associated with DI and PDI, indicating their critical role in promoting conidial germination and infection. Maximum temperature showed a significant negative correlation, signifying its suppressive effect on disease development. Although rainfall was not significantly correlated with DI and PDI, descriptive observations indicated moderate rainfall tended to support higher disease levels compared to extremely low or excessive rainfall, suggesting that rainfall acts mainly as a moisture-supporting factor, and its influence becomes evident only when accompanied by favourable humidity and temperature. The study highlights that the humid microclimate of the Kuttanad tract, characterised by high relative humidity, favourable dew point and moderate temperatures, creates highly conducive environments for blast epidemics during the Rabi season.

Purpose Time theft is a widespread and costly workplace deviant behavior. Based on social information processing theory, the authors build a multilevel model to explore when and how team-level high involvement work systems (HIWSs) could effectively reduce time theft behavior. Specifically, this study aims to propose that HIWSs relate to employee time theft through the mediating effect of psychological empowerment and the moderating role of team-level organizational identification. Design/methodology/approach Through a three-wave field survey, this study successfully collected data from 396 employees and their 87 direct supervisors working in different industries in an eastern province of China. Findings The results suggest that HIWSs reduce employee time theft via psychological empowerment, and team-level organizational identification strengthens the indirect effect. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by introducing HIWSs as a human resource management-related antecedent of time theft. It also identifies psychological empowerment as a key mediator that links HIWSs to employee time theft and reveals the moderating role of organizational identification in the relationship.

Coastal areas represent a dynamic and productive intersection between land and sea, characterized by unique ecosystems such as estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. However, these areas face significant environmental challenges, including silting, climate change, land subsidence, and pollution, exacerbated by human activities like resource extraction and industrial development. Despite the abundant natural resources, many fishers struggle with low income due to factors such as poor fishing technology, environmental degradation, and climate variability. The research aims to analyzing the Socio-Economic Ethnography of Tambakbulusan, 2). Investigating coastal vulnerability in Tambak Bulusan, 3). Explore the adaptation and mitigation in dealing with the vulnerability of resources and communities in coastal areas, 4). Formulate adaptive strategies through a co-management approach.. This study location in Tambakbulusan Village, Demak Regency. Using a mixed-method approach, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 57 small-scale fishers through field surveys and interviews. The findings highlight that sensitivity is the highest indicator that causes vulnerability. Its needed for sustainable coastal management practices and co-management strategies to improve the adaptive capacity of fishers and enhance their livelihoods in the face of environmental and economic uncertainties.

Chemical warfare among marine sessile organisms remains poorly understood. Chemical defense in calcareous-shelled organisms in particular has been largely neglected, yet this may be important in spatial dominance of crowded intertidal ecosystems. Using field survey data, spatial competition in intertidal zones between two calcareous-shelled sessile species are discovered, the barnacle Balanus albicostatus and the mussel Vignadula atrata. Using chemical analysis and bioassays, it is found that B. albicostatus releases chemical cues with inhibitory activity against the attachment of V. atrata. This allelochemical is identified as a blend of palmitic acid (PA) and 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) in a synergistic and unique ratio (1:1.92). This mixture of PA and PGPC synergistically reduced byssus thread production, adhesive plaque area and adhesion force of mussel foot proteins (MFPs) in V. atrata. Further analysis showed that this mixture down-regulated expression of the genes associated with byssus formation and adhesion (PreCol-NG, MFP2, MFP11, Tyr, BPP4, and PPO) and led to a lower activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase essential to mussel attachment, implying an underlying mechanism by which allelochemicals inhibit mussel attachment. This underlines the importance of allelopathy in interspecies competition between calcareous-shelled sessile organisms and provides information which may be useful for developing novel biofouling control systems.

