Field-scale Implementation Research Articles

Conventional versus electrical enhanced oil recovery: a review

This paper presents a critical and an analytical view of some unconventional EOR techniques. This includes microwave heating, ultrasonic stimulations, direct current heating and induction heating. It also demonstrates that for some specific reservoirs scenarios, some of these unconventional techniques may provide more efficient results, in terms of recovery rate, over conventional techniques in some specific reservoir scenarios. It also discusses two widely investigated electrical techniques, i.e. microwave heating and ultrasonic stimulations and provides two practical setups for field scale implementation. Different conventional and electrical EOR techniques are also compared in terms of their application suitability and limitations.

Formation of slot cut for creating free face in solid limestone bench: A case study

The present case study pertains to the generation of free face in a solid bench of a limestone quarry located in the Philippines. Due to certain unavoidable operational circumstances, the bench was devoid of free face. Notwithstanding, it was essential to exploit the high grade limestone from the given bench. Given this, a suitable firing pattern was designed for the said bench to form a 75m long and 15m wide opening slot cut. The field scale implementation of the designed firing pattern was conducted methodically to generate the opening slot and provide a free face for the subsequent blasting operation on the bench for regular production of limestone. State-of-art digital image analysis of the blasted muck in conjunction with excavator cycle time observation, boulder count and measurement of throw were deployed to evaluate the efficacy of the designed firing pattern at pilot as well as full-scale blast. The designed firing pattern yielded satisfactory fragmentation results.

Transport and attenuation of metal(loid)s in mine tailings amended with organic carbon: Column experiments

A laboratory-scale column experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic carbon amendments on the mobility of As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn in mine tailings. Three columns were packed with sulfide- and carbonate-rich tailings, which were amended with a 1:1 (vol.) mixture of peat and spent brewing grain at proportions of 0, 2 and 5 vol. %. A simulated input solution characterized by circumneutral pH and elevated concentrations of SO 4 and S 2O 3 was passed through the columns for 540 days. The input solution contained low concentrations of metal(loid)s during the initial 300 days and elevated concentrations thereafter. Decreases in mass transport of S 2O 3 were observed in all columns; with increased attenuation observed at 5 vol. % organic carbon content. Removal of Mn, Ni, Cu, Sb and Mo was observed in all columns during the initial 300 days. However, during this time, mobilization of Fe, As, Zn and Pb was observed, with the greatest increases in concentration observed at the higher organic carbon content. During the final 240 days, S 2O 3 removal was enhanced in columns containing organic carbon, and Fe, Mn, Ni, Tl, As and Sb removal also was observed. This study demonstrates the influence of organic carbon amendments on metal(loid) mobility in mine tailings. Decreases in mass discharge of metal(loid)s may be achieved using this technique; however, site-specific geochemical conditions must be considered before field-scale implementation.

Strategy for Complete Nitrogen Removal in Bioreactor Landfills

Waste acclimation and batch microcosm studies containing digested municipal solid waste were conducted at different temperatures (22, 35, and 45°C ) and gas-phase oxygen concentrations (0.7–100%, by volume) to provide guidance for field-scale implementation of in situ nitrogen removal processes. Results demonstrate that in situ ammonia–nitrogen is feasible in decomposed aerated solid waste environments at the gas-phase oxygen concentrations and temperatures evaluated and the potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in field-scale bioreactor landfills is significant due to the presence of both aerobic and anoxic areas. Small amounts of oxygen were found sufficient for nitrification/ammonia removal to proceed, although removal rates increase with oxygen concentration. Laboratory results suggest field-scale implementation of in situ nitrogen removal occur in small dedicated treatment zones containing previously degraded waste (later in the life of a bioreactor landfill). Model simulations...

Study of the VAPEX Process in Fractured Physical Systems Using Different Solvent Mixtures

In this work, the vapour extraction (VAPEX) process is studied experimentally in a rectangular physical model at moderate-high pressure. The solvent was either pure propane or a mixture of propane/methane with different compositions. The solvent and carrier gas were totally mixed before injection, so that a solvent with the desired composition flowed through the injector during experiments, and the solvent mixture was in thermodynamic equilibrium before injection into VAPEX cell. Effects of pressure and composition of solvent were studied. Results showed that at a fixed pressure, the process is more effective with pure solvent compared to the use of solvent mixtures. The main feature of this work is that heavy oil recovery is improved as the approach pressure, defined as the (saturation) pressure minus operating pressure, decreases regardless of solvent composition or operating pressure. These results provide insight into proper field scale implementation of the VAPEX process.

In situ ammonia removal in bioreactor landfill leachate

Although bioreactor landfills have many advantages associated with them, challenges remain, including the persistence of NH 3-N in the leachate. Because NH 3-N is both persistent and toxic, it will likely influence when the landfill is biologically stable and when post-closure monitoring may end. An in situ nitrogen removal technique would be advantageous. Recent studies have shown the efficacy of such processes; however, they are lacking the data required to enable adequate implementation at field-scale bioreactor landfills. Research was conducted to evaluate the kinetics of in situ ammonia removal in both acclimated and unacclimated wastes to aid in developing guidance for field-scale implementation. Results demonstrate that in situ nitrification is feasible in an aerated solid waste environment and that the potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (even under low biodegradable C:N conditions) in field-scale bioreactor landfills is significant due to the presence of both aerobic and anoxic areas. All rate data fit well to Monod kinetics, with specific rates of removal of 0.196 and 0.117 mg N/day-g dry waste and half-saturation constants of 59.6 and 147 mg N/L for acclimated and unacclimated wastes, respectively. Although specific rates of ammonia removal in the unacclimated waste are lower than in the acclimated waste, a relatively quick start-up of ammonia removal was observed in the unacclimated waste. Using the removal rate expressions developed will allow for estimation of the treatment times and volumes necessary to remove NH 3-N from recirculated landfill leachate.

Hydrogeologic modeling for permeable reactive barriers

The permeable reactive barrier technology for in situ treatment of chlorinated solvents and other groundwater contaminants is becoming increasingly popular. Field scale implementation of this and other in situ technologies requires careful design based on the site-specific hydrogeology and contaminant plume characteristics. Groundwater flow modeling is an important tool in understanding the hydraulic behavior of the site and optimizing the reactive barrier design. A combination of groundwater flow modeling and particle tracking techniques was used to illustrate the effect of hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and reactive media on key permeable barrier design parameters, such as the capture zone width, residence time, flow velocity, and discharge. Similar techniques were used to illustrate the modeling approach for design of different configurations of reactive barriers in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings.