Lagerstroemia minuticarpa Debb. ex P. C. Kanjilal is a deciduous tree listed as a nationally protected wild plant (level II) in China. The complete chloroplast genome of L. minuticarpa was sequenced using the DNBSEQ-T7 platform. The genome is 152,183 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,009 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 16,924 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,625 bp each. It contains 133 genes in total, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 37.31%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 39 chloroplast genomes revealed that L. minuticarpa forms an independent lineage nested within the genus Lagerstroemia. Additionally, pairwise alignment identified ten highly variable chloroplast loci (including both coding and intergenic regions) with elevated parsimony-informative sites, which hold promise as specific DNA barcodes for species identification in Lagerstroemia. These data enrich the genetic knowledge of Lagerstroemia species in the Lythraceae family and provide a basis for further research in molecular identification, genetic breeding, and other related fields.

The sensory biology of mosquito gustation.

Despite growing recognition that changes in the unregulated drug supply are central drivers of drug-related morbidity and mortality, there is little consensus on how population-level drug supply data are, or should be, incorporated into health outcomes research. This scoping review aims to describe the role unregulated drug supply data play in health outcomes research in the substance use field. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Europe PubMed Central, and relevant published conference abstracts on May 28, 2025. Studies must have incorporated population-level or ecological measures of the unregulated drug supply (ie, non-pharmaceutical) as an independent variable and report either individual-level or population-level health outcomes, including but not limited to drug poisonings (ie, overdose), mortality (drug-related or all-cause), hospitalizations, and emergency department visits. Of the 31 included studies, 26 were conducted in the United States and five in Canada. Drug supply data were used in multiple analytic roles, including as primary variables and as covariates (or predictors) of health outcomes. These data were derived from four distinct sources: law enforcement seizures (n=25), drug checking services (n=2), hospital or clinic urinalysis results (n=3), or postmortem toxicology results (n=3). Most studies assessed the impact of drug supply metrics on drug toxicity (overdose) counts or rates within a given region (n=27). We found that population-level drug supply data demonstrates predictive capacity for health outcomes and may represent an underutilized confounding factor in policy evaluation. However, their incorporation into health research remains inconsistent and conceptually fragmented.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms of impaired social communication and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior. Physical exercise therapy (PET), as a non-pharmacological intervention, has seen increasing application and research in the ASD field. Although multiple systematic reviews have examined the efficacy of PET interventions for ASD and associated factors, a scoping review is still needed to systematically analyze existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, thereby identifying current research gaps. This study will be based on the scoping-review methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley in 2005 and the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. The search will cover four databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (Wiley), screening systematic reviews published in English from database inception through December 2025. The study will include systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials and observational studies (with or without meta-analysis). Two reviewers will independently perform literature screening and data extraction. All eligible articles will be evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Tabulated data will be summarized through quantitative analysis, with qualitative synthesis conducted using narrative methods. This scoping review will highlight the evidence needed to guide decision-making for PET interventions in individuals with ASD. Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JVM4H).

1- Introduction,1-1 T-Consciousness and the New Science of Sciencefact,1-2 Methodology of T-Consciousness Fields Research, 1-3 Study phases in Sciencefact,1-4 Using Faradarmani Consciousness Field

Pain has been a constant companion of humankind since the dawn of time. As a sensory perception, it is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon and an integral part of human life. It is always a personal experience influenced by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors. Since pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is always associated with an emotional component. In addition to being personal, it is also a multifaceted experience, and its perception and awareness change throughout a person’s life. Pain can lead to impulsive behavior, affecting decision-making and self-control. As a universal and complex phenomenon in the animal world, it has fascinated scientists, clinicians, and philosophers for centuries. It goes beyond simple sensory perception and encompasses a multidimensional experience that includes not only the recognition of harmful stimuli but also cognitive and behavioral responses. This multifaceted nature of pain makes it a subject of great interest and research in various fields, including neurology, psychology, and clinical medicine.

This study, based on the background of China's urbanization process, focuses on the issue of women's safety perception in public Spaces. Taking Shanghai as the research case, through the combination of questionnaire survey and qualitative analysis, this paper systematically explores the sense of security experienced by women in different types of public Spaces including streets, parks and public transportation stops. The research analyzes the key elements that influence women's perception of safety from two dimensions: environmental factors and personal factors. This research also uses theories from multiple disciplines such as feminist geography and environmental psychology to deeply interpret the construction relationship between gender and spatial power. Through this research the aim is to make up for the current situation of insufficient research in related fields in China, and hope to give some advice.