With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), agricultural monitoring has developed into a new phase of innovation providing remedies to precision farming. The common traditional agricultural methods are based on manual inspection and few observations on the ground using sensors that may be inaccurate and time-consuming. New technologies such as drones and AI provide us with an opening of large scale, early detection, but most systems currently only seek pests or diseases and are usually specific to a single type of crop in controlled laboratory conditions. Drone-operated AI system, which combines RGB and, where feasible, multispectral cameras and a YOLOv8 pipeline to detect pests and crop diseases simultaneously across a variety of crops. We are developing it to be used in the real world: we load in data fields, laboratories, and the internet, perform preprocessing, transfer learning, and make the inference to be lightweight enough to execute on edge computers. The introduction of agricultural monitoring systems based on the use of UAVs builds on the peculiarities of quadcopters and fixed-wing UAVs. Quadcopters are used when conducting detailed field surveys or spot checks, allowing high-resolution imaging to be used in order to complete precise inspections, whereas fixed-wing UAVs are used when it comes to covering extensive areas and long-range capabilities. These UAVs can gather extensive data and conduct biological and chemical analyses due to sophisticated IoT devices and sensors, such as multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, GPS modules, and real-time communication tools. Our hybrid machine learning model (HMLM) has more accuracy and predictive capabilities, with an amazing score of 98.74 and hence, our machine learning model is doing the right job of 98.74 accurate classification and thereby yielding high accurate yields by predicting crop management. This research will contribute to the sustainability of agricultural practices as well as yield protection by providing timely, precise and scalable detection. The model proposed can potentially enable farmers with action-oriented insights, losses can be alleviated, and food security objectives can be achieved in areas where there are high susceptibility rates to pests and diseases.

Rural buildings in northwestern Hunan face multiple challenges in achieving a green and low-carbon transition, including fragile ecological environments, limited access to resources, and strong cultural preservation demands-rendering existing urban-based green building strategies largely inapplicable. To address these issues, this study develops an integrated evaluation framework combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), aiming to facilitate the green transformation of rural architecture in the region. Based on field surveys and simulation modeling of 24 sample buildings, findings indicate that carbon emissions across the building lifecycle are predominantly concentrated in the material production and operational phases, jointly accounting for over 85% of total emissions. Among the three building types, traditional timber dwellings exhibit the lowest total carbon footprint (34,875.5-47,184.0 kg CO₂-eq), followed by modern energy-efficient houses (91,284.0-117,908.5 kg CO₂-eq), while brick-timber hybrid structures show the highest emissions (99,300.0-139,020.0 kg CO₂-eq). AHP-based weight analysis identifies "Resource Efficiency" and "Environmental Livability" as the two most influential dimensions, with a combined weight of 0.699, underscoring their pivotal role in shaping green performance. Accordingly, the study proposes differentiated low-carbon optimization pathways: traditional buildings should focus on utilizing locally sourced low-carbon materials and passive ventilation strategies; modern structures should prioritize operational energy efficiency; and brick-timber hybrids require targeted energy retrofit interventions. The results validate the scientific robustness of the LCA-AHP hybrid model and enhance its regional applicability through localized parameter adjustments, offering a quantitative foundation and optimized pathway for advancing sustainable rural building design in ecologically sensitive areas.

The present study “Fish Diversity of Champabati River in Bongaigaon district with special reference to ornamental fish” was carried out with an objective to investigate the fish diversity especially ornamental fish diversity in the river Champabati of the district Bongaigaon, Assam. To facilitate the research objective, the tributary was divided into three different stations at regular distance. Field surveys were conducted from May, 2022 to June, 2023. For catching the fishes mainly cast net, floating gill net, boat seine, rod and hook line, etc were used. A total of 453 Number of fishes were collected, among which 218 number of fish were form Station I, 155 number of fishes were from station II and 80 number of fishes were from Station III. Altogether 36 Ornamental Fish species belonging to 09 orders and 19 families were observed in the study area. Among the total fish species, Cyprinidae family constitutes the largest group consisting of 13 species, followed by family Channidae consisting 03 species. The highest frequency occurrence of order Cypriniformes was 41.22% and of family Cyprinidae was 36.11%. The most common fish species found in all station were Puntius sophore, Glossogobius guiris, Aspidoparia morar, Trichogaster fasciata, Puntius titco, Labeo bata, Amblypharyngodon mola, Cirrhinus reba etc.

The interaction between host microbiomes, pathogen diversity, and environmental stress is a critical but understudied mechanism shaping disease outcomes in marine foundation species. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) suffering from wasting disease, caused by the protist Labyrinthula zosterae, offers a powerful system with which to probe this interaction. We conducted complementary laboratory experimentation and field surveys to examine three main questions: (1) whether thermal stress compromises the eelgrass microbiome and exacerbates disease outcomes; (2) whether different isolates of L. zosterae differ in virulence and their effects on the host microbiome; and (3) whether laboratory-derived microbiome signatures of heat stress correspond with those observed in the field. In the lab, we exposed eelgrass pieces to two temperature regimes (11°C vs. 19°C) and inoculated with two L. zosterae strains. We tracked lesion development, pathogen load via qPCR, and epiphytic microbiome dynamics via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In parallel, we tagged and sampled intact intertidal eelgrass in situ at Fourth of July Beach, San Juan Island, Washington, before and after a three-day heat stress event, tracking tissue damage, growth, and microbiome dynamics. In the lab, elevated temperature significantly heightened wasting disease severity across both pathogen isolates, with no significant difference in virulence between them. High temperatures in the lab also led to more pronounced diseased-induced microbiome dysbiosis: community composition shifted, and a greater number of microbial taxa changed in abundance relative to controls, including Colwelliaceae. Both lab and field heat stress decreased microbiome diversity with intertidal eelgrass experiencing extensive tissue damage and reduced growth. Warming accelerates wasting disease progression in Z. marina by some combination of microbiome disruption, enhanced pathogen virulence, or compromised host defenses. Although pathogen strain identity had limited influence, temperature emerged as a dominant driver of both disease outcomes and microbiome shifts. While temperature stress in the lab and field was not comparable in duration and intensity, we show consistent trends towards microbiome dysbiosis characterized by changes in diversity and taxon abundance. Exploring the four-way interaction among host, microbiome, pathogen, and environment promises deeper insights for forecasting disease outbreaks and bolstering resilience in eelgrass ecosystems.

A science undergraduate research experience can benefit students in a number of ways—students learn first-hand about the process of science, develop critical thinking skills, and begin to identify as a scientist—which can increase retention in science careers. The actual value of an undergraduate research experience depends on a number of factors including the length of the research, the student’s ability to understand the conceptual basis of the project, and the type of mentoring. Faculty-mentored undergraduate research is common at small liberal-arts institutions. These same institutions often have little funding for research, leading to budgetary constraints. The grass fungal endophyte study system between Epichloë and tall fescue will be used to assist students to understand research methodology and processes at a small liberal-arts college where all biology undergraduates complete at least one semester of research. Examples will be provided of student projects to illustrate the utility of this study system to provide undergraduates, who have different levels of preparation and engagement, a successful research experience. The projects have focused on the ecology of the symbiosis and include the use of detection and culturing techniques, feeding assays, field surveys, greenhouse experiments, artificial infections, and the development and application of a novel bioassay. Results of student research, including a recent experiment supporting the ability of a brine shrimp bioassay to detect differences in the mammalian toxicity of wild-type common-toxic and selected commercial Epichloë endophytes of tall fescue will be highlighted. Mentored students often publish and/or present their research—providing the opportunity for them to more fully participate in the process of science. This study system works well for undergraduate research because the projects can be conducted relatively inexpensively, the techniques are accessible, and the conceptual framework to understand the basics of this symbiosis is within reach of undergraduate students.

Although the rare plant Cotoneaster integerrimus is distributed across Eurasia, ecological information on its isolated populations at the easternmost range limit in Korea has been entirely lacking. This study was conducted to (1) characterize the environmental characteristics of the habitat of Korean C. integerrimus populations and (2) predict potential habitats via a simple species distribution model (SDM) based on ridge logistic regression and presence–background data, providing a foundation for effective conservation strategies. To this end, we analyzed habitat type, topography, and light conditions through field surveys and combined these data with an SDM fitted to six known occurrences on limestone ridges. Results revealed a clear ecological divergence; the Korean population is biased toward partial shade and north-facing slopes within the forest understory, in contrast to European populations inhabiting open, rocky sites. This distribution pattern is interpreted as a local adaptive strategy that reduces exposure to hot and humid summer conditions. Furthermore, a unique morphological trait not reported in European populations was identified: dense persistent hairs that remain until seed maturity. The SDM analysis showed moderate discrimination (training AUC = 0.784) and indicated that high elevation and ridge topography (Topographical Position Index, TPI) acted as key habitat factors, whereas annual mean temperature was the strongest limiting factor. Mapping the upper decile (top 10%) of predicted suitability within the limestone belt highlighted a small, spatially restricted set of high-elevation ridges as candidate microrefugia and survey priorities. This study suggests that the Korean C. integerrimus population may have undergone local adaptation due to isolation. Furthermore, this population is considered both a Geographical Peripheral Population (GPP) and a glacial relict, and is assessed to be vulnerable to climate change. Given that the SDM is based on only six occurrences and shows variable performance among spatial folds, all spatial predictions and variable effects should be regarded as exploratory and spatially conservative rather than as definitive habitat projections. These findings, therefore, support the urgent need to establish in situ and ex situ conservation strategies that preserve this geographically peripheral population as an irreplaceable component of the species’ genetic diversity.

