The study aims to identify the means of verbalizing feminine reference in relation to professional activity and occupation, comparing word-formation models (e.g., агентша, агентка, агентесса ‘agent’) with gender-neutral vocabulary (агент ‘agent’, партнёр ‘partner’, инспектор ‘inspector’) and their co-occurring words in specific grammatical forms (e.g., агент предоставила доказательство ‘the agent [masc. noun] provided [fem. verb] evidence’). The scientific novelty lies in the comparative determination of the means for verbalizing feminine reference by profession – through suffixal word formation versus neutral vocabulary with gender-grammatical marking of agreed words. The study establishes that within the framework of gender specification, i.e., the use of femitinitives (e.g., авторша, авторка, авторесса, авторица ‘author’) derived from gender-neutral masculine nouns (автор ‘author’, агент ‘agent’, гримёр ‘make-up artist’, etc.), the highest frequency is demonstrated by colloquial lexemes with the suffix - ш - . Significantly lower frequencies (in descending order) are shown by the suffixes -к-, -ес(с)-, -иц-, and -х(а)-. According to data from the Russian National Corpus, the use of gender-neutral normative vocabulary combined with grammatical markers of femininity occupies an intermediate position between them.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual barriers encountered by Arabic learners in mastering gender categories, specifically Muzakkar and Muannas. Within Arabic grammar, gender classification serves as a crucial structural foundation influencing syntactic integrity, yet for non-native speakers, it often triggers ambiguities that impede overall proficiency. Employing a library research method with content analysis, this study examines classical Nahwu literature and contemporary journals to map linguistic problem patterns. The findings highlight three fundamental constraints: first, the perceptual conflict between universal biological gender and arbitrary linguistic gender which lacks equivalence in the learners' native languages; second, morphological inconsistencies regarding feminine markers, particularly the specific sima’i vocabulary that lacks visual cues and misleads learner logic; and third, the complexity of mutabaqah rules requiring strict gender agreement across complex sentence components. The study concludes that instruction must shift from rigid rote memorization toward an applied, contextual pedagogical approach. It is recommended that educators systematically map anomalous words to facilitate a smoother cognitive transition for students. These findings offer a significant theoretical contribution to developing systematic Arabic modules designed to minimize linguistic obstacles and enhance the learning process through more structured, highly adaptive, and ultimately more effective teaching methodologies for all students globally.

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between popular feminism and the rise of trans-exclusionary feminism in South Korea through the lens of mediation. Focusing on the Escape the Corset movement as an example of feminist mediation, I show how feminists’ repurposing of dominant, misogynist stories about feminine bodies has contributed to biological essentialism, trans exclusion, and the right-wing turn in feminism. Based on the analysis of the women-only online community Womad and trans-exclusionary social media posts, I argue the following: Drawing on multiplied mediation that enables affective immediacy toward the body and on neoliberal fetishization of the individual body, these feminists construct the bodies that “escaped” feminine markers, like make-up, as self-empowering. However, this gendered effort to de-gender the body reaffirms biological bodies as the foundation of feminism. Popular feminism’s decontextualized mirroring and premediation of trans women, underpinned by digital context collapse, denigrates trans women for reproducing sexualized femininity, overshadowing cis feminists’ visibility, and bringing potential danger. As a node of globally networked transphobia, such feminism has also been affiliated with right-wing politics. Using the lenses of popular feminism and mediation, the article provides a new approach to analyze the rise of trans-exclusionary feminism outside of the context of White supremacist feminism.

