Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay Research Articles

Comparative Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Several Conifer Needles and Bark Extracts.

Nowadays, an increased concern regarding using natural products for their health benefits can be observed. The aim of this study was to assess and compare several phenolic compounds found in 15- to 60-year-old Douglas fir, silver fir, larch, pine, and spruce needle and bark extracts and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Spectrophotometric assays were used to determine the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity that was assessed by using the DPPH• radical scavenging assay (RSA), the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and the ABTS•+ radical cation scavenging assay (ABTS). The phytochemical content was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antimicrobial activity was determined by assessing the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). The results of the study show a total polyphenol content of 62.45-109.80 mg GAE/g d.w. and an antioxidant activity of 91.18-99.32% for RSA, 29.16-35.74 µmol TE/g d.w. for FRAP, and 38.23-53.57 µmol TE/g d.w. for ABTS. The greatest quantity of phenolic compound for most of the extracts was for (+)-catechin, and it had values between 165.79 and 5343.27 µg/g d.w. for these samples. The antimicrobial inhibition for all the extracts was the strongest for Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 62.5-125 µg/mL). The extracts analyzed could be used for their bioactive potential after further investigations.

QUANTITATIVE HPLC ANALYSIS AND ISOLATION OF TILIROSIDE FROM Alcea biennis Winterl AND DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Natural products are being investigated to obtain potential agents that could be used to prevent and ameliorate obesity and oxidative stress, which are two important factors that cause many metabolic disorders in the body. This study aimed to isolate and quantify the major compounds, to determine total flavonoid content, and to evaluate biological activities (antioxidant and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity) of the methanol extract and the chloroform, ethyl acetate and the remaining aqueous subextracts of Alcea biennis Winterl. The major compound isolated from the ethyl acetate subextract was determined as tiliroside (kaempferol 3-O-β-(6″-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-glucopyranoside) using 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectral methods. The quantification of tiliroside in the extracts was specified by the newly validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was performed to determine the antioxidant activity and the total flavonoid content was determined. The ethyl acetate subextract was found to have the highest tiliroside (75.4263 mg/g) and total flavonoid content (189 mg QE/g) and showed the highest FRAP value (259 ± 5.1316 µM TE/g). The methanol extract had a higher PL inhibitory activity (IC50 = 100.891 ± 5.160 µg/mL) compared to the other extracts. Tiliroside exhibited higher activity (IC50 = 86.203 ± 6.323 µg/mL) than the extracts. It has been demonstrated that A. biennis may be a promising plant for treatment of obesity, and further studies should be conducted to evaluate it as a therapeutic agent.

A New Edible Wild Mushroom Species, Panus sribuabanensis (Panaceae, Polyporales) from Northern Thailand and Its Nutritional Composition, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity

A new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand.

Assaying the Use of a Leonardite-Suspension Concentrate-Based Product as a Potential Biostimulant to Enhance Growth, NPK Use Efficiency, and Antioxidant Capacity in Lactuca sativa L.

Biostimulants are presented as a potential tool to achieve the main objectives of modern agriculture: increase crop yield and nutritional quality while reducing chemical fertilizer use. Here, we investigated the use of a HS-based product (BLACKJAK®, from Sofbey S.A., Mendrisio, Switzerland) as a biostimulant to enhance plant growth, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) use efficiency, as well as antioxidant capacity. For this purpose, BLACKJAK® was applied to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as radicular (‘R’) and foliar (‘F’) at doses: 0.20 mL/L (R1), 0.40 mL/L (R2), 0.60 mL/L (R3), and 0.80 mL/L (R4), 5.00 mL/L (F1), 7.50 mL/L (F2), 10.00 mL/L (F3), and 12.50 mL/L (F4), along with a control. Shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf area, NPK use efficiency parameters, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Our results showed that R1, R2, R3, F2, and F3 enhanced shoot FW and leaf area, while only R3 increased shoot DW. Furthermore, in general, most of the doses employed enhanced NPK use efficiency parameters such as apparent crop recovery, nutrient export, physiological efficiency, and internal utilization of applied nutrients. Similarly, HS also increased ascorbate, glutathione, and phenol concentrations, showing an improvement in antioxidant capacity measured through FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assays. Overall, root-HS offered better results than foliar-HS, especially at R3. Hence, our results indicate that BLACKJAK® could be a good candidate to enhance crop productivity and nutritional quality while reducing the use of chemical NPK fertilizers.