Protein expression is an important aspect of synthetic biology, where host selection critically impacts the production efficiency. Vibrio natriegens (V. natriegens) has emerged as a promising prokaryotic host due to its exceptionally rapid growth rate and broad substrate metabolic spectrum. Benefiting from the advances in annotation on microbial genomes and metabolic pathways, as well as the development of molecular biology tools, continuous progress has been made in bioproduction using V. natriegens. In this Perspective, we provide a systematic introduction of the basic biological properties of V. natriegens and present the engineered V. natriegens chassis which are currently used for protein expression. We summarize the latest synthetic biology components and genetic tools specifically designed for the modification of V. natriegens. Especially, we focus on the most recent study and application achievements of V. natriegens in in vivo and in vitro protein expression, which has received limited attention in previous reviews. This review aims to present researchers with a comprehensive overview of using V. natriegens for protein expression, highlight its advantages and application prospects, and present some challenges and future perspectives in this field, so as to promote wider research in the synthetic biology field.

Background: Sexual health research with migrant and refugee communities presents unique challenges, shaped by cultural sensitivities, stigma, and the under-representation of these populations in health research. However, lived experiences insights are essential for the development of appropriate and useful research and health initiatives. It is important to learn from researchers' experiences to expand the representation of migrant and refugee community voices. Method: This paper draws on two qualitative studies conducted in South Australia: one exploring the sexual and reproductive health perspectives of refugee and migrant women, and the other of men. We reflect upon the methodological and ethical considerations in conducting research in this sensitive field and provide recommendations for future researchers and healthcare providers when working with migrant and refugee communities. Results: Both studies encountered difficulties in relation to participant recruitment, cross-cultural communication, and addressing taboos surrounding sexual health. At the same time, they highlighted opportunities for generating meaningful insights through culturally safe, gender-sensitive approaches and collaboration with community stakeholders. Conclusions: By synthesising experiences from both projects, we identify practical strategies for building trust, overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers, and creating supportive environments for discussing sensitive topics. These reflections offer guidance for researchers and clinicians aiming to advance culturally responsive sexual health research and strengthen healthcare provision for migrant and refugee populations.

The recently approved haemophilia A and B gene therapies via adeno-associated virus (AAV) showed a promising therapeutic response after a single injection, but there are still limitations, including the potential loss of transgene expression and restriction in adults. Conversely, genome editing by precise gene correction or targeted transgene insertion could be translated to children and even neonates. Pioneer studies with Zinc-Finger nucleases (ZFN) driving homologous directed repair (HDR) established the proof of concept for in vivo targeted integration. The advent of the much more versatile CRISPR-Cas9 technology boosted research in the haemophilia field, and preclinical data demonstrated that targeted gene insertion of the F8/F9 coding sequence, can represent a durable therapy both in adults and neonates. Although with modest efficiency, the effect can be boosted by exploitation of the hyperactive FIXPadua and/or integration at a "smart" target locus of a highly expressed liver-specific gene such as Albumin (Phase 1/2 trial). Moreover, targeted insertion has been achieved at the CCR5 locus to insert the FIXPadua via HDR in B lymphocytes, and this promising ex-vivo gene therapy entered a Phase 1/2 trial. Base and prime editors have also been successfully exploited in cellular models to precisely correct gene defects but their translational potential is limited by the many diverse haemophilia-causing genetic variants that need to be addressed. As these technologies mature, rigorous long-term follow-up and safety monitoring will be essential to offer patients a definitive cure for haemophilia.

Styrene epoxidation to afford its epoxides shows a promising approach for value-added chemicals construction. By virtue of Ni-modified AlOOH nanoflowers as starting materials, secondary adsorption and thermal treatment transform the composite into Co/Cu coupled with NiO-modified Al2O3 nanoflowers. The results indicate that the Ni-modification improves the structural properties of AlOOH and regulates the morphology, while calcination treatment contributes to the surface area enlargement and hierarchical pore structure formation, which benefits the diffusion and accessibility of reactant molecules approaching reactive sites. The secondary introduced metal, including Cu/Co, affords a well-dispersed state close to the in situ formed NiO over the Al2O3 nanoflowers. It was found that the Co-modified catalyst Al2O3(Ni)-Cu exhibited the highest styrene conversion rate and styrene oxide selectivity compared to the Co-modified Al2O3(Ni)-Co and Al2O3(Ni). In addition, Al2O3(Ni)-Cu further showcases the great potential in the selective benzene oxidation to benzoquinone, in which benzene conversion reaches 60% at 10 h, and the benzoquinone selectivity was more than 90%, with near 1448 μmol yield. This finding indicates that copper and nickel species exert synergistic effects by electronic interactions between bimetals to influence the generation of final products, which provides valuable references for further research in related fields. This article is part of the theme issue 'Surfaces, interfaces and heterogeneous catalysis'.

