Fertilizer Supply Research Articles

SISTEM INFORMASI PERSEDIAAN PUPUK PADA PT. GRESIK CIPTA SEJAHTERA

The purpose of this study was to analyze the fertilizer supply system at PT.Gresik Cipta Sejahtera which is a system that helps process fertilizer inventory data so that it is expected to provide input on how to implement better data processing in the current era of information technology, this fertilizer supply system is carried out. with several stages of coordination through incoming letters of request to data collection based on recaptulation from the inventory by utilizing semi-computerized parts related, seeing that there are scattered data resulting in frequent inconsistencies of data so that data errors encourage checking that repeated so that a lot of time and energy is wasted, this is deemed ineffective and efficient. With the existence of computerization, it can make it easier for companies to monitor the warehouse section so that work in the warehouse section is more efficient and efficient, so that it can reduce obstacles that have occurred so far. The analysis method used to describe the inventory system at PT. Gresik Cipta Sejahtera uses the method of observation, interviews, and uses literature. The tools used to describe the system using DFD (Data Flow Diagram)

Productive and Physiological Response of Organic Potato Grown under Highly Calcareous Soils to Fertilization and Mycorrhization Management

The enhancement of the actual low yields is the most important challenge regarding organic farming management. In this view, a valid tool may arise by the improvement of fertilization management and efficiency. In this regard, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can play an important role, especially in low fertility soils such as calcareous ones, through a better nutrient uptake and by alleviating abiotic stresses. A replicated-space experiment was carried out to investigate the role of mycorrhizal-based inoculants combined with full or halved fertilizer doses on yield and physiological traits of three early potato cultivars organically grown in highly calcareous and alkaline soils. The results indicate that AMF symbiosis ameliorated, in comparison to the not-inoculated plants, the potato tolerance to limestone stress by enhancing the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/F0) and plant gas-exchange parameters (photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance). Moreover, a significant improvement of marketable yield (+25%) was observed, mainly due to an increase of the number of tubers plant−1 (+21%) and, to a lesser extent, of average tuber weight (+10%). The AMF efficiency was higher applying halved fertilizer doses and in the location where soil conditions were unfavourable for potato growth. Moreover, the qRT-PCR highlighted that AMF colonization was similar in each location, demonstrating their tolerance to limestone, alkalinity and P stresses. These findings outlined that AMF are good candidate to bio-ameliorate calcareous soils and are very useful for improving potato yields under organic farming, limiting external fertilizers supply and environmental pollution.

Integrated crop-livestock farming offers a solution to soil fertility mining in semi-arid Kenya: evidence from Marsabit County

ABSTRACT Low-input agriculture is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa but it cannot deliver future food security. Soil nutrients are being mined by small-scale farmers who continue to remove large quantities of nutrients from their soils without using sufficient manure or fertilizer inputs to maintain soil fertility. Declining soil fertility must be addressed in order to achieve sustainable intensification. A large increase in nutrient inputs is seen as a requirement but small-scale farmers face severe constraints in obtaining supplies of mineral fertilizer. Better use of available livestock manure is a possible solution. We present here a case study from Marsabit County in the largest, most arid, and least developed region of Kenya. Evidence was gathered from field studies at four locations during 2016 and 2017 combined with a farmer survey. We show that a typical smallholder farm can achieve satisfactory yields and an acceptable nitrogen balance through better use of available livestock manure. An acceptable balance can also be achieved for phosphorus, however, there is a deficit for potassium. This case study demonstrates that an integrated crop-livestock farming system offers a potential solution to soil nutrient mining and can provide a pathway to sustainable intensification for small-scale farmers in a challenging semi-arid environment.

Electro-assisted regeneration of pH-sensitive ion exchangers for sustainable phosphate removal and recovery