Hemagglutinin from the Root Tuber of Dioscorea preussii Pax.

In this study, Dioscorea preussii root tuber hemagglutinin was purified and its physicochemical properties were determined. The antioxidative and anti-hemolytic activities of the hemagglutinin were also investigated. The hemagglutinating assay was used to detect the presence of lectin in the phosphate-buffered saline extract of the D. preussii root tuber. The lectin was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and molecular sieve chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature were determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2 diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Red blood cells subjected to oxidative damage caused by H2O2 were employed to evaluate their antihemolytic ability. Starch inhibited hemagglutinin activity. Dioscorea preussii hemagglutinin (DPH) maintained full hemagglutinating activity from 30 °C to 60 °C and pH 5-13. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid did not affect the hemagglutinating activity of hemagglutinin. All denaturing agents (Guanidine-HCl, urea, and β-mercaptoethanol) reduced the hemagglutinating activity of the hemagglutinin to different degrees. The hemagglutinin scavenged the DPPH radical and chelated iron metal with half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.727 ± 0.035 mg/mL and 0.583 ± 0.078 mg/mL, respectively, while the FRAP assay showed that it contained 76 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of the purified hemagglutinin. In the absence of hemolytic agents and at lower concentration tested, hemagglutinin showed positive membrane integrity protection. This study provides information on the antioxidant properties of D. preussii root tuber hemagglutinin as well as its cell membrane protective ability. The lectin is a starch-binding, which makes it a novel lectin.

Essential oil from Senecio rudbeckiifolius Meyen & Walp.: Chemical analysis, antioxidant assessment, and literature review of Senecio essential oils

Species of the genus Senecio have the largest medicinal value for the Andes communities, and studies on the biological activities attributed to them are scarce. Among them, Senecio rudbeckiifolius Meyen & Walp. is used in decoction for rheumatic affection and skin allergies. The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil from plants grown in the Peruvian Andes were studied. Eighty compounds were identified in the essential oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons had the major percentage (91.4%), followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (4.2%). The most abundant compounds were myrcene (23.4%), b-phellandrene (17.1%), sabinene (15.1%) and limonene (11.7%). In addition, the possible applicability of volatile metabolites for revealing taxonomic/evolutionary relationships among Senecio species was explored. Antioxidant activity were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The essential oil had a moderate scavenging effect and it showed ferric reducing activity.

Nicotiana glauca Graham Yaprak Ekstraktının Antibakteriyel, Antioksidan, Antidiyabetik Potansiyelleri ve Kimyasal Bileşimi

The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and potentiality of Nicotiana glauca G. leaf extract taken from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic compounds. In February 2020, a leaf of N. glauca was gathered in the Kyrenia district of Northern Cyprus. Methanol was used to extract the leaf sample. The content of essential oils in the extract was determined using gas chromatography and a headspace system test. Several methods were used to investigate the extract's antibacterial, antioxidant activities, and antidiabetic potential. On all microorganisms examined, the leaf methanol extract of N. glauca had no antibacterial activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum assays were all active with the methanol extract. The extract showed no antidiabetic efficacy. Furthermore, the essential oil was not found in the extract's chemical composition. According to the findings, the presence of antioxidant components in N. glauca leaf extract can protect against the detrimental effects of free radicals. Its application in Northern Cyprus becomes even more crucial as a result of this potential feature.

Phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Alstonia scholaris from Mizoram, India

The Devil’s tree (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.), a member of the Apocynaceae family, is recognised in various traditional systems for its efficacy in treating several diseases. In the Mizo traditional medicines of India, the bark extract is utilised as a remedy for bacterial and parasitic infections, among other ailments. To validate the therapeutic claim of the Mizo people, a methanolic extract of the bark was prepared and its chemical composition was analysed. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, and reducing sugars. The antioxidant components of the extract were quantified, revealing a phenolic content of 13.563±0.09 mg/g quercetin equivalent, a flavonoid content of 31.64±2.50 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, and a total antioxidant of 10.48±0.84 mg/g ascorbic equivalent. These findings underscore the plant’s cellular protective capacity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The plant extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 11.01 against free radicals generated from the DPPH reaction. Notably, the extract demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, as well as Gram-positive species such as Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. This study establishes A. scholaris as a medicinal plant with promising antimicrobial and pharmacological properties, containing chemical components that can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes.

