Self-enhancing targeted nanoparticles mediating M6PR up-regulation on tumor cell membranes to promote Granzyme B internalization for sensitizing tumor immunotherapy.

Polynorepinephrine nanoagent enables targeted mitochondrial delivery for enhanced tumor therapy through ferroptosis.

Multi-bioactive poly(amino acid)-metal-organic framework nanocomposite for reinforced cascading photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer.

Exploring copper metabolism and cuproptosis, and their implications in ocular diseases.

A review: Bacterial hemolysin-mediated iron dysregulation and immune cell damage synergistically drive ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death pathway characterized by iron dysregulation and lipid peroxide accumulation, has emerged as a pivotal target in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. As a natural iron storage protein in organisms, ferritin (Fn) is involved in regulating intracellular iron homeostasis through processes such as iron transport, storage, and ferritinophagy, which in turn significantly influence the Fenton reaction, making it closely related to the occurrence of ferroptosis. Additionally, due to the unique cavity structure of ferritin nanocages, their excellent biocompatibility and their specific binding ability for the highly expressed transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on the surface of tumor cells, ferritin nanocages have been extensively explored in the design and development of drug delivery systems (DDS). Given the above background, this paper reviews the novel mechanisms of ferroptosis and the research advancements in the related diseases and drugs. It further explores the structure and application of ferritin (including DDS design and vaccine development) and emphasizes the construction of DDSs regulating ferroptosis through utilizing ferritin nanocages as carriers or by targeting the disruption of endogenous ferritin, with the expectation of providing a reference for the development of safer and more effective nanoformulations.

Dual-reaction-center engineering in Cu/CoFe2O4 spinel for pH-universal Fenton reaction toward efficient ofloxacin degradation

Advances and challenges in synergistic fenton-microbial fuel cell systems for emerging contaminants removal: Mechanisms, configurations, and applications.

Inducing potent ferroptosis in cancer cells by manipulation of ferritinophagy with a ferritin-targeted ATTEC.

ABSTRACT The inhibition of primary root (PR) growth is a major developmental response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to phosphate (Pi) deficiency. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that under Pi deficiency, a blue light-triggered malate-mediated photo-Fenton reaction and a canonical Fenton reaction in root apoplasts together form an Fe redox cycle, which results in Pi deficiency-induced inhibition of PR growth by continuously producing hydroxyl radicals (·OH). In this model, blue light, malate, Fe2+, Fe3+, H2O2, low pH, and low Pi are critical components, and the LPR1/LPR2 and STOP1-ALMT1 modules are key regulators that affect the occurrence and extent of these chemical reactions. However, whether the function of ALMT1 in the Pi deficiency-induced inhibition of PR growth relies on low pH in the rhizosphere and, conversely, whether ALMT1 is involved in regulating rhizosphere acidification remain elusive. Here, we show that low pH in the rhizosphere is required for malate-mediated inhibition of PR growth under Pi deficiency. Moreover, although not the principal factor, ALMT1 facilitates rhizosphere acidification under Pi deficiency. Our results shed new light on the function of ALMT1 and rhizosphere acidification under Pi deficiency.

Formic acid, as the simplest carboxylic acid, holds significant potential as a hydrogen carrier due to its high storage efficiency and ease of transport. Its sustainable production from renewable feedstocks, such as glucose, offers promising prospects, particularly for resource-rich countries like Indonesia. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of producing formic acid by oxidizing glucose with hydrogen peroxide, which can be generated directly from air in water via manganese (Mn)-catalyzed oxidation, thereby circumventing harmful Fenton reactions. In this context, copper (Cu⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) ions have been recognized as effective catalysts for this oxidation process. This study investigates the auto-oxidation of glucose into formic acid or ethyl formate, employing air as the oxidant and Cu(II)-Mn(II) acetate as the catalytic system. The experimental variables included the Cu:Mn ratios (1:10 and 1:20), the Mg:Cl ratios in the drying agents, specifically magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), in proportions of 1:1 and 1:2, and the %TEOA volume as the chelating agent. The primary objective was to assess the effects of these variations on ethyl formate yield. In the experimental setup, glucose was combined with the catalytic mixture, amine, drying agents, and a base in ethanol. Air was injected into the system, and the mixture was distilled to approximately 78°C. Titrimetric analysis revealed that the optimal reaction conditions were achieved with a Cu:Mn ratio of 1:10, a Ca:Mg ratio of 1:1, and a 50 % volume of TEOA, resulting in a 4.32% yield of ethyl formate after 2.5 hours of reaction time. These findings underscore the potential for efficiently and sustainably producing ethyl formate or formic acid via a green catalytic oxidation process.