Removal and recovery of phosphate from wastewater can minimize deleterious environmental impacts and supplement fertilizer supply. Hybrid anion exchangers (HAIX, with doped ferric oxide nanoparticles (FeOnp)) can remove phosphate from complex wastewaters and recover concentrated phosphate solutions. In this study, we integrate HAIX with a weak acid cation exchanger (WAC) to enrich phosphate and calcium in mild regenerants and precipitate both elements for recovery. We demonstrated an electro-assisted regeneration approach to avoid strong acid and base input. Based on demonstrated pH sensitivities of both materials, electrochemically produced mild electrolytes (pH 3 and pH 11), which are 100–1000 times less concentrated than typical regenerants, preserved 80% WAC and 50% HAIX capacities over five batch adsorption-regeneration cycles. FeOnp in HAIX facilitated regeneration due to pH sensitivity and their likely distribution on the resin particle surface, which reduced intraparticle diffusion path length. In column tests, repeatable phosphate removal (> 95%) from synthetic wastewater (3 mg P/L) was achieved with 20 kWh/kg P specific energy consumption. After removal, a similar 50% HAIX regeneration efficiency as batch experiments was achieved. In spent regenerant, more than 95% phosphorus was recovered as hydroxyapatite. This novel approach enhances ion exchange by minimizing chemical inputs.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and waterlogging on leaf physiological characteristics and grain yield of maize

ABSTRACT Nitrogen fertilizer supply and use play a vital role in determining crop growth and yield. However, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on plant growth under waterlogging conditions remain elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha−1, designated N0, N1, N2, N3, and N4, respectively) on leaf physiological characteristics and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under two water regimes (WW or well-watered through the maize grown season and WL or waterlogged for six days at the sixth-leaf stage). Overall, in comparison to WW, WL treatment showed a reduction in the following traits, at all nitrogen rates: plant height, leaf area index, SPAD value, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity, net photosynthetic rate (P n), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, ears per ha, kernels per ear, 1,000-kernel weight, and grain yield. Moreover, the majority of the above parameters increased with the increase in nitrogen application rate under WL, as a result of the enhanced available nitrogen content at higher nitrogen application rates. Therefore, increasing supply levels of nitrogen fertilizer could improve antioxidant enzyme activity and P n, consequently producing increased maize grain yield under waterlogged conditions.

Leaf Nutrient Resorption in Lucerne Decreases with Relief of Relative Soil Nutrient Limitation under Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization with Irrigation

Leaf nutrient resorption is an important mechanism in adapting to adverse environments. However, few studies examine how nutrient resorption responds to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization or to a shift in nutrient limitation due to water supply and fertilization. On the Loess Plateau of China, we treated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with P, K, or combined P and K fertilizer and three levels of water supply. The resorption efficiency of leaf P (PRE) and K (KRE) decreased with increasing water supply, whereas that of N (NRE) was unaffected. The water supply regulated the effects of P and K fertilization on resorption efficiency. With low water, P fertilization reduced NRE and significantly increased KRE. Potassium fertilization did not affect KRE and NRE, whereas PRE was significantly affected. NRE increased with increasing green leaf N:K ratio, whereas KRE and PRE decreased with increasing K:P and N:P ratios, respectively. Water supply significantly increased soil nutrient availability interactively with P or K fertilization, leading to a shift in relative nutrient limitation, which was essential in regulating nutrient resorption. Thus, lucerne growth was not limited by K but by P or by P and N, which P fertilization and water supply ameliorated.

The Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria—Effective Enhancers of Growth and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Henbane under Varied Mineral N Nutrition

Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) plants are rich sources of alkaloids used in pharmaceutical products. Recently, rising efforts have been devoted to reducing mineral fertilizer supply, production cost, and environmental pollution via decreasing the doses of nitrogenous fertilizers and adopting biofertilizer farming systems. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the potential role of N fixing bacteria Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. on the growth, mineral status, tropane alkaloids, leaf anatomy, and seed yield of Egyptian henbane grown with different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended dose, equal to 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1. N fertilizer improved growth, mineral elements, tropane alkaloids, seed yield, and yield components of Egyptian henbane, which showed a gradually rising trend as the rate of N fertilizer increased. High doses of N fertilizer presumably elicited favorable changes in the anatomical structure of Egyptian henbane leaves. The application of 50% N dose plus N fixing bacteria affected Egyptian henbane trials similarly to 100% of recommended N dose. In conclusion, the N fixing bacteria proved to be a sustainable tool for a two-fold reduction in the recommended dose of mineral N fertilizer and the sustainable management of Egyptian henbane nutrition.