Manufacturing of Starch Nanocrystals Graft Polycaprolactone Catalyzed by Natural Clay: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Thermal and Antioxidant Properties

This study presents an innovative approach for the production of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) grafted with polycaprolactone (PCL). Corn starch was subjected to hydrolysis using sulfuric acid (H2SO4), resulting in the formation of SNCs. These SNCs were subsequently grafted with polycaprolactone using Maghnite-H+ (an Algerian modified montmorillonite clay) as a solid acid catalyst. The resulting nanomaterial, denoted as SNCs-g-PCL, exhibited improved hydrophobic properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of a distinctive carbonyl C = O band at 1726 cm−1 in the SNCs-g-PCL, indicating successful grafting. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of protons (1H-NMR) exhibited new signals from the protons of PCL in the SNCs-g-PCL. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements demonstrated an increase in the diameter of the starch nanocrystals after PCL grafting. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a reduction in crystallinity and a transition from well-defined SNCs nanocrystals to a disordered structure upon PCL grafting. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of the SNCs, both before and after grafting, were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-phenyl hydrazine radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Nonetheless, the observed antioxidant activity was found to be comparable to that of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with an EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) of around 100 mg/ml. This study highlights the potential of SNCs-g-PCL nanocrystals as a promising nanomaterial with antioxidant properties, making them suitable for various applications in the fields of materials science.

Bioactive, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chemically fingerprinted essential oils extracted from Eucalyptus globulus: in-vitro and in-silico investigations.

Innovative approaches are urgently required to treat divestating bacterial diseases in the face of rising bacterial resistance rates. The current investigative work focused on hydro-distilling Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) to isolate the essential oil, which was then tested for bioactivity, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activity using in-vitro and in silico assays. The antioxidant activity was avualated against DPPH and FRAP. With results of 69.63 RSA (%) (µL/L AAE) at a concentration of 5mL/L and 51.56 (µL/L AAE) at concentration of 90ppm in the 2,20-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively, the extracted oil indicated considerable antioxidant activity. The extracted oil demonstrated powerful antibacterial activity in in-vitro tests against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including Bordetella bronchiseptica (21mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (19mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (19mm), with significant minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MIB) concentrations. Additionally, GC-MS analysis of the oil from E. globulus identified several low-molecular-weight compounds, including Eucalyptol, γ-Terpinene, Shisool acetate, 1,3-trans,5-cis-Octatriene, 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene, E,E, Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene), Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl), Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester, and 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene. Several other compounds were also identified, including Fenchol, 2-Methyl-trans-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroindane, (E,E,E)-2,4,6-Octatriene, 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrobenzylalcohol, acetate, Alloaromadendrene, Phenol, 2-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl, Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, p-Cymen-7-ol, 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene, 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (Z), and more. The bioactive potential of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil against 1AJ6 and 1R4U was highlighted by molecular docking analyses, suggesting its utility as a natural source of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds with the potential to replace chemical disinfectants in a variety of applications.

Zuccagnia punctata Cav., a Potential Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Bionematicide for the Control of Argentinean Horticultural Crops.

This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics, and flavonoids content as well as the potential nematicidal properties of decoction (ZpDe), orange-yellow resin (ZpRe) and essential oil (ZpEO) from Argentinean medicinal plant Zuccagnia punctata Cav. Additionally, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ZpDe and ZpEO were determined. Metabolite profiling was obtained by an ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/OT-MS-MS) and GCMS. The nematicidal activity was assayed by a standardized method against Meloidogyne incognita. The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (ILP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rules. The ZpDe, ZpRe and ZpEO displayed a strong nematicidal activity with an LC50 of 0.208, 0.017 and 0.142 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the ZpDe showed a strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 28.54 µg/mL); ILP of 87.75% at 250 µg ZpDe/mL and moderated antimicrobial activity. The ZpEO showed promising activity against a panel of yeasts Candida albicans and non-albicans (ATCC and clinically isolated) with MIC values from 750 to 1500 µg/mL. The ZpDe showed a content of phenolics and flavonoid compounds of 241 mg GAE/g and 10 mg EQ/g, respectively. Fifty phenolic compounds were identified in ZpDe by ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography (UHPLC-PDA- Q-TOF-MS) analysis, while forty-six phenolic compounds were identified in ZpRe by UHPLC-ESI-Q-OT-MS-MS and twenty-nine in ZpEO using a GC-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of this species. The results support and standardize this medicinal plant mainly as a potential environmentally friendly and sustainable bionematicide for the control of Argentinean horticultural crops including tomatoes and peppers and as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds which could be further explored and exploited for potential applications.

Phytochemical Assessment, Antioxidant Activity, and in vitro Wound Healing Potential of Polygonum minus Huds

The increasing prevalence of chronic wounds, associated with aging, obesity, and diabetes, is compounded by bacterial resistance and adverse effects associated with commercial wound care products. Therefore, treatment modalities to accelerate the healing process are constantly being sought. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and wound healing potential of the aqueous extract derived from the stems and leaves of Polygonum minus. The extract was subjected to phytochemical evaluation to assess the diversity of secondary metabolites. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The wound healing effects were evaluated using proliferation and migration assays on human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The phytochemical evaluation of the aqueous extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Furthermore, the extract exhibited high TPC (137.74 ± 0.75 µg/mL GAE) and TFC (177.08 ± 3.16 µg/mL QE) values, as well as radical scavenging activity at 79.50% in the DPPH assay and a FRAP value of 1485.67 ± 0.05 µM/g Fe2+. At the lowest concentration of 7.81 μg/mL, the extract significantly stimulated cell proliferation and migration within 24 hours of treatment. The stimulation of cell migration was comparable with that of allantoin, which was used as a positive control. This study indicated that the P. minus aqueous extract contains a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which could contribute significantly to its antioxidant activity and promote the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. The findings suggest that the extract may merit further investigation for potential applications in topical therapy related to wound healing.

Investigation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome extract

In recent years, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global threat to public health. In Hawai’i, there is an increasing rate of staph infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and, hence, a need for new agents to combat the increase of AMR bacteria. This study evaluates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Hawaiian-grown Boesenbergia rotunda. Test bacteria included clinical isolates of Gram-positive MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) as well as Gram-negative Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. Five compounds–cardamonin, pinostrobin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin chalcone, and isopanduratin A–were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of B. rotunda rhizome, and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy. These samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MSSA strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 128 and 2 µg/mL, with isopanduratin A giving MIC values as low as 2 µg/mL. The antioxidant potential of samples was examined using ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. At 1 mg/mL of tested samples, FRAP values ranged between 8.74 to 17.76 µM/µg, with pinostrobin chalcone exhibiting the highest FRAP value (17.76 ± 0.65 μM/μg). Moreover, cytotoxicity was measured via sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cardamonin (IC50 of 19.43 ± 0.33 μM) and isopanduratin A (IC50 of 26.84 ± 1.06 μM) exhibited effectiveness against the lung cancer cell line A549. Compounds from B. rotunda showed potent antimicrobial effect against MRSA and MSSA strains as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, and may have the potential for further evaluation and development for pharmaceutical applications.

7,8-dihydroxyflavone displayed antioxidant effect through activating HO-1 expression and inhibiting caspase-3/PARP activation in RAW264.7 cells.

Flavonoids, which contain a benzo-γ-pyrone (C6-C3-C6) skeleton, have been reported to exhibit effective antioxidant ability. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activities of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) and 7-hydroxyflavone (7-HF) in H2 O2 , lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of 7,8-DHF and 7-HF were firstly evaluated by 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Then, reactive oxygen species (ROS), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) productions in H2 O2 , LPS, or t-BHP-induced RAW264.7 cells were tested and compared, respectively. Finally, the antioxidant mechanisms of 7-HF and 7,8-DHF were initially investigated by western blot. Our results showed that 7,8-DHF possessed stronger free-radical scavenging capacity than 7-HF. Both 7,8-DHF and 7-HF suppressed MDA production and ROS accumulation, improved the activity of SOD in H2 O2 , LPS, or t-BHP-induced RAW264.7 cells, respectively. And 7,8-DHF exerted a better antioxidant effect than 7-HF, especially in t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. Mechanically, 7,8-DHF prevented the activation of poly ADP-ribosepolymerase and caspase-3, meanwhile markedly upregulated the expression of HO-1 protein in t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. These results suggested that 7,8-DHF might serve as a potential pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress injury.