While current methods use oxidizable metals as electron donors to effectively reduce Fe3+, they suffer from the irreversible oxidation of these metals, ultimately compromising the catalyst's longevity. To address this challenge, we engineered the second coordination shell of a single-atom Fe center by doping boron (B) onto a graphene-based support (Fe1/B-graphene) and utilized H2O2 as the electron source for efficient Fe2+ regeneration. Experimental results, supported by theoretical calculations, revealed that the Fe-O-B motif functions like a micro galvanic cell, with intermediary O atoms facilitating electron transfer between electrodes. Specifically, electrons consumed during H2O2 activation at Fe1 sites (positive electrode) are replenished by electrons extracted from H2O2 at B atoms (negative electrode), where the activation energy for H2O2 oxidation is significantly lower than that at Fe1 sites. This study offers inspirational insights into the design of Fenton catalysts through precise regulation of the second coordination shell, demonstrating the potential of tailoring the outer coordination environment of single-atom catalysts to enhance catalytic performance across various reactions.

Triboelectric energy harvesters provide a reliable way of transforming mechanical energy obtained from routine bodily functions into electrical energy. In the development of wearable, flexible, and portable electronics as well as self-powered sensor applications, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) present a fascinating alternative to power supply challenges. In this study, we report the synthesis and application of Calcium Copper Titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12, (CCTO)) and its Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-modified composites for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). CCTO and its variants 5T-CCTO and 10T-CCTO were synthesized using a modified sol-gel fuel combustion method, and their structural and chemical properties were confirmed through XRD, FTIR, XPS, and FESEM analysis. A multilayer contact-separation TENG was fabricated using the synthesized composites dispersed in a PVA matrix as the tribo-positive layer and a PTFE/rGO film as the tribo-negative layer. In comparison to the PVA/PTFE TENG device, systematic investigation revealed that incorporating CCTO and its TiO2-modified composites as fillers (10 and 20 weight percent) significantly enhanced the short circuit current and power by 37.7 and 12.7 fold, respectively. Furthermore, the practical utility of the TENG was demonstrated by integrating it into a Fenton reaction for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The TENG-assisted Fenton process achieved 98.5% degradation of MB within 60 minutes, marking an approximately 20% increase in the reaction rate constant, indicating significantly faster degradation kinetics compared to the conventional Fenton reaction. This work highlights the potential of CCTO-based composites for developing efficient TENGs for self-powered environmental remediation systems.

Iron is an important metal for all living organisms because it functions as a critical redox catalyst for essential life processes. In the human body, iron is associated with various proteins that regulate vital functions, such as DNA synthesis, oxygen transport and storage, and energy production. Both iron deficiency and excess can negatively affect cellular function. Insufficient iron impairs cell activity, whereas excess iron, particularly in its ferrous (Fe 2+ ) form, can generate harmful reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction. Consequently, the body tightly controls the oxidation state and distribution of iron using specialized proteins. Under physiological conditions, iron mainly exists as ferric (Fe 3+ ) compounds like Fe(OH) 3 , which are poorly soluble and difficult for organisms to use. To overcome this, living systems have evolved mechanisms to efficiently acquire iron from their environment. A key strategy involves reducing Fe 3+ to the more soluble Fe 2+ , which can then be transported across cell membranes by specific metal transporters. This reduction is often mediated by heme-containing enzymes that facilitate electron transfer. This review focuses on the characteristics of ferric reductases that participate in iron acquisition in humans, highlighting recent advances in research.

The treatment of stabilized landfill leachate (SLL) by conventional biological treatment is often inefficient due to the presence of bio-recalcitrant substances. In this study, the feasibility of coagulation-flocculation coupled with the Fenton reaction in the treatment of SLL was evaluated. The efficiency of the selected treatment methods was evaluated through total organic carbon (TOC) removal from SLL. With ferric chloride as the coagulant, coagulation-flocculation was found to achieve the highest TOC removal of 71% at pH 6. Then, the pretreated SLL was subjected to the Fenton reaction. Nearly 50% of TOC removal was achieved when the reaction was carried out at pH 3, H2O2:Fe2+ ratio of 20:1, H2O2 dosage of 240 mM and 1 h of reaction time. By coupling the coagulation- flocculation with the Fenton reaction, the removal of TOC, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and turbidity of SLL were 85%, 84% and 100%, respectively. The ecotoxicity study performed using zebrafish revealed that 96 h LC50 for raw SLL was 1.40% (v/v). After coagulation-flocculation, the LC50 of the pretreated SLL was increased to 25.44%. However, after the Fenton reaction, the LC50 of the treated SLL was found to decrease to 10.96% due to the presence of H2O2 residue. In this study, H2O2 residue was removed using powdered activated charcoal. This method increased the LC50 of treated effluent to 34.48% and the removal of TOC and COD was further increased to 90%. This finding demonstrated that the combination of the selected treatment methods can be an efficient treatment method for SLL.

Some flavonoids have been reported to enhance metal-catalyzed Fenton reactions, leading to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a plant-derived flavonoid whose anticancer activity has been attributed to inhibition of tumorigenesis-related signaling pathways in previous studies. However, the role of oxidative stress in the therapeutic activity of PB2 against gastric cancer remains unexplored. Beyond evaluating the anticancer potential of PB2 in proliferation, migration, cell death, and immune cell recruitment, we concentrated on alterations in intracellular redox state following PB2 treatment in gastric cancer cells. Through metabolomic and transcriptomic screening, we identified pathways altered by PB2 in gastric cancer cells, focusing on oxidative stress related biological functions, which were further confirmed through in vitro and in vivo validation. The heightened oxidative levels resulting from PB2 treatment induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and promote apoptosis. Furthermore, PB2 enhances autophagic flux to increase cellular free iron and promote ferroptosis. All in all, our research provides a comprehensive perspective on the therapeutic potential of PB2 in treating gastric cancer, demonstrating its capacity to inhibit growth signals and induce oxidative stress-related cell death.

