This review critically examines the synergistic potential of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and silicone rubber (SR) blends reinforced with nanoferrite particles for the development of multifunctional engineering composites. Although EPDM and SR individually exhibit excellent environmental resistance and thermal stability, respectively, their inherent immiscibility poses a major challenge for high-performance applications. This work consolidates and critically analyzes the dispersed literature to elucidate phase behavior, interfacial interactions, and composition–property relationships governing EPDM/SR/nanoferrite systems. Fundamental principles of rubber blending are discussed, with emphasis on compatibilization strategies to overcome polarity mismatches, alongside the role of nanoferrites as multifunctional fillers enhancing mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties. The analysis highlights that effective interfacial stabilization achieved through approaches such as maleic anhydride-grafted EPDM and dynamic vulcanization is central to performance optimization. By identifying current limitations and outlining future research directions, including sustainable material alternatives and additive manufacturing technologies, this review provides a structured framework for the rational design of high-performance, eco-friendly elastomeric nanocomposites for automotive, aerospace, and electronic applications.

Augmenting Enzyme Mimic Activity of Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles by Manganese and Cerium Ion Doping

Selective anticancer activity of doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles: A comparative study on human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cells.

Retraction notice to “Effective removal of auramine O and safranin O from aqueous solutions using nickel copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticles” [J. Mol. Struct. 1344 (2025) 142933

Green-synthesized bimetallic Zinc Ferrite (franklinite) nanoparticles prevent drought-induced growth reduction and oxidative stress in Sorghum bicolor through improved nutrient content and the antioxidant defense

Enhanced antibacterial activity with modified magnetic property of azithromycin-loaded magnetic spinel ferrite MgFe2O4 nanoparticles

Structural and gas sensing properties of sol–gel synthesized Zn-doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Sustainable synthesis and multifunctional applications of manganese ferrite nanoparticles in environmental remediation and next-generation of biomedical theranostics

Role of composition in photocatalytic efficiency of Cu2+ and Al3+ Co-doped Ni–Zn ferrites nanoparticles

Eco-friendly biosynthesis of Co and Mg-doped ferrite nanoparticles: A simple and sustainable approach

Nanozymes hold significant promise for periodontitis treatment, owing to their high catalytic efficiency, multi-enzyme activity, robust stability, and low cost. However, the need for repeated administration and the complex oral environment present challenges in balancing biosafety and efficiency. Herein, we develop a ligand-modulated manganese ferrite nanozyme hydrogel (MFZ@PG) with balanced antioxidant activity and biocompatibility for periodontitis treatment through ZBP1/β-catenin signaling. MFZ@PG is synthesized by encapsulating zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate-modified manganese ferrite nanoparticles within a gel matrix composed of polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, and borax. The resulting hydrogel demonstrates potent antioxidant capacity, attributed to the innate nanozyme activity of manganese ferrite and the introduced catechol groups, as well as robust adhesiveness due to multiple chemical interactions between borax and polyvinyl alcohol. In vitro experiments demonstrate that MFZ@PG effectively protects MC3T3-E1 cells from H2O2-induced impairment of proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments demonstrate that MFZ@PG significantly promotes alveolar bone regeneration and suppresses bone resorption. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicates that the therapeutic mechanism of MFZ@PG is achieved through the activation of the ZBP1/β-catenin positive feedback loop. Histopathological and blood biochemical analyses demonstrate the good biocompatibility of MFZ@PG. This study presents a safe and efficient therapeutic strategy for periodontitis with high translational potential.

Morphology-dependent heat generation efficiency of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia application

Tailoring antimicrobial activity through Ni2+ substitution in Cu–Zn ferrite nanoparticles

ABSTRACT The combustion synthesis approach has been used to successfully synthesize pure NiFe 2 O 4 and chromium‐doped NiFe 2 O 4 , that is, Ni (1− x ) Fe 2 O 4 :xCr 3+ (1 ≤ x ≤ 4 mol%), to enhance the electrochemical performance. Various techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized samples such as X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The formation of the cubic phase was confirmed by matching the XRD patterns of the samples with ICSD card number 00–003‐0875. FESEM and EDAX analyses confirmed the presence of a porous surface morphology and precise elemental composition. The FTIR spectra exhibited an absorption peak at around 527 cm −1 , indicative of the tetrahedral FeO bond in NiFe 2 O 4 . The Ni2p core level spectra displayed from the XPS shift in binding energy as a result of Cr doping, which confirms the incorporation of Cr 3+ ions in NiFe 2 O 4 . The electrochemical properties of the fabricated electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which confirmed the superior performance of the 3 mol% Cr‐doped NiFe 2 O 4 (N4) electrode. It delivered a specific capacitance of 745.6 F g −1 at a current density of 4 A g −1 , with a bulk resistance ( R b ) of 1.37 Ω. After 4000 cycles at 20 A g −1 , the electrode retained 79.86% of its initial capacitance and maintained 60.48% of its specific capacitance at higher current densities. These findings underscore the effectiveness of Cr 3+ doping in improving the electrochemical characteristics of NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles, establishing them to be potential candidates for high‐performance supercapacitor applications.

One of the most pressing challenges in biomedical applications is the growing prevalence of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Metal-based nanoparticles are emerging as a promising strategy to address this problem, which is the focus of the present work. Cu0.15Zn0.2Ni0.65Fe2O4 nano-ferrite was synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The chosen cation ratio preserves the spinel phase while Ni improves magnetic response, and Zn enhances magnetic softness and site stability. For comparison, single-cation ferrites NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and CuFe2O4 were synthesized using the same procedure to enable a consistent evaluation of antibacterial activity. All ferrites were characterized using XRD and FTIR. Additional analyses including UV–Vis, SEM, EDX, XPS, TEM, VSM, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) were performed for Cu0.15Zn0.2Ni0.65Fe2O4 sample. XRD confirmed a cubic spinel phase for all ferrites. FTIR provided further evidence of cation redistribution of tetrahedral and octahedral sites. AAS verified the availability of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ ions, supporting their contribution to antibacterial activity. VSM showed soft magnetic behavior with ~ 54.3 emu/g saturation magnetization. Antibacterial tests demonstrated that Cu0.15Zn0.2Ni0.65Fe2O4 exhibits stronger inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli at both low and high concentrations. At 500 μg/mL, the inhibition zone reached ~ 20 mm for S. aureus and ~ 17 mm for E. coli, The MIC values were found to be 40 μg/mL for S. aureus and 80 μg/mL for E. coli, indicating stronger sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria. After establishing its individual performance, comparison has been obtained with single-cation ferrites. Across all trials, Cu0.15Zn0.2Ni0.65Fe2O4 consistently produced larger inhibition zones, showing clear superiority. The superior antibacterial activity is attributed to the synergistic incorporation of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ within a single spinel lattice, giving Cu0.15Zn0.2Ni0.65Fe2O4 strong intrinsic antibacterial activity and improving performance over single-cation ferrites, confirming its novelty and potential for biomedical applications.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-34792-9.

ABSTRACT Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in high‐voltage capacitors due to its advantages in insulation performance, processability, degradability, and recyclability. During long‐term operation, space charges are easily injected from electrodes into the dielectric under a strong electric field, inducing material degradation and even breakdown. Space charge suppression has long been a key issue in engineering applications. Different from the traditional technology route of space charge suppression by nano‐doping, a kind of novel physical method of regulating the charge migration path inside the dielectric by Strontium ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles (SrFe 12 O 19 ) was proposed. The experimental results show that the oriented magnetic field generated by SrFe 12 O 19 can inhibit the free charge movement, reduce leakage current, and improve breakdown strength. Furtherly, PP/SrFe 12 O 19 composite was used as a functional layer to suppress carrier injection, a three‐layer structure (referred to as SPS) was constructed. When the mass fraction of SrFe 12 O 19 is 0.5%, the breakdown strength of the SPS rises to 283 kV/mm, which is 36 kV/mm higher than that of the PP. The leakage current at 100 kV/mm is 2.17 × 10 −9 A, decreasing about 81.8%. This work provides a new idea to solve space charge accumulation and improve the breakdown strength of DC capacitors.

This study effectively generated zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) and ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) using the co-precipitation method. Using the synthesized NPs, a binary nanocomposite Yb2O3/ZnFe2O4@PEG supported by polyethene glycol (PEG) was formed via ultrasonication. The morphological, structural, functional, and optical features of the produced NPs and the binary nanocomposite were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the NPs and the nanocomposite against the pesticide glyphosate and the Brilliant Blue FCF dye was investigated under the influence of visible light. In contrast to the individual NPs, the Yb2O3/ZnFe2O4@PEG nanocomposite had noticeably better photocatalytic activity. It achieved 86% and 91% degradation of the dye and pesticide, respectively, under 90 minutes, which may be explained on the basis of enhanced charge separation, synergistic interactions, and increased surface activity. Moreover, the Yb2O3/ZnFe2O4@PEG nanocomposite was tested for catechol sensing through the electrochemical method. The cyclic voltammetry analysis showed that the bare GCE produced a negligible current response, whereas the nanocomposite-modified electrode displayed pronounced redox peaks in the presence of catechol, confirming its strong electrocatalytic activity. The sensor exhibited a linear response for catechol in the concentration range of 40-100 µM, with a sensitivity of 0.367 µA µM-1 cm-2 and a limit of detection of 11.52 µM, confirming its suitability for sensitive electrochemical monitoring. The resulting binary nanocomposite can be used as a photocatalyst to effectively break down hazardous dyes and pesticides, hence enabling environmental cleanup applications.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by citrate sol-gel auto combustion technique and sintered at 400 °C, 700 °C, and 900 °C. The structural characterization of the samples was done by using XRD, SEM and FTIR. The XRD and FTIR analysis clearly showed the formation of a cubic spinel structure for all samples sintered at different temperatures. The crystallite size increased from 15.99 nm to 69.08 nm while the grain size increased from 56.28 nm to 107.54 nm with increase in sintering temperature. It was observed that lattice parameters increase with an increase in sintering temperature. From the FTIR spectra, the higher frequency band in the range of 500-600 cm⁻¹ confirmed the vibrations due to M-O stretching at the tetrahedral site, while the lower band in the range 400-500 cm⁻¹ confirmed the vibrations due to M-O stretching at the octahedral site. In the present work force constants (K_t,K_0), elastic velocities (V_l,V_t,V_m), elastic moduli (Y,G,B), Poisson’s ratio, and Debye temperature were evaluated.

This study investigates the structural and microstructural characteristics of magnetite (Fe3O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method using ferric nitrate and cobalt nitrate as metal precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase crystalline nanoparticles with a cubic inverse spinel structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further validated the nanocrystalline nature and morphological uniformity of the particles. To gain deeper insight into the crystallite size and lattice strain, multiple XRD-based analytical approaches Williamson-Hall (W-H), Size-Strain Plot (SSP), and Halder-Wagner (H-W) methods were employed. The novelty of this work lies in the first systematic side-by-side comparison of Fe3O4and CoFe2O4nanoparticles synthesized under identical conditions and evaluated using four complementary XRD models, ensuring cross-validated accuracy. The comparative evaluation of these models revealed slight discrepancies in size estimations, attributed to their varied assumptions regarding strain and instrumental broadening. Notably, CoFe2O4nanoparticles exhibited marginally larger crystallite sizes and higher lattice strain compared to Fe3O4, imply compositional influence on structural properties. The combined application of these analytical techniques enabled accurate estimation of crystallite size, microstrain, and energy density, providing insights into the mechanical stability and potential functional behavior of the synthesized nanoparticles.

Enzyme-mediated nanoreactors with cascade metabolic modulation for enhanced chemo-chemodynamic combination therapy.