Cultivation, Phytochemical screening and Antimicrobial analysis of caterpillar mushroom Cordyceps militaris and fruiting body

The fungus Cordyceps militaris comes under the family cordyciptiaceae and class ascomycetes. In ancient time it was used in Chinese and Tibetan medicines for lungs and kidney diseases but with the change in era, more researches were conducted on it. This study was designed for the cultivation of Cordyceps militaris (C.M.) mushroom on brown rice media as the measure component and evaluation of its quantitative, qualitative and free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extract. To know the bioactive compounds, preliminary phytochemical analysis was done which states that methanolic extract of Cordyceps contains protein, phenol, alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, coumarins, polysaccharides and carbohydrates. The quantitative analysis of methanolic extract was quantified using determination of total phenol and total flavonoids using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and Aluminium calorimetric assay method respectively. Phyto- compounds were depicted through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) while the free radical scavenging activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydrogen peroxide assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and reducing power assay. Highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were depicted in CM100%meth while CM100%meth. showed highest free radical scavenging activity. The assessment of extract for antimicrobial activity was done with well diffusion method against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria revealing that aqueous and methanolic extract are more effective against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

Effect of Yogurt Ice Cream on the Viability and Antidiabetic Potential of the Probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis after In Vitro Digestion.

Probiotics can ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) via several mechanisms such as by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and increasing pancreatic β-cell functions. Another targeted mechanism for managing T2DM involves inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which exhibit antioxidant activity and affect carbohydrate metabolism by delaying carbohydrate digestion, thus mitigating glucose in the circulation. Dairy products are effective matrices for delivering probiotics through the gastrointestinal tract. We compared the viability and antioxidant activity of the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in yogurt ice cream after in vitro digestion and compared α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG had the highest viability after in vitro digestion (oral, gastric, and intestinal). Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG exhibited the highest percentages of α-glucosidase (16.37% ± 0.32%) and α-amylase (41.37% ± 0.61%) inhibition. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 showed the highest antioxidant activities via the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging method and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, respectively. These findings suggest that yogurt ice cream can provide a suitable matrix for the delivery of probiotics from dairy culture to promote intestinal homeostasis with probiotic benefits in the host as well as a potential functional food to help reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia.

Maximizing the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Diospyros kaki Peel through the Use of a Pulsed Electric Field and Ultrasound Extraction

The persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is renowned for its exceptional health benefits, which can be attributed to its abundance of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from persimmon peel, an underexplored waste biomass, within the frame of sustainability and a circular economy. For this reason, a comprehensive multi-factor extraction approach was employed. Specifically, diverse methods including a pulsed electric field and ultrasonication combined with simple stirring were explored. Through this systematic approach, the most efficient extraction process was determined, resulting in elevated yields of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and total carotenoids. Among the identified phenolic compounds, rutin emerged as the most abundant, with concentrations reaching up to 172.86 μg/g. Utilizing partial least squares analysis, the maximum predicted values for the bioactive compounds were determined, with total polyphenols reaching 7.17 mg GAE/g, ascorbic acid at 4.93 mg/g, and total carotenoids at 386.47 μg CtE/g. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated with the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and H2O2 scavenging assays. The recorded antioxidant performance underscored the substantial potential of persimmon peels as a source of cost-effective extracts with high antioxidant activity. This study not only contributes to optimizing the bioactive compounds’ extraction from persimmon peel but also highlights the process’s viability by producing valuable extracts with antioxidant properties at low cost.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Geniotrigona thoracica Propolis Extracts Derived from Different Locations in Malaysia

Propolis, a natural resinous substance secreted by bees, has garnered considerable interest due to its diverse bioactive compounds and potential health benefits. Nevertheless, the phytochemical composition of propolis exhibits significant variation, influenced by multiple factors including geographical region, and botanical origin. These determinants exert profound effects on the distinctive properties and biological diversities of propolis. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis extracts collected from three apiary sites, designated as apiary A, apiary B, and apiary C, located in different regions within Selangor. The ethanolic extracts of propolis were prepared using 70% of ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, whilst the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of the propolis extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in all propolis extracts. The propolis from apiary A exhibited significantly higher TPC (302.21 ± 0.11 mg/mL GAE) and TFC values (99.08 ± 0.03 mg/mL QE) compared to apiary B and C. The results also indicated that propolis from apiary A possessed significantly higher antioxidant activities, with IC₅₀ value of DPPH at 25.27 μg/mL and FRAP value of 727.53 ± 0.09 μM Fe²+, in comparison to apiary B and C. A strong correlation was observed between TPC, TFC, and IC₅₀ of DPPH. This study highlights significant variations in the phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities of propolis samples collected from different geographical and botanical sources. Further investigation is in progress to identify the specific phytochemical constituents responsible for these variations.