This paper aims to reflect on the current state of digital transformation in Turkish agriculture and to evaluate the ICT data published by the Turkish Statistical Institute and the Agricultural Outlook Field Surveys published by the Credit Registry Office. One of the important objectives of this study is to measure the level of digital literacy among farmers and to identify the needs and opportunities in this area for agricultural enterprises and present them to relevant stakeholders. In addition, the article discusses the development of digital technologies in agriculture, barriers to the use of ICT, activities, and ongoing initiatives related to the use of ICT. As a result, Turkey has made significant progress in digitalization in the agricultural sector in recent years, with higher-income agricultural enterprises tending to use more ICT. The main barriers to ICT utilization are farmers' technology acceptance dynamics, lack of ICT knowledge, and technology cost. With 91% of farmers owning smartphones and 85% using the internet—numbers that continue to rise—increasing digital literacy enables agricultural enterprises to develop products and services that support participation, efficiency, and sustainability. The most common uses of ICT by farmers are 78% agricultural weather/meteorological information services, 66% agricultural news, and 34% crop/input prices. Digital services that farmers may be interested in, in addition to the existing ones are 35% satellite monitoring of their land, 35% asking agricultural questions via mobile/internet, 17% information about diseases and pests, and 11% agricultural technologies. The integration of young people in the agricultural sector offers an excellent opportunity for the effective use of agricultural technologies. Digitalization of agriculture will ensure global food security, environmental sustainability, combating climate change, creating a more efficient and sustainable agricultural system, as well as economic gain and competitive advantage.

Faunal habitat selection, or the disproportionate use of available resources, is closely linked to habitat composition and configuration across a seascape. However, the drivers of habitat selection operate across multiple scales and require a hierarchical approach to study. This study combines acoustic telemetry, field survey data, remote sensing, and machine learning to investigate the multi-scale (seascape and patch) habitat selection of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, USA. Spotted seatrout responded to both scales, as there were three patch-scale (Halodule cover, standard deviation of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) cover, and SAV species richness) and one seascape-scale (patch density) predictor in the top four. However, responses were scale-specific, exhibiting logistic responses to seascape-level variables and optimal (specific-range) responses to patch-level characteristics. This study highlights the importance of investigating habitat selection across multiple scales as climate change alters not only species ranges, but local seascapes as well.

Agricultural bio-inputs represent one of the primary alternatives for reducing the use of agrochemicals, as biological engineering offers promising solutions through the use of microorganisms for biological control of pests and diseases, and also reducing the use of fertilizers, using microorganisms that fix biological nitrogen and solubilize nutrients. This study identifies the biological solutions currently available on the market for the main agricultural practices employed in soybean farming, which is the leading agricultural commodity produced in Brazil. Additionally, the study evaluates the adoption levels of these biological alternatives among a sample of 72 farmers from two regions surrounding the city of Brasilia, Brazil. The data were collected from official databases and field surveys conducted with soybean farmers. The findings revealed that 1325 biological technologies are already available in Brazil for nine of the ten main agricultural practices used in soybean farming. Adoption rates among farmers were 41.7% for phosphorus biosolubilizers, 50% for Bacillus thuringiensis and 44.4% for baculoviruses, both used as bioinsecticides, reaching up to 88.9% for bionematicides. Notably, there were significant differences in adoption levels between the two regions analyzed. This study revealed that 82.8% of companies with registered biological products in Brazil were predominantly Brazilian-owned by December 2024, showing that bio-input technology is available, with capital for investment and support for innovation. Bio-inputs already constitute a viable pathway toward more sustainable soybean farming and represent a strategic sector for the advancement of sustainable bioresource engineering in Brazil.

The urban street environment strongly influences pedestrian satisfaction, with visual perception elements playing a pivotal role. Historic districts serve not only as carriers of urban culture but also as key tourism resources, where spatial quality directly shapes visitor experience and city image. This study takes the Shenyang Fangcheng historic district as a case, combining field surveys and questionnaires to gather pedestrian satisfaction data, while applying semantic segmentation of street imagery to quantify visual elements. Using correlation analysis and multiple regression models, the research systematically reveals relationships and mechanisms linking visual elements with pedestrian satisfaction. Results show that an increase in landmark buildings and landscape features enhances legibility and attractiveness; optimizing spatial configuration improves openness and walking comfort; and reducing vehicle presence strengthens perceived safety and overall experiential quality. By integrating subjective perceptions with objective visual indicators, this study offers empirical evidence and methodological innovation to support enhancement of walkability and promote human-centered street design in historic districts.

Abstract Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri , is a major global pest because it is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal citrus disease. Following the detection of D. citri in Cyprus in 2023, the first record of this pest in the European Union, a classical biological control program targeting this pest was initiated in spring 2024 using the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata imported from California, USA. During field surveys in summer 2024, parasitized D. citri nymphs were found both in release and non-release orchards. T. radiata was recovered from release sites, confirming its establishment. In contrast, parasitism in non-release orchards suggested the presence of native or unintentionally introduced parasitoids, or a rapid spread of T. radiata into new areas. To determine the identity of parasitoids associated with D. citri in Cyprus, an integrative approach was adopted combining field observations, molecular analyses of the COI gene, and morphological analyses. T. radiata recovered from Cyprus field sites matched reference sequences of parasitoids from California. However, other specimens were genetically and morphologically distinct and represented a new species. The new species is described here as Tamarixia citricola Hansson and Guerrieri sp. nov. Taxonomic diagnoses and characters for separating both Tamarixia species associated with D. citri are provided. Results presented here indicate the coexistence of both T. radiata (introduced) and T. citricola (likely autochthonous) in Cyprus citrus orchards. This finding has important implications for future biological control strategies and quarantine measures for D. citri in the Mediterranean basin.

Albania is considered endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE). Recent data on prevalence and incidence of CE in Europe suggests that the Balkan region is the epicentre of this neglected parasitic disease in Europe. In Albania, a retrospective study has estimated a mean incidence of 1.49 cases/100,000 people. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CE in eight municipalities across the country. We enrolled participants aged >5 years in an ultrasound (US)-based screening for CE in 23 villages in eight municipalities from three prefectures. Participants were enrolled in the study after signing an informed consent and underwent a complete abdominal US. CE cysts were classified according to the WHO-IWGE ultrasound classification. A total of 3,710 participants were included in the study, of whom 2,685 (72.4%) were female. The median age of participants was 55 years (interquartile range, 42-64). Six confirmed CE cases were identified by US with cysts in the liver (1 CE2, 2 CE3a, 1 CE4 and 2 CE5). The crude prevalence of CE detected by US was 0.16% (95% CI 0.06-0.35), with a standardized prevalence of 0.11% (95% CI 0.02-0.21) according to the reference rural population 2023 in Albania. We calculated that the number of individuals who might currently be infected with CE in the rural area of this country was 908 (95% CI 138-1,678). This was the first population-based US field survey on CE conducted in Albania. Our screening yielded a lower prevalence than expected. However, the presence of active cysts points to ongoing transmission. Our study had several limitations including the use of a convenience sample that limited the attendance of males and children. In the future, surveillance activities for CE should be strengthened in Albania to better characterize the epidemiology of the disease.

Monitoring the rehabilitation of mined lands and forest restoration is often limited by high costs and labor-intensive field surveys. This study evaluated the potential of spectral diversity to estimate the Restoration Index (RI), a metric that integrates structural and compositional vegetation attributes to indicate the degree of ecological recovery in areas undergoing rehabilitation or restoration. The analyses included plots representing different stages of recovery from four compensation and three rehabilitation areas in Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Different measures of spectral diversity (richness, Shannon index, Rao’s Q, and functional composition indices) were computed from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery using BiodivMapR package in R software, and correlations and linear regressions with the RI were tested. Among the spectral metrics tested, spectral Shannon diversity and spectral richness showed the strongest correlations with the restoration index. A regression model estimated that each 1% increase in the RI corresponds to a 0.0198 increase in spectral richness, with a predicted value of 2.29 at 70% restoration index, providing a useful benchmark for restoration assessment. Two areas were field-surveyed twice, and although spectral richness does not show significant increases between inventories, successional differences along the chronosequences were well covered in datasets from all inventories. Spectral diversity computed from images from different months correlates moderately, suggesting the robustness of spectral diversity metrics across seasons. Thus, our results demonstrate that spectral diversity offers a scalable, cost-effective, and transparent tool for reproducible restoration monitoring at landscape scales.

Effects of precipitation on rhizobacterial communities during plant growth: field and greenhouse experiments.

The current stage of cadastral development is characterized by a large-scale digital transformation aimed at increasing the efficiency, accuracy, and transparency of processes. The automation of cadastral processes spans all phases, from field surveys to government reporting, through the use of specialized software, precision equipment, and digital documentation systems. A central achievement of this shift is the development of integrated data management systems like the EGRN. These systems have successfully cut processing times and minimized errors in cadastral documentation. Prospects for development lie in the integration of artificial intelligence for spatial data analysis, blockchain for ensuring data reliability, and the creation of comprehensive monitoring systems. Despite shortcomings such as the high cost of equipment and the need for personnel training, automation forms the foundation for the transition to a fundamentally new, digital model of land management.