Research methodology is a scientific investigation of principles, procedures, and strategies in conducting research in different fields. It is defined as a step-by-step, rational process and is employed in solving a research problem. A good researcher must be aware of the methods of research or the techniques for research, and they should also know the methodological context within which the techniques are being used. A researcher must be able to construct indices or statistical tests, to compute measures such as the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, or chi-square, or to carry out some research methods. And a researcher must be positioned such that they can determine which of these methods are applicable in a specific setting, what those implications are, and why they have to be employed. This study aims to explore research methodology by examining its underlying principles, procedures, and strategies used in conducting systematic and scientific research. This study is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data collected from books, journals, and academic sources. This paper explores qualitative and quantitative approaches, research design, hypothesis formulation, and data analysis techniques, emphasizing methodological appropriateness and reliability. The study concludes that researchers must be aware of the assumptions that underlie various techniques and the criteria for deciding which methods are suitable for a particular research problem. This underscores the necessity of designing a methodology that is specifically tailored to the research problem at hand, as methodological requirements may vary across different problems.

Chitin-based hydrogels have emerged as a versatile and sustainable material with significant potential in biomedical, environmental, and energy applications. Derived from the abundant biopolymer chitin, these hydrogels exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review highlights advances in chitin-based hydrogels, focusing on solvent systems, crosslinking strategies, and structural modifications to enhance mechanical strength, swelling, and stimuli responsiveness. Key applications include wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and environmental remediation, where their high-water retention, enzymatic degradability, and eco-friendly nature are particularly advantageous. Furthermore, innovations such as nanoparticle incorporation and chemical derivatization (e.g., carboxymethylation, hydroxypropylation) have expanded their utility in energy devices and smart sensors. Despite these advances, challenges remain in optimizing the energy efficiency of production methods for industrial scalability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of chitin-based hydrogels, offering insights into future directions for research and development in this promising field.

Drug resistant bacterial infections pose a serious threat to human life and health, and have become some of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thanks to its remarkable advantages including high efficiency, spatiotemporal controllability, non-invasiveness, low resistance development, and broad-spectrum activity, phototherapy based on photo-antimicrobials has great potential for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections. Ru(II) complexes represent the most extensively studied class of antibacterial photosensitizers, combining superior photophysical and photochemical properties with ease of synthesis. This paper firstly introduces the photophysical properties of Ru(II) complexes. Furthermore, the development of complexes with diverse structures and their light-mediated antibacterial activities as well as antibacterial mechanisms of action are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of Ru(II) complexes in antibacterial phototherapy applications are discussed, providing a valuable reference for future research in related fields.

Individuals with high self-efficacy are more likely to improve their performance and achieve challenging goals. Self-efficacy emerges as a pivotal factor influencing the performance and success of pharmacists in their professional practice. The present study aimed to explore the self-efficacy levels of the pharmacy workforce in Jordan and identify the factors influencing their self-efficacy. An analytical cross-sectional study involving 641 pharmacists was conducted. The General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) was employed to evaluate perceived self-efficacy. Data analysis included T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a multiple comparison test with post hoc analysis. The overall self-efficacy level among pharmacists was found to be 75%. Significant differences in self-efficacy were observed between pharmacists who underwent developmental training and those who did not (F=3.24, P=0.04). Moreover, substantial variations in self-efficacy were identified in relation to career development (F=7.41, P<0.001) and monthly income (F=4.22, P<0.002). The multiple comparison test indicated that pharmacists with over 10 years of experience exhibited significantly higher self-efficacy levels compared to those with 1-3 years of experience (P=0.019). This study revealed that Jordanian pharmacists possess a 75% level of self-efficacy. Significantly, differences in self-efficacy were associated with career development, economic status, and participation in developmental training. Recommended approach to enhance self-efficacy level include university curriculum, academic training, and raising awareness about the importance of self-efficacy. Furthermore, additional research in the same field is warranted to deepen our understanding of factors affect the level of self-efficacy.

Research on domestic and gender-based violence is vital for informing policy, shaping interventions and driving social change. However, conducting research in this sensitive field carries significant emotional, professional and ethical challenges that remain underexplored. This article offers a reflective methodological contribution, examining the personal and structural costs of researching domestic violence and other sensitive topics in academia. Drawing on autoethnographic material, we analyse three interrelated dimensions of being affected: the personal dimension – the direct toll and emotional costs on ourselves; the academic dimension – researchers’ position and possibility of addressing and utilising emotions in academia; and the political dimension – the moral responsibility of doing justice to participants’ experiences. These dimensions reflect the researcher as a human being, an academic and a responsible citizen. While situated in gender-based violence research, our reflections speak to all scholars engaged in emotionally demanding inquiry. We argue that transparency, reflexivity and recognition of the emotional impact are central to ethical research and essential for the sustainability of knowledge production in this and other sensitive fields. By highlighting the often-overlooked burdens on researchers, this article calls for academic structures that better support scholars working with violence, trauma and injustice – ensuring that research not only persists but flourishes.

To address the low accuracy and poor robustness of anomaly detection for planetary gear trains under asymmetric sample conditions, this paper proposes a generalized generative adversarial network (GGAN) method. The proposed approach integrates a generative adversarial network, an autoencoder, and a contrastive learning mechanism. By leveraging a multi-scale discriminator and a residual network to extract nonlinear feature discrepancies, and combining kernel density estimation to quantify anomaly probabilities, it significantly improves anomaly detection accuracy. Building on the GGAN-based anomaly detection method, a three-stage anomaly evaluation framework is developed. In the normal operation stage, the initial detection model is trained using only normal samples. In the early degradation stage, the detection threshold and model parameters are refined using a limited number of anomalous samples. In the severe degradation stage, multi-scenario data fusion and similarity analysis are incorporated to achieve robust evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide theoretical support and practical reference for research and applications in related fields.

This interview focuses on the academic journey, research achievements, and insights of Manuel Castells across various fields. His academic trajectory spans multiple locations and disciplines. He initially studied economics and law before shifting to sociology. His research on the development of the internet has evolved through three stages: initially, he explored societal transformation driven by technological revolution; subsequently, he analyzed the internet and related enterprises; more recently, he has focused on the political changes brought about by the internet, including social movements, political processes, and the impact of social networks on society. Through his trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture , he proposed the theory of the network society, arguing that globalization is a network of networks, that power relations within the network society are complex and hierarchical, that power and networks are intertwined, and that identity remains of crucial significance in the network society. In addition, he elaborated on his views regarding issues such as the governance of super network platforms, the application of artificial intelligence in warfare, and the China–U.S. tech rivalry, providing diverse perspectives and theoretical references for research in related fields.

This paper explores the growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in early childhood education (ECE), emphasizing the crucial yet often disregarded role of parents and families. With AI technologies increasingly integrated into educational environments, including households, understanding parental AI literacy is essential for shaping children's learning experiences and developmental outcomes. The review commences by analyzing the current AI applications in ECE, classifying them into six main categories: interactive AI, generative AI, AI prediction, AI literacy, AI-driven personalized learning, and affective AI. Despite the various advantages these advancements offer, they also pose challenges such as potentially worsening digital disparities, concerns regarding data privacy, and ethical dilemmas. The concept of parental mediation in the context of AI technologies is central to the discussion. The review underscores the influence of parents' socioeconomic status, cultural background, age, and educational level on their mediation strategies, which may vary from restrictive to supportive approaches. The effectiveness of parental mediation is intricately linked to parents' AI literacy levels, underscoring the importance of improving parental knowledge and skills in this area. Then this paper presents a novel conceptual framework for parental AI literacy, which encompasses three core dimensions: AI knowledge (evaluation), AI skills (use and guidance), and AI attitudes (understanding). This framework establishes a theoretical foundation for future research by providing a comprehensive model designed explicitly for the family context within early childhood education (ECE). This review synthesizes existing literature and proposes new conceptual models, thereby offering valuable insights to guide policy development, educational practices, and parental training within the rapidly evolving landscape of AI in ECE. It emphasizes the significance of family-centered approaches in leveraging the advantages of AI while effectively mitigating potential risks. Furthermore, it outlines directions for future research and innovation in this critical field.

Research in the mental health field has focused on exploration and implementation of digital interventions both in research and society. However, demographic and mental health factors that may influence engagement with research on such interventions have not been explored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between demographics, signs of mental disorders, and interest in participating in an intervention study. Using data collected in the Swedish arm of the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health International College Student (WHO-WMH-ICS) initiative (n = 9140), we conducted a multinomial logistic regression to assess relationships between these factors. Older age, as well as female and non-binary gender identities, were factors significantly associated with increased interest in the intervention study. Treatment flags, indicating fulfilment of criteria for possible mental disorder diagnosis, were significantly associated with clear interest (“yes” response) in intervention research for five of the 15 treatment flags: depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder and self-harm. Possible interest (“maybe” response) was also indicated for four of these, excluding general anxiety. These findings may facilitate a better-informed approach to recruiting student participants for treatment research, enhancing unbiased recruitment practices, reducing treatment gaps, and increasing engagement in digital intervention studies for improved mental health.