Boron in crop production from soil to plant system: A review

The deficiency of boron is spreading rapidly in Indian soils. Boron deficiency in crops is more widespread than deficiency of any other essential micronutrient. However, imbalanced or excess use of boron fertilizers found to impose negative impact on crops due to very narrow range of boron deficiency and toxicity in soil and plants which increases production cost also. Therefore, optimized boron fertilizer supply in boron deficient soils is important in order to attain normal crop growth, yield and high-quality produce. It this review the role of boron in crop production, its deficiency in crop plants has been discussed.

Impact of Climatic Factors and Nitrogen Levels Drivers on Crop Yield in the Arid Region of China

Crop production depends on the interaction of climatic factors and agricultural management, such as nitrogen (N) fertilizer input in agricultural ecosystems. Understanding crop yield responses to climatic factors and N fertilizer supply can help select appropriate cultivars and develop appropriate measures to achieve the high and stable crop yield. In this study, a long-term N fertilizer experiment was conducted consisting of two crops (winter wheat and summer maize) from 1992 to 2014, to investigate the crop yield response to climatic factors and N treatments in Hotan, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. A long-term N supplied and without N supplied treatments significantly affect the soil properties and crop yields. It was found that low N stress significantly reduced the grain yield ranged from 33.1 to 76.4% and 26.8 to 69.3% for winter wheat and summer maize respectively. The grain N concentration was significantly reduced with the increase in N stress. There was positive correlation between crop yield and accumulated temperature (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.001) under high N conditions, and negative correlation (R2 = 0.50, P < 0.001) under low N conditions. Our result shows that the accumulated temperature is gradually increasing from 4051 to 5218 °C year−1 in the past 23 years (1992–2014) in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Under sufficient N supplied conditions, the increase of accumulated temperature positively promote crop yields. However, under N deficient conditions, increasing accumulated temperature will further exacerbate the N stress effect and reduce crop yields. Hence, we recommended sufficient N fertilizer input in Hotan, Xinjiang region, which can maintain higher crop yield.

Dynamics of the Fertilizer Value Chain in Mozambique

Mozambique is characterized by low agricultural productivity, which is associated with low use of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs. Fertilizer application rate averaged 5.7 kg ha−1 in Mozambique during the period 2006 to 2015, considerably low by regional targets, yet constraints that affect fertilizer use have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the constraints on fertilizer value chains in Mozambique to contribute to fertilizer supply chain strengthening. We used a combination of multivariate analysis and descriptive methods. Our findings indicate that fertilizer use has both demand and supply constraints. Key demand-side constraints include liquidity challenges, limited awareness about the benefits of using fertilizer, and low market participation, while the main supply-side constraints include high transaction costs, limited access to finance, and lack of soil testing results and corresponding fertilizer recommendations by soil type and crop uptake. These results suggest that scaling up the input subsidy program through vouchers (either paper-based vouchers or e-vouchers) with demonstration plots and effective targeting could drive up smallholders’ demand for fertilizer and fertilizer supply by strengthening a sustainable network of wholesalers and retailers. This would likely boost agricultural productivity.

Effects of nitrogen supply methods on fate of nitrogen in maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation

Partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) has been practiced worldwide, but little information is available on nitrogen (N) supply methods influence on fate of applied N fertilizer for crop production under PRI. A field experiment was conducted to investigate effect of N supply methods on the uptake, residual, and loss of applied N fertilizer in maize (Zea mays L.) under alternate PRI at Wuwei, northwest China in 2014. 15N-labeled urea was used as N fertilizer. Two irrigation methods included alternate furrow irrigation (AI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CI). Two N fertilizer supply methods included conventional N supply (CN) and alternate N supply (AN), were applied in combination with each irrigation method. Grain yield, root length density (RLD), N uptake by maize at the maturity stage, and atom % of 15N excess, residual 15N and residual NO3-N in the 0-100 cm soil layer after maize harvest were determined. Results shown that compared to CI coupled with CN, AI coupled with AN or CN significantly increased the grain yield, harvest index, RLD, N uptake by maize, 15N accumulation in grain, atom % of 15N excess in the 0-60 cm soil layer, the residual 15N and 15N uptake rates; but significantly decreased the residual NO3-N in the 0-100 cm soil layers and 15N loss rate. Moreover, the synchronized rather than separation supply of N fertilizer and water enhanced the most above parameters under AI. 15N uptake rate was positively correlated with RLD in the 0-40 cm soil layer, suggesting that the enhanced RLD contributed to the improved 15N uptake rate. Therefore, alternate furrow irrigation coupled with conventional or alternate nitrogen supply (synchronized supply of N fertilizer and water) could help improve 15N uptake rate and reduce the 15N loss rate. Keywords: 15N-labeled technology, root length density, nitrogen fertilizer fate, nitrogen management, residual nitrogen DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201303.5287 Citation: Qi D L, Hu T T, Song X. Effects of nitrogen supply methods on fate of nitrogen in maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(3): 129–135.

English

Cattle manure is a common source of fertilizer throughout Sub-Saharan Africa given problems with supply and pricing of inorganic fertilizers. The optimum rate of manure to use is often unknown and further compounded by variable N contents arising from long periods of stockpiling. This study investigated the rates of cattle manure required to optimize plant growth at different N contents arising from different storage times. A field experiment was established using cattle manure stored in the open for 4, 12 and 13 months (N content of 1.31, 1.18and 0.32%, respectively). Plant shoot dry weight and N uptake of canola (Brassica napus L) was compared to equivalent rates of inorganic N (urea) to 200 kg N ha-1at two sampling points over two growing seasons. Linear models of the form y = a + bx were fitted to the data where y is yield (dry matter or N uptake) to enable the N equivalent value (NEV) of cattle manure treatments to be compared to inorganic fertilizer. The NEV of cattle manure stored for 4 months averaged 30% for shoot dry weight and 24% for N uptake and decreased with storage. Impractical volumes of cattle manure are required for plant production in aged stockpiles, thus necessitating better options for N management. Key words: Sub-Saharan Africa, cattle manure, nitrogen fertilizer, N equivalent value, stockpiled manure.

The Interaction Effect to Fertilization on the Mineral Nutrition of Canola Under Different Salinity Levels

The objective of this work was to study the effect of increasing rates of salinity with and without fertilizer on the mineral nutrition of canola. It is about measuring the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in canola plant and comparing the results of each treatment (interaction between salinity and NPK fertilizer). The pot experimental included four levels of salinity S0 (control), S1, S2, and S3 and two doses of NPK fertilizer. The results showed the absence of NPK fertilizer, and salinity has a negative effect, especially with respect to S3, where the lowest nitrogen content was registered. The supply of NPK fertilizers has a significant effect on the nitrogen content of canola, where it has been recorded. The increasing concentrations of NaCl with the addition of NPK fertilizers influence the phosphorus content. The S3 level registered the highest phosphorus content. With the NPK fertilizer, the content of exchangeable potassium content in canola plant decreases with increasing the NaCl concentration, due to the antagonism between Na+ and K+. The S0 (control) registered the highest potassium content where, the S3 registered the lowest content. The application of NPK fertilizer increased the nitrogen and phosphorus content in plant of canola in a saline environment.

Optimisation of Off-Soil Tomato Fertilization and Substrate Recipes

Substrate and fertilizers recipes and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of hydroponic crops. However, the responses of crop cultivars to different substrate and fertilizer are less clear. This study was aimed at assessing the different responses of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different substrate and fertilizer supply. The study was carried out at the Centre de Recherche et de Formation Agricole (CRFA) of the Lebanese University to test three types of substrates; S1 (100% coconut fiber), S2 (50% coconut fiber and 50% grape marc) and S3 (25% coconut fiber and 75% grape marc). As well as three fertilization recipes; F1 (ARTC), F2 (University of Arizona) and F3 (Farmer) were applied in order to be able to recommend the best substrates and fertilizers adapted to the conditions of cultivation off-soil. The production cycle was divided into three phases; phase1 (0-6 weeks), phase2 (6-12 weeks) and phase3 (&gt; 12 weeks). Various parameters were measured throughout the cycle; stem length, number and distance between nodes, number and distance between flower buds, and fruit yield. Results for stem length and number of nodes showed good interaction in favor of F2-S1 throughout the cycle. As far as the distance between nodes is concerned, F1 is the best despite the fact that F2 is more economical and S1 showed a superiority. The number of flower buds is positively affected by F1 and F2 and S1 and S3. As far as the distance between floral buds is concerned, F1 and F2 are the best, F2 is the most profitable and S2 played a favorable role in the distance between floral buds. The number of fruits is in favor of F1 and F2, S1 is the best. In terms of plant yield, F2 is the most favorable and S2 is the best. After that, F2 is the best recipe and F1 is the most economical. S1 and S2 did well in the development of the tomato plant by their proper physico-chemical properties. S1 is slightly better.