Grounded in the principle of Antihomophony (Kayne 2019a), several grammatical/functional morphemes, previously considered to have different properties according to their distribution, are examined. A more abstract and fine-grained analysis of the contexts in which these morphemes appear confirms that they are the same element in all constructions. After reviewing elements such as there, will, Italian feminine marker -a or Spanish plural marker -s, the so-called partitive preposition of is argued to be the same element as the one in other constructions. Therefore, Antihomophony is a powerful principle that simplifies the functional lexicon.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Saminiyah method in enhancing Arabic reading skills among children aged 5-11 years. Arabic language education faces challenges in developing effective reading instruction methods for young learners, as traditional approaches based on rote memorization demonstrate limited effectiveness. The Saminiyah method presents a systematic 8-step framework for Arabic reading instruction. A one-group pretest-posttest design was employed with 50 children from Pekanbaru, Indonesia. Participants received three intervention sessions using the Saminiyah method, which includes systematic instruction in Arabic letters, diacritical marks, letter connections, long vowels, gemination, nunation, feminine markers, and definite articles. Data were collected through standardized pre-test and post-test assessments measuring letter recognition, pronunciation accuracy, and reading fluency. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired sample t-test. The study revealed significant improvements in Arabic reading skills following the intervention. Mean scores increased from 55.10 to 78.40, representing a 42% improvement. Performance categories showed dramatic shifts: children classified as not fluent decreased from 44% to 8%, while those achieving very fluent levels increased from 0% to 42%. The large effect size indicates substantial practical significance. The Saminiyah method demonstrates exceptional effectiveness in enhancing Arabic reading skills among children. The systematic 8-step approach provides a structured, evidence-based framework for Arabic language instruction, contributing to innovative pedagogical approaches in Arabic language education. These findings have important implications for Arabic language education policy, curriculum development, and teacher training programs, particularly in Muslim-majority countries where Arabic literacy is essential. Future research should employ randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up periods, incorporate qualitative data collection methods such as participant interviews, and investigate the method’s effectiveness across different age groups and cultural contexts to strengthen the evidence base and provide more comprehensive insights into the learning process.

This study deals with a morphologically conditioned pattern of palatalization in feminine-marking morphemes in Ha’ili dialect of Arabic, as it is spoken by members of the Shammar tribe. It describes the differential permissibility of palatalization (/t, h/> y) in pausal environment for different morphemes, and demonstrates the failure of (segmental) phonological approaches to predict variation in morphological categories for which the possibility of palatalization appears to vary on a morphological basis. Additionally, the synchronic correspondence of this morphophonemic change extends to the verbal 3rd feminine singular (FSg) perfective forms. I propose that this is due to a naturally motivated phonetic process that diffused analogically to certain morphological categories, in addition to priming effect and internal pressure motivated by resistance-to-being-opaque agreement from preverbal subjects and noun-adjective agreement. I conclude that the variation of allomorphy in these feminine suffixes carries valuable insights with broader implications of the role of MORPHO-phonology in understanding the historical development of this dialect.

Several Norwegian dialects are in the process of transitioning from a three-gender-system to a two-gender-system (see Busterud et al., 2020; Lødrup, 2011; Stabell, 2016; Westergaard & Rodina, 2016). This study examines whether there is a link between the form of the lexeme and its grammatical gender assignment in the local dialect of Trøgstad. This article is a further development of my MA thesis (Wiig, 2023) and is based on recordings of 20 informants of different ages from the old municipality of Trøgstad. The study investigates lexemes with a local pronunciation different from the levelled, “standard Eastern Norwegian” equivalent form, and the gender assignment of these forms in their singular forms. The findings are compared to earlier studies of gender assignment in both the written language Bokmål and in spoken Norwegian (see Lundquist et al., 2022; Kola, 2014). Findings indicate that lexemes in the local form are used with traditional feminine gender markers to a much larger extent than their levelled counterparts. For some lexemes, an explicit distinction has arisen between the levelled and the local form, where the same speaker uses masculine gender markers for the levelled form and feminine markers for the local form. I argue that both the form and the frequency of the lexeme in speech could affect gender assignment. I also argue that the development where younger speakers use a two-gender system might to some degree be tied to the general levelling process in Norway where younger speakers use fewer local forms in their speech.