DNA-protective and antioxidant potentials of thym samples: Chemometric and bioactive profiling from Iraq's Kurdish highlands and Siirt, Türkiye.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains a lethal cancer due to its invasive nature and limited treatment options. We present 1-ethyl-2-((E)-2-((E)-3-(2-((E)-1-ethyl-3,3-dimethylindolin-2-ylidene)ethylidene)-2-(4-(6-methyl-4,8-dioxo-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocan-2-yl)phenoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)vinyl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indol-1-ium (CDI), a near-infrared (NIR) activatable theranostic probe that integrates tumor detection, in situ ferroptosis induction, and treatment monitoring. CDI selectively activates in the GBM tumor microenvironment (H2O2 >30 μM) via boronate ester cleavage, enabling precise cancer discrimination. Upon activation, CDI releases diacetic acid (MDA) that chelates endogenous Fe3+ in situ, driving localized Fenton reactions to induce ferroptosis without systemic iron supplementation. A concurrent ratiometric fluorescence shift (675 → 750 nm) provides potential real-time feedback on treatment efficacy. Transcriptomic analysis verified ferroptosis as the primary cell death mechanism, with significant dysregulation of iron/lipid metabolism pathways. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, tumor-specific accumulation, inhibition of glioma cell migration/invasion, and extended survival in GBM models with no major adverse effects. CDI establishes a transformative "see-treat-confirm" paradigm for GBM surgery.

Methimazole (MMI), which is primarily known as an antithyroid drug, has received considerable attention for its potent antioxidant properties in a copper(I)-mediated Fenton reaction. However, the antioxidant mechanistic details of MMI, particularly its structural analogy to the natural antioxidant ergothioneine (both of which feature an imidazole-2-thione moiety), remain largely unexplored due to the difficulty of in situ characterizing unstable reaction intermediates. In this study, we combined an in situ reactor-integrated paper-in-tip spray ionization source with mass spectrometry (PTSI-MS) to probe the protection mechanisms of MMI against the CuI-catalyzed Fenton reaction online. We present direct MS evidence of the antioxidant mechanisms of MMI (M) in its reduced form (MSH) and oxidized disulfide form (MSSM). The former can directly sequester H2O2 (i.e., a H2O2 scavenging mechanism). The latter tightly coordinates with CuI to form a CuI-MSSM complex that stabilizes CuI and prevents its oxidation by H2O2 and thus the formation of •OH (i.e., a metal ion coordination mechanism). The proposed reaction pathway of the CuI complexes from MMI disulfide (CuI-MSSM, m/z = 289 and 291) to MMI thiosulfonate (CuI-MSO2SM, m/z = 321 and 323) to MMI monosulfide (CuI-MSM, m/z 257 and 259) was verified by S-S oxidation, SO2-S bond cleavage, and extruded sulfur elimination, which confirmed the stable N,N'-bidentate binding of CuI to these intermediates, even when attacked by H2O2. These findings challenge the traditional radical scavenging mechanism and contribute to our understanding of the relationship between the structure and antioxidant activity of imidazole-2-thiones. Furthermore, the established in situ reactor-integrated PTSI-MS approach provides unique insights into reaction dynamics, offering the advantages of simplicity, speed, and low reaction volume (down to 20 μL).

ABSTRACT As the wetland ecosystem is a potential sink of plastics pieces, the photodegradation of microplastics could be boosted by iron(hydr) oxides, which considered as the Fenton or Fenton-like reactions induced. However, the pathways and internal mechanisms by which iron(hydr) oxides enhanced the ultraviolet degradation of plastics in the wetlands remain unclear. Therefore, the degradation of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under ultraviolet light (365 nm) was studied in the UV Fenton and simulated micro wetlands. Results showed that UV irradiation caused notable changes in the surface morphology of plastics. Fenton reaction led to more significant, and generated oxygen-containing functional groups such as C = O. The weight loss rate of PS reached 28.3 ± 6.64%, while PVC reached 35.6 ± 1.52%, significantly surpassing the individual conditions of UV light at 20.3 ± 1.66% and 20.98 ± 8.48%, respectively. The mechanism of •OH in the process of plastic degradation was elucidated, while analysis of the degradation products was conducted. The potential risks for the UV degradation of PS and PVC were explored in constructed wetlands by detecting the changes of microbes. After preliminary aging, microbial activity associated with the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds produced during plastic degradation is enhanced. Therefore, there may exist microbial communities in wetland ecosystems that are capable of degrading plastic. This study supported a hypothesis that the goethite/haematite Microcosm Constructed Wetlands (MCWs) would be efficiency for the degradation of plastic. It would be proved further and the organic carbon releasing during the plastic degradation should also be focused on.