Productivity, protein content and economics of quality protein maize (QPM) as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices

In North Eastern Region (NER) of India, an imbalance supply of fertilizers and lack of proper recommendations of fertilizer application for hybrid maize leading to a wide gap in yield. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during kharif 2011 on the Experimental Farm of the College of Post Graduate Studies (CAU-Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya to evaluate the effect of in-situ green manuring of intercropped cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata L) and combined application of fertilizer with FYM on productivity, protein content and economic returns of quality protein maize (QPM). Higher yield attributes, yield and economic return over sole maize were recorded due to green manuring in maize though the difference for most of the parameters between the treatments was statistically at par. Grain yield obtained from green manured maize plots (5.39 t ha-1) was 22 per cent higher as compared to sole maize (4.42 t ha-1). Among the integrated nutrient management practices, maximum yield (5.64 t ha-1) of maize was recorded in 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + FYM 5 t ha-1 which was at par with 50% RDF + FYM 7.5 t ha-1 (5.50 t ha-1), RDF (5.36 t ha-1) and 75% RDF + FYM 2.5 t ha-1 (4.83 t ha-1) but significantly superior over 50% RDF + FYM 7.5 t ha-1 (4.53 t ha-1) and control (3.58 t ha-1). The highest economic return was recorded under 75% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1 (Rs. 30,300 ha-1) however; maximum benefit cost ratio (1.99) was obtained from RDF alone. Thus, treatment 75% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1 was proved as the best combination for higher productivity of QPM in hill ecosystems of NER.

Application of liquid formulation of a mixture of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria helps reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

The efficacy of a liquid formulation of “PGPR mix-I″ amended with 15 mM treahoalose, and a talc based formulation of the same were tested for plant growth promotion in amaranthus crop in sterilized soil under glass house conditions. The seven treatments included 100% NPK as per Kerala Agricultural University recommendation as chemical fertilizer alone, talc based or liquid formulation of PGPR mix–I each alone and with 100% and 50% NPK, control with additive without plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and absolute control. Liquid formulation of PGPR mix–I was found to be equally effective as talc based formulation of PGPR mix–I along with 100% NPK chemical fertilizers in enhancing yield and other biometric parameters of amaranthus. Application of PGPR mix–I under 50% supply of NPK as chemical fertilizers was found to be on par with chemical fertilizer alone at 100% dose. Our results indicate that a saving of 50 percent of chemical fertilizer supply is possible by application of the improved formulation of PGPR mix-I in amaranthus.

Effects of Different Fertilization Regimes on Crop Yield and Soil Water Use Efficiency of Millet and Soybean

Soil water and nutrients are major factors limiting crop productivity. In the present study, soil water use efficiency (WUE) and crop yield of millet and soybean were investigated under nine fertilization regimes (no nitrogen (N) and no phosphorus (P) (CK), 120 kg ha−1 N and no P (N1P0), 240 kg ha−1 N and no P (N2P0), 45 kg ha−1 P and no N (N0P1), 90 kg ha−1 P and no N (N0P2), 120 kg ha−1 N and 45 kg ha−1 P (N1P1), 240 kg ha−1 N and 45 kg ha−1 P (N2P1), 120 kg ha−1 N and 90 kg ha−1 P (N1P2), 240 kg ha−1 N and 90 kg ha−1 P (N2P2)) in the Loess Plateau, China. We conducted fertilization experiments in two cultivation seasons and collected soil nutrient, water use, and crop yield data. Combined N and P fertilization resulted in the greatest increase in crop yield and WUE, followed by the single P fertilizer application, and single N fertilizer application. The control treatment, which consisted of neither P nor N fertilizer application, had the least effect on crop yield. The combined N and P fertilization increased soil organic matter (SOM) and soil total N, while soil water consumption increased in all treatments. SOM and total N content increased significantly when compared to the control conditions, by 27.1–81.3%, and 301.3–669.2%, respectively, only under combined N and P application. The combined N and P application promoted the formation of a favorable soil aggregate structure and improved soil microbial activity, which accelerated fertilizer use, and enhanced the capacity of soil to maintain fertilizer supply. Crop yield increased significantly in all treatments when compared to the control conditions, with soybean and millet yields increasing by 82.5–560.1% and 55–490.8%, respectively. The combined application of N and P fertilizers increased soil water consumption, improved soil WUE, and satisfied crop growth and development requirements. In addition, soil WUE was significantly positively correlated with crop yield. Our results provide a scientific basis for rational crop fertilization in semi-arid areas on the Loess Plateau.

Molybdenum-induced effects on leaf ultra-structure and rhizosphere phosphorus transformation in Triticum aestivum L

Soil phosphorus (P) occurs in pools of lower availability due to soil P fixation and therefore, it is a key constrain to crop production. Long term molybdenum-induced effects in wheat and rhizosphere/non-rhizosphere soil P dynamics have not yet been investigated. Here, a long term field experiment was conducted to explore these effects in wheat consisting of two treatments i.e. with molybdenum (+Mo) and without molybdenum (-Mo). The results revealed that molybdenum (Mo) supply increased plant biomass, grain yield, P uptake, preserved the configuration of chloroplast, stomata, and mesophyll tissue cells, suggesting the complementary effects of Mo on wheat yield and P accumulation. During the periods of vegetative growth, soil organic carbon, organic matter, and microbial biomass P were higher and tended to decrease in rhizosphere soil at maturity stage. In +Mo treatment, the most available P fractions [H2O-Pi (16.2–22.9 mg/kg and 4.24–7.57 mg/kg) and NaHCO3-Pi (130–149 mg/kg and 77.2–88 mg/kg)] were significantly increased in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, respectively. In addition, the +Mo treatment significantly increased the acid phosphatase activity and the expression of phoN/phoC, aphA, olpA/lppC gene transcripts in rhizosphere soil compared to -Mo. Our research findings suggested that Mo application has increased P availability not only through biochemical and chemical changes in rhizosphere but also through P assimilation and induced effects in the leaf ultra-structures. So, it might be a strategy of long term Mo fertilizer supply to overcome the P scarcity in plants and rhizosphere soil.

RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FERTILIZER SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES

Supply chain management is not easy because there are two challenges that must be faced, that is the complexity of the supply chain structure and sudden uncertainty, therefore conditions are vulnerable to various forms of risk. In companies that produce organic fertilizer such as PT. MBA, organic fertilizer supply chain activities have the opportunity to pose risks. The purpose of this research is to identify risks and identify the causes of risk and determine the right strategy to deal with the causes of risk in supply chain activities at PT. MBA. The method used is the House of Risk (HOR) by using five indicators in the SCOR (Supply Chain Operation Reference) model, that is plan, source, manufacture, distribution and return. Risk events are identified and considered priorities, that is delays in receiving raw materials from suppliers, implementation of production not on schedule, no production process activities, unable to meet all requests, decreasing product quality during the process, product quality not in accordance with existing standards and delays product delivery (finished fertilizer) to PT. PKG. The priority risk agent is a risk agent to check inaccurate raw materials. Meanwhile, the handling strategy that is a priority to be implemented, with the hope of being able to prevent the causes of risk is coordination, stock strategy and flexible supply base.

Constraints to Agricultural Production and Marketing in the Lagging Regions of Bangladesh

This study analyzes the constraints affecting agricultural production in the lagging regions of Bangladesh. These regions are lagging in agricultural productivity due to natural phenomena and past government policies. Ten lagging regions, covering eight administrative divisions, were selected for analysis based on crop productivity indicators, percentage of the population in extreme poverty, and agroecological zones. Data were collected from 1257 farm holders using a structured questionnaire. Respondents were mostly older, illiterate males with low levels of education. Production constraints included inadequate supplies of fertilizer and pesticides in local markets. Labor accounted for the highest proportion of agriculture expenditures (51.3%), followed by equipment rental (11.8%), then pesticides (9.3%), and irrigation (8.2%). Only 35.4% of respondents availed credit to purchase agricultural inputs; among them, 85.4% borrowed from formal sources. Lack of proper irrigation facilities, production machinery, and access to institutional credit, difficulties procuring inputs and storing products, and negative impacts of climate were identified as the major constraints to agricultural productivity and marketing in the lagging regions. Access to credit and being adversely affected by weather impacted respondents’ agricultural productivity more than sociodemographic factors.