The research is conducted within the framework of combinatorial paremiology, a branch of combinatorial linguistics that studies the transformations of traditional paroemias (proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, etc.) into neo-paroemias (anti-proverbs). The aim of the research is to justify the correctness and expediency of applying the combinatorial-dynamic analysis method, directed at identifying linguistic and extralinguistic factors that influence the transformation of usual paroemiological units, which mainly have a didactic character, into neo-paroemias as a manifestation of the destruction of outdated stereotypes. The scientific novelty of the research lies in developing the combinatorial-dynamic analysis method as a special tool for identifying ways and causes of the transformation of usual paroemias into neo-paroemias. Based on the material of English-language anti-proverbs with a feminine marker, the method was tested. As a result, the ways of transforming English-language usual paroemias into neo-paroemias were identified, semantic features were highlighted, semantic groups of neo-paroemias were formed (in this case, with a feminine component), and correlations were revealed related to the change in stereotypes as a result of the emergence of new realities and attitudes within the modern anthropocentric paradigm.

This paper explores whether and how consumers respond to global social movements challenging systemic discrimination and stereotypes. We examine the impact of the #MeToo movement on the market for products with stereotypical markers of femininity. Our analysis of high-frequency stockout and price data from a leading global fashion retailer spans from January 2017 to December 2018 and covers 32 countries, or 89% of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) population. Using a triple-difference approach across time, countries, and products, we identify changes in product-level stockouts, corresponding to a drop in the purchase of stereotypically “feminine” items. Our findings suggest a sudden shift in demand, with no immediate adjustments in product assortments or pricing. We discuss potential driving mechanisms, as well as implications for product management and marketing in marketplaces where segmentation is gender based. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02352 .

لقد عكف العلماء على درس كتاب الجمهرة أو حفظها أو اختصارها أو الاستدراك عليها أو نقدها ... وفي عصرنا الحديث تناول الكثيرون معجم جمهرة اللغة فكان للأزهريين باع طويل في ذلك فظهرت العديد من الدراسات المتمحورة حول جمهرة اللغة منها : الانتصار لابن دريد في مواجهة الأزهري للدكتور نور حامد الشاذلي ، ومخالفات ابن دريد لمنهجه في معجمه الجمهرة للأستاذ الدكتور وحيد عبدالمقصود إسماعيل زايد .... وغيرها.من هذا المنطلق كان اختيار هذا الموضوع الذي يرمي إلى الكشف عن جهود الأستاذ الدكتور وحيد عبدالمقصود إسماعيل زايد رئيس قسم أصول اللغة بكلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية في جامعة الأزهر فرع دسوق الموجّهة إلى معجم جمهرة اللغة .وقد اتجه البحث أولاً إلى التعريف بمؤلف المعجم ومعجمه ، ومن ثم دراسة منهج الأستاذ الدكتور وحيد عبدالمقصود إسماعيل زايد في تتبّعه لمخالفات ابن دريد لمنهجه في جمهرة اللغة.ومن أبرز نتائج البحث أنه لم يخل باب من أبواب الجمهرة من خلل الأصول أو اضطرابها، وكَثُرَ الخلل في: ما فيه هاء تأنّيث (تاء تأنّيث) وبخاصّة الثـّلاثيّ المضعّف والثـّلاثيّ المعتلّ والرّباعيّ، ما فيه همزة، الثـّلاثيّ المعتلّ، الثـّلاثيّ المزيد بحرف للإلحاق، الرّباعيّ المزيد بحرف للإلحاق، ما فيه نون ثانية زائدة، ما فيه نون ثالثة ساكنة.كذلك لم يكن جمهور الخلل في معجم الجمهرة ناشئاً عن قصور ابن دريد في التّصريف، كما قال بعض العلماء بـل هو ناشيء عن أسباب مختلفة، منها ما يتّصل بمنهج ابن دريد، ومنها ما يتّصل برؤيته الخاصّة لبعض المسائل اللّغويّة ومنها ما يحمل على السّهو.

The perceived level of femininity and masculinity is a prominent property by which a speaker's voice is indexed, and a vocal expression incongruent with the speaker's gender identity can greatly contribute to gender dysphoria. Our understanding of the acoustic cues to the levels of masculinity and femininity perceived by listeners in voices is not well developed, and an increased understanding of them would benefit communication of therapy goals and evaluation in gender-affirming voice training. We developed a voice bank with 132 voices with a range of levels of femininity and masculinity expressed in the voice, as rated by 121 listeners in independent, individually randomized perceptual evaluations. Acoustic models were developed from measures identified as markers of femininity or masculinity in the literature using penalized regression and tenfold cