Festuca Valesiaca Research Articles

Бетегелі-лерха жусанды қауымдастықтағы (Artemisia lerchiana, Festuca valesiaca) өнімділік процесі

The article presents the results of the study in accordance with the internationally accepted biological program of productivity, intensity of productivity-destructive processes and biological cycle of nitrogen and ash elements in the plant-soil system in the community of common Fescue-Lerh Wormwood (Artemisia lechiana, Festuca valesiaca). The studied area is located in the northeastern part of the Ural plateau in the Shelek district of Western Kazakhstan in a slightly undulating temperate dry-steppe zone with a slope to the valley of the Elek River in the Konchubai gully with dark chestnut carbonate-saline soils. The communities in the studied area are very important in pasture and forage farming. But under the influence of recent anthropogenic factors, vegetation and soil cover in plant communities are undergoing changes, the diversity of plant species is decreasing, biological productivity is decreasing, the circulation of chemical elements is changing, and plants of forage importance are being replaced by weevils. The community of common Fescue-Lerh Wormwood is characterized by moderate desertification, moderate digression. This community has decreased to 70% of the species diversity, and plants of forage importance have declined and have been slowly replaced by plants that are poor in feed. As a result of the effective use of this community can be restored.

Current state of the cenopopulation of Adonis vernalis L. in the North Kazakhstan region

Тhe current state of the cenopopulation of Adonis vernalis L. (Ranunculaceae), listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan. A. vernalis is widespread in Europe and Asian countries, is widely used in folk medicine in Europe and China due to its cardiorespiratory properties. Studies were conducted to determine the biocenotic parameters of two cenopopopulations. The study showed that the gene pool of the studied populations is in good condition. The first cenopopulation (CP1) is dominated by Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Lathyrus pisiformis L., projective coverage is 55-60%. The dominant species in the second cenopopulation (CP2) are Betula pendula Roth, Lathyrus pisiformis L., Rosa acicularis Lindl., projective coverage is 50%. The current population needs urgent conservation and restoration measures. This is due to the rapid decline of the resource. The study of the cenopopulations of this species allows to form a new idea about this species, lays the foundation for its further development.

Special aspects of ecosystem recreation in the area of dumps of sub-standard zeolite-containing rocks of Holinsky deposit of Eastern Transbaikalia

The research presents the problem of liquidation of dumps of substandard raw materials of zeolite-containing rocks of the Holinsky deposit, measures for the reclamation of disturbed lands. The most effective way to restore ecosystems is renaturation. Time intervals of succession are considered. Renaturation of disturbed lands consists of 6 stages. Possible dominant plants for the proposed options are considered in detail: Stipa lessingiana, Poa platensis, Festuca valesiaca, Poa angustifolia, Elytrigia intermedia, Artemisia vulgaris, Trifolium pratense , Trifolium repens, Agropyron desertorum.

A new species of the genus Diplocolenus Ribaut, subgenus Verdanulus Emeljanov (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) from the steppes of European Russia and Kazakhstan

A new species Diplocolenus ( Verdanulus ) stepposus sp. n. with a Ponto-Kazakhstanian steppe distribution is described. The species is monophagous on the Volga fescue, Festuca valesiaca . Arguments in support of the distinctness of the subgenus Verdanulus are given. Some morphological transformations of the male genitalia in the genus Diplocolenus as a whole are discussed. Two independent immigrations of the subgenera Diplocolenus s. str. and Verdanus Oman into the Nearctic in di erent times are hypothesized.

Ecological, Agronomic and Anthropogenic Characterization of the Habitat 62C0* Ponto-Sarmatian Steppes in the North of Dobrogea (Romania)

Natural habitat of Community interest 62C0* Ponto-Sarmatian steppes is very important at European level due to its high biodiversity. The aim of the paper is to study the grassland systems within the habitat 62C0* Sarmatic pontoon steps and to characterize them from an ecological and agronomic point of view. The floristic studies were carried out on the permanent grasslands of the biogeographical region ROSCI 0201 North Dobrogean Plateau, which for the most part belong to the Natural Habitat of Community Interest 62C0 * Sarmatian pontoon steps. Following the classifications (cluster) resulted 4 groups such as: type Cynodon dactylon, type Bothriochloa ischaemum - Festuca valesiaca, type Festuca valesiaca and type Festuca valesiaca - Stipa capillata.