Effect of Urtica dioica L. Essential oil (forms of free and nanoliposome) on some inoculated pathogens (Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes) in minced camel meat

The goal of research was to investigate the impact of nanoliposome and free forms of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) essential oil (EO) on sensory, chemical and microbial properties of minced camel meat during storage at 4 °C. In our investigation, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were inoculated into minced camel meat. The outcomes expressed the zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index and efficiency of encapsulation of prepared nanoliposome were −17.5 mV to −12.8 mV, 143 to 158 nm, 0.77 ± 0.05 to 0.86 ± 0.07 Mw/Mn and 50.26–67.28 %, respectively. Also, according to the microbial analysis, the MIC of EO and nanoliposome-EO (N-EO) for E.coli was 25 ± 2.5 and 25 ± 2.1 mg/mL, respectively, and for L. monocytogenes was 12.5 ± 2.1 and 12.5 ± 2.1 mg/mL, respectively, and the MBC of EO and N-EO for L. monocytogenes was 50 ± 3.1 and 50 ± 3.2 mg/mL, respectively, and for E. coli was 50 ± 2.2 and 50 ± 2.2 mg/mL, respectively. The highest of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were detected in the BHT 200 (94.7 ± 2.7 and 95.6 ± 3.2, respectively) and lowest of them were detected NEO1% (33.7 ± 12.2 and 22.37 ± 0.22, respectively). After 18 days, the minimum value of pH was identified in the N-EO 2 % group incubated with L. monocytogenes (with pH = 6.9) and E. coli (with pH = 6.87). Furthermore, after 18 days of storage, the minimum TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen) value was observed in the N-EO group (26.89 mg N/100 g) and the maximum TVB-N value was observed in the control group (33.78 mg N/100 g). Finally, the N-EO and control treatment (during the experiment) had the highest and lowest sensory evaluation score, respectively. Finally, the N-EO group got a highest sensory score, whilst the group of control got the lowest acceptance score, after 18 days of storage. Based on the outcomes obtained from this research, using nettle (Urtica dioica L.) EO (in nanoliposome form) increases the storing time of minced camel meat.

Impact of a 50bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the superoxide dismutase-1 on oxidative stress status and risk of keratoconus

Keratoconus (KC) is characterized by the predominant primary ectatic disease, affecting the cornea, necessitating corneal transplants in some cases. While some loci associated with KC risk have been identified, the understanding of the disease remains limited. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes play a crucial role in countering the reactive oxygen species and providing protection against oxidative stress (OS). Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate a potential association of a 50 nucleotide base pairs (bp) insertion/deletion (I/D) within the SOD1 promoter, and the located 1684 bp upstream of the SOD1 ATG, with KC in the Iranian population. Additionally, an assessment was conducted on SOD activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as determined by the ferric reducing-antioxidant power assay, along with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In this case-control study, genomic DNA was extracted from the blood cells of KC (n = 402) and healthy (n = 331) individuals. The genotype of this gene was determined using the PCR technique. Furthermore, the amount of SOD enzyme activity and the MDA and TAC levels were measured in the serum of the study groups. The (I/I) genotype was present in 84.23%, the (I/D) genotype in 15.06%, and the (D/D) genotype in 0.69% of both groups. A statistically significant relationship was seen between different genotypes and TAC, MDA, and SOD1 activity indices (P < 0.05). Individuals with the D/D genotype exhibited a decrease in total antioxidant capacity, an increase in the amount of MDA, and a decrease in SOD1 enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis of KC development indicated that elevated levels of MDA increased the risk of KC incidence in the patient group compared to the healthy group, while a higher activity of SOD1 and greater values of TAC decreased the KC risk. The removal of the 50 bp fragment reduced SOD1 activity and elevated OS levels, thereby impacting the oxidant-antioxidant balance. This could potentially play a significant role in individuals afflicted by KC.