Methods for using pastures in semi-desert zone of West Kazakhstan

The research allowed one to prove the seasonal organization of pasture economy using the distant pasture. The studies were carried out in 2018-2021 in the semi-desert zone of Western Kazakhstan. The aim of the research is to study and select the best ways to use pastures for organizing measures for their rational management. The soil of the areas of unsystematic and seasonal grazing is light chestnut medium loamy. Driving pastures are located in the sands zone. In the summer period, an increase in the number and occurrence of valuable pasture plants Kochia prostrata, Agropyron desertorum, Festuca valesiaca, Leymus ramosus, Koeleria cristata was noted on seasonal pastures. On the distant site of sandy pastures, 23 plant species of different economic and botanical groups have been determined, and due to the natural conditions of sands in the phytocenosis, the occurrence of valuable plants in the forage ratio is high. By the middle of summer, in the area of seasonal and distant pastures, despite the loss of forbs from the vegetation composition and drying of cereals, the yield of green phytomass was 0.81-1.03 t/ha, which is 0.43-0.65 t/ha. In this work, it was concluded that to improve the efficiency of pasture resource management, it is important to use seasonal pastures with the inclusion of a distant site in pasture rotation, which is the scientific novelty of the research.

The current state of pastures in Western Kazakhstan, depending on the method of their use

The process of pasture resources management in Western Kazakhstan is complicated by the deterioration of vegetation cover with the manifestation of degradation and desertification processes as a result of unsystematic grazing. The aim of the research is to study distant pasture grazing on the productivity of pastures for their rational use. Field experiments were carried out in 2018–2021 on the pastures of the semi-desert zone of the Western Kazakhstan region on the territories of the “Miras” peasant farm in the Bokeyurdinsky district. As experimental plots, 4 pastures were selected, used in different ways: unsystematic, seasonal and distant pastures. 3 pasture areas are located on the relief part of the semi-desert zone, and the distant-pasture area is located in the sandy part of Ryn-Peski. To study the influence of the methods of use on the productivity of pastures on the polygon areas, regular observations of the quantitative and qualitative parameters (projective cover, height, species composition, yield) of phytocenoses were carried out. The research allowed to prove the seasonal organization of pasture economy using the distant pasture. In the summer period, an increase in the number and occurrence of valuable pasture plants Kochia prostrata, Agropyron desertorum, Festuca valesiaca, Leymus ramosus, Koeleria cristata was noted on seasonal pastures. On the distant site of sandy pastures, 23 plant species of different economic and botanical groups have been determined, and due to the natural conditions of sands in the phytocenosis, the occurrence of valuable plants in the forage ratio was high. By the middle of summer, in the area of seasonal and distant pastures, despite the loss of forbs from the vegetation composition and drying of cereals, the yield of green phytomass was 8.09–10.25 c/ha, which is higher than in the area of unsystematic grazing by 4.28–6.44 c/ha. In this work, it was concluded that to improve the efficiency of pasture resource management, it is important to use seasonal pastures with the inclusion of a distant site in pasture rotation, which is the scientific novelty of the research.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СЕЗОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ПАСТБИЩНЫХ УГОДИЙ ЯШАЛТИНСКОГО РАЙОНА КАЛМЫКИИ

The basis of the forage base of most regions of the Republic of Kalmykia is natural lands. The current state of natural pastures in the republic is due to the specifics of natural and climatic and anthropogenic factors. In our work, we consider the main types of steppe vegetation, which are used as natural pastures in the Republic of Kalmykia. Among them, drought-resistant, salt-tolerant and grazing-resistant perennial herbs and subshrubs, many annuals, ephemers and ephemeroids predominate. Formation of the productivity of forb-ephemeral vegetation, the representatives of which are: kermeks (Limonium platiphyllum, L. sareptanum), blueheads (Eringium planum, E. campestre), kahris (Cachrys odontalgica), ferulas (Ferula caspica, F. nuda), tulips (Tulipa biebersteiniana, T. biflora, T. gesnerii), bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) and others, begins in the second half of April, reaching a maximum of 5.9 ... 6.7 c/ha in May. The high productivity of pastures of the grass-wormwood plant community up to 9.8 c/ha is provided by Austrian wormwood (Artemisia austriaca), white wormwood (Artemisia lersheana), Welsh fescue (Festuca valesiaca), Lessing's feather grass (Stipa lessingiana), prutnyak (Kochia prostrata), yarrow tansy (Tanacetum achilleifolium), sage (Salvia desertorum, S. stepposa, S. aethiopis) and others. The productivity of the chamomile-fescue community in dry years ranges from 2.0 to 5.3 c/ha, in wet years - 5.4...11.2 c/ha and is characterized by a smooth course with a maximum falling on one of the summer periods. The dominant community is the compound chamomile (Pyrethrum millefolium), edificators are feather grass (Stipa capillata, S. ucrainica, S. lessingiana), fescue (Festuca valesiaca), thin-legged slender (Koeleria cristata) and others.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЗАПОВЕДНОСТИ И ВЫПАСА НА СТРУКТУРУ ЦЕНОПОПУЛЯЦИЙ В СООБЩЕСТВЕ FESTUCA VALESIACA GAUDIN

Population analysis of plant communities makes it possible to predict the development and transformation of natural cenoses under anthropogenic effect, to solve problems aimed at optimizing the biogeocenotic cover. The Festuca valesiaca Gaudin community was studied in the southern arid zone of Russia. The experiment was carried out in the Baskunchak-Kharabalin plain in the specially protected area of the Bogdinsko-Baskunchaksky Nature Reserve, where the grazing regime is moderate. In the first case, cenopopulations of the normal type predominate, which is an indicator of their stability and the stability of the community as a whole. Grazing intensifies the processes of vegetative reproduction and seed invasion from other cenoses. This increases the number of individuals and species diversity. Under grazing conditions, the number of non-stable – invasive and invasively regressive cenopopulations increases. The Bassia prostrata (L.) Beck (Chenopodiaceae), Astragalus dolichophyllus Pall. (Fabaceae), Agropyron desertorum (Fisch ex Link) Schult. (Poaceae), Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy (Poaceae) cenopopulations fall first out of the community composition. The dominant Festuca valesiaca centropopulation plays a significant phytocoenotic role in steppe and semi-desert biocenoses and shows a high degree of stability without changing its parameters in the grazed area. It is concluded that moderate grazing, while increasing the species diversity of the community and the number of individuals, causes destabilisation and regression of a number of non-dominant cenopopopulations.

Vegetation And Productive Potential of Dominant Grasslands by Festuca Valesiaca and Agrostis Capillaris in Northwestern Romania

The aim of our research is to develop a floristic, phytocenological, ecological, cytogenetic, economic, syndynamic and ecoprotective study of the vegetation of the dominant grasslands of Festuca valesiaca Scleicher ex Gaudin and Agrostis capillaris L. in the North-West region of Romania. A numer of 20 phytocenological surveys were carried out in the most representative sample areas in order to find answers to the five objectives pursued. The species from the floristic inventory of the grasslands are included in the Association table according to the cenotic affinity criteria as characteristic and differential entities for the cenotaxons of the alliance, order and class. The phytocoenoses of the grasslands gathered in the association Agrostio-Festucetum valesiacae are statistically analysedin the results based on tables, histograms, dendrograms, diagrams on the distribution of species in ecological bioforms categories, phytogeographic elements, cytogenetic elements, ecological indices or factors: soil moisture, air temperature, soil chemical reaction. The succession dynamics of phytocoeneoses, the economic value and the productive potential, the sustainable and eco-protective management of the grasslands were all studied. The results thus obtained were compared with two reference papers belonging to authors who conducted more recent studies in different geographical regions. Eight conclusions were drafted in which both the results of the research and the original contribution of the authors are summarized.

Peculiarities herb-bunchgrass steppes of Western Predcaucasia

Relevance. The article presents the materials of the geobotanical examination of the virgin steppes of the Western Predcaucasia. The relevance of the study is due to the modern state of natural grass stand, which is under constant anthropogenic influence.Methods. The research points are located in the southwestern part of the Stavropol Territory and the northeastern part of Karachay-Cherkessia, within the absolute heights of 500–880 m. The description of vegetation and its analysis was carried out on ten accounting sites (10x10 m) according to methods generally accepted in geobotany.Results. It was revealed that in the grass stand the grass familyhas on average 17,5% (its weight fraction is 70–80%). In the formation of grass stand plant associations, the leading role belongs to the dominant sod steppe-grasses: Stipa pulcherrima, Festuca valesiaca, Festuca rupicola, Bothriochloa ischaemum, etc. Legumes (Medicago romanica, Trifolium pratense, Onobrychis arenaria) are the main source of protein for animals, they are diverse and have on average 10,8%, but in weight terms they are inferior to sod steppe-grasses. The flora of the studied steppes is represented by a number of economically valuable plants. These are sod steppe-grasses — the creators of the main feed mass of the steppe. They are also sources of a protein component for animals. But the main source of protein in the steppe grass stands are representatives of the legume family (species Trifolium, Medicago, Onobrychis, etc.). Nectariferous plants (Filipendula vulgaris, Galium ruthenicum, Echium russicum) and drug plants (Adonis vernalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Thymus marschallianus, etc.) are found in the steppe. The spectrum of life cycles of the flora is noteworthy. There is a high percentage of perennials — from 66,7 to 97,8%. This fact indicates that the axes of ecological niches are packed relatively tightly by perennials — persistent competitors of annual plants (more often weeds). Until mid-summer the generative stage of development of wild plant species reaches on average 80%. Their gene pool can be recommended for the restoration of low-productive steppe grass stand, as well as for use in selection work.

Building a reference transcriptome for the hexaploid hard fescue turfgrass (Festuca brevipila) using a combination of PacBio Isoseq and Illumina sequencing

AbstractHard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey; 2n = 6x = 42) is a cool season turfgrass with a fine leaf texture that performs well under low‐input management. Breeding and genetics studies of F. brevipila have been limited due to the complexity of its hexaploid genome. To advance our knowledge of F. brevipila genomics, we used PacBio isoform sequencing to develop a reference transcriptome for this species. Here we report the F. brevipila reference transcriptome generated from root, crown, leaf, and inflorescence tissues. We obtained 59,510 full‐length transcripts, of which 38,556 were nonredundant full‐length transcripts. The longest and shortest transcripts were 11,487 and 58 bp, respectively. Distribution of synonymous distances among paralogs within F. brevipila suggested highly similar subgenomes that are difficult to distinguish from sequencing errors. To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among F. brevipila and close relatives, we sequenced three additional transcriptomes using closely related species on an Illumina platform. The results of our phylotranscriptomic analysis supported the close relationships among F. brevipila (6x), Festuca ovina (4x), Festuca ovina subsp. ovina (2x), and Festuca valesiaca (2x), with high levels of discordance among gene trees. Overall, the F. brevipila PacBio Isoseq reference transcriptome provides the foundation for transcriptome studies and offers breeders a resource for gene discovery in this important turfgrass species.

How fire history affects germination cues of three perennial grasses from the mountain steppes of Golestan National Park

Smoke and heat as germination cues are some of the most important drivers stimulating seed germination. However, the impact of germination factors from wildfire (i.e., smoke and heat) on the germination of species occurring in western Asia has rarely been investigated. We aimed to analyze the effects of different smoke and heat treatments on seed germination of three perennial grasses (Festuca valesiaca, Poa densa, and Stipa zalesskii) collected from two non-burned and burned environments of the mountain steppes in Golestan National Park, Iran. Seeds were germinated on filter paper following smoke (1:2000, 1:1000, and 1:500, v/v) or heat (50, 80, 100°C) treatments. Results showed that the germination of study species was reduced by heat treatments, whereas no particular response was observed with the smoke treatments.Interestingly, the fire history influenced magnitude of effects of fire-related germination cues, leading to slightly lower germination for F. valesiaca and P. densa and higher germination for S. zalesskii. Our results indicate that fire-related germination cues have different impacts on these grassland species. The consideration of the fire history of specific sites on germination ecology seems important to understand the effects of fire on the plant communities.

Carici supinae–Betuletea pendulae — новый класс лесной растительности в степной зоне Западно-Сибирской равнины и Зауралья

Carici supinae–Betuletea pendulae — новый класс лесной растительности в степной зоне Западно-Сибирской равнины и Зауралья

Biodiversity of the proposed reserve “Pshinchyne”

According to the results of a study of the valley of the river Khmelivka near the Basivka and Pshinchyne villages, Romny district, Sumy region the biodiversity was firstly characterized and the creation of the reserve with the local value named «Pshinchyne» was offered. 
 Flora, vegetation and fauna of the territory were studied with the usage of recognized floristical, geobotanical, zoological methods, reconnaissance and route-detailed in particular. We investigated that the dominating part of this valley territory is covered by the air-watered vegetation represented by the mono-groups of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.). Peat meadows are spread with the domination of Deshampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.). Meadow-steppe groups dominate on the two barrows with the major abundance of Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Festuca pratensis Huds., Poa pratensis L., Carex hirta L. We marked that within the river valley the trees Alnus glutinosa L. (Gaerth.), Salix fragilis L., Populus tremula L., Salix triandra L., Salix pentandra L. are actively spread. 
 The analisys of the fauna of the territory showed that at the riverbed part Rana ridibund and Rana arvalis are spread. Natrix natrix occurred at the coastal part. At the land part it was pointed the representatives of Capreolus capreolus, Lepus europaeus, Vulpes vulpes.
 The sozological value of the proposed reserve «Pshinchyne» consists of the 2 flora species declared in the Red book of Ukraine ‒ Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó. і Dactylorhyza fuchsii (Druce) Soо. and 23 plant species represented in the Red list of IUCN with the LC range of protection. Among the fauna there are 27 species with the IUCN protection status with the LC range, among them – 19 belong to the lists of annexes II and III of Bern convention. The results of conducted geographic-aesthetical and psycho-aesthetical rating bear evidence to high aesthetical value of the landscape of the river valley Khmelivka near Basivka and Pshinchyne villages and confirmed the expediency of this territory to be included to the nature reserve fund of Sumy region.

Patterns of vegetation succession in abandoned fields in semi-arid conditions

Successions in old fields were studied on the example of the Starobilski steppes within Luhansk Oblast (Ukraine), region located in the basin of the left tributaries of the Siversky Donets, in the southern spurs of the Central Russian Upland. Stationary surveys were conducted in the Striltsivsky Steppe affiliate of the Luhansk Nature Reserve, with 269 ha of old fields (26% of the area) in its territory. Geobotanical releves were performed in 26 plots of abandoned fields, constant monitoring surveys were carried out in 15–27 year-old abandoned fields in the territory of the Reserve and 5–15 year-old abandoned fields in the territory of its buffer zone. In total, the itinerary and detailed surveys were conducted for about 50 plots of abandoned fields. The restoration of the steppe communities was seen only in the plots where grazing and/or mowing took place, which prevented the formation of dense litter and distribution of woody species. The long domination of rhizome grasses (Elytrigia repens) were characteristic in conditions of moderate-level disturbance (in the reserve), transition to the domination of bunchgrasses (Festuca valesiaca) was seen at the age of around 25 years, during the transitional period (20–25 years) communities with unstable structure formed, comprising E. repens, F. valesiaca and forbs (Achillea pannonica and Fragaria viridis). Duration of the stage of segetal and ruderal species in the sites under low effect was 10 years, the communities of unstable structure formed at the age of 5–10 years. In the conditions of stable moderate and high effect of grazing (high disturbance), we observed formation of bunchgrass communities at the age of 15 years. In the unused plots, we saw formation of phytocoenoses of shrubs at different stages of succession, starting from 10 years. The most abundant group of such kind comprised thickets of Ulmus pumila (with E. repens and Poa angustifolia in the herbaceous layer) and Prunus stepposa. The peculiarity of contemporary processes in the abandoned fields related to exacerbation of the vegetation’s anthropogenic transformation is distribution of alien tree species from plantations, the most aggressive of which are Ulmus pumila, Fraxinus lanceolata, Acer negundo, Elaeagnus angustifolia. The peculiarity of the succession processes in the region of studies was the domination of species of broad ecological spectrum, characteristic for abandoned fields of northern forest-steppe regions (Bromopsis inermis, Calamagrostis epigeios, Poa angustifolia, Fragaria viridis) and southern steppe regions (Bromus sguarrosus, Anisantha tectorum, Achillea pannonica, Artemisia austriaca), certain communities form dependent on the climatic conditions and type of land use in the period of succession in particular plots.

Materials to the creation of “Kalinov Kolok” nature monument of regional importance (Altai Krai)

Materials on the flora and vegetation of the projected nature monument of regional importance “Kalinovkolok” are given. Flora comprises 153 species of higher vascular plants, including 4 rare species: Cypripedium calceolusL., C. macranthon Sw., C. ventricosum Sw., Stipa pennata L. The vegetation is typical for left-bank forest-steppe: birch,aspen and birch-aspen communities in combination with steppe meadows along the edges, saline meadows and steppeswith Festuca valesiaca.

Determination of Morphological Diversity in Festuca valesiaca L. Genotypes Collected from the Nature

Çalışmada kullanılan materyaller 113O919 no’ lu TÜBİTAK projesinden elde edilmiştir. Projede 530 civarında Festuca valesiaca genotipi toplanmıştır. Materyaller fide halinde 2015 yılı Temmuz-Ağustos ayları içerisinde 0.5m x 0.5m aralıklarla S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi deneme tarlasına dikilmiştir. Deneme gözlem ve ölçümleri 2016 - 2017 vejetasyon döneminde alınmıştır. Doğadan toplanmış olan meşe yumağı (Festuca valesiaca L.) genotiplerin de yeşil alan ve yem bitkisi olarak kullanılabilirlik bakımından belirli tarımsal özellikleri belirlenip ve bu özellikler doğrultusunda üstün olan genotiplerden 50 adedi seçilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Festuca valesiaca’nın çim kalitesi 6.73; mevsimsel renk değişimi 5.08; yaprak dokusu 2.89; yoğunluk 5.39; bitki boyu 26.70 cm; yaprak eni 0.22 cm; yaprak boyu 6.15 cm; sonbaharda büyüme şekli 4.74; bitki çapı 11.49 cm; ilkbaharda büyüme zamanı 5.10; salkım oluşturma eğilimi 4.15; salkım boyu5.81 cm; son boğum uzunluğu 17.68 cm; yeşil ot verimi skalası 3.57 olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu veriler değerlendirilip, bu bitkilerin mera ve yem bitkileri tarımında ayrıca yeşil alan tesisinde kullanılabilme potansiyelleri ortaya konularak ve ıslah çalışmaları için temel verileri belli olan genetik materyaller elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar geniş coğrafik yapıya sahip bölgelerde mevcut varyasyonun kullanılması ile genetik tabanı genişletmek ve mevcut varyasyonun boyutunu öğrenmek ıslah çalışmalarında gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın ileride yapılacak benzer karakterizasyon, seleksiyon ve ıslah çalışmalarına önemli katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Patterns in steppe grassland vegetation of Troitsky State Natural Complex Preserve

The patterns (mosaicity) in the northern type of Southern Ural steppe vegetation were characterized by a hierarchical continuum concept theory for Troitsky State Natural Complex Preserve example. Multispecies patterns have been identified by blocks and principal components methods while a hierarchical patterns evaluation by multivariate statistics (Cluster, Discriminant Analysis and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling) and biotopes phytoindication. It has been established that three pattern levels micro-patterns (0,8 and 1,8 m), parcels (6,0 m) and coenotics (11,0 m) are significantly identified in steppe vegetation. The two last levels correspond to levels specified for the southern type of Southern Ural steppe vegetation earlier. The authors have demonstrated that parcel and coenotic patterns are identified as ratio of four species abundance: Stipa lessingiana, S. pennata, S. tirsa and Festuca valesiaca. For natural and undisturbed steppe associations informative species are non-dominants or edificators. Vegetation plot size and the location in phytocatena can be determinative for floristic composition, phytodiversity indexes and syntaxon detection. There are several non-uniformly scaled factors of mosaicity identification. The most significant ones are coenotic interactions among species. Soil nitrogen regime and soil calcium regimes, soil moistening, aeration and acidity are significant for abiotic factors.

Floristic Diversity and Pastoral Value of Permanent Grassland Fertilized in Conventional and Organic System

Permanent grassland is the most complex natural ecosystem due to the biodiversity of the structural and functional elements that characterize the space and time unit of this ecosystem. From this point of view, in the case of this ecosystem, biodiversity is manifested by the richness of species as a result of the interactions between species and the biotope, the interspecific relations and the effects of the technology and usage applied to the improvement of these surfaces. The paper presents the results obtained in an experimental device placed on a permanent grassland of Festuca valesiaca + Festuca rupicola, from Caraş-Severin County, under conditions of mineral and organic fertilizers application (sheep manure and direct fertilization by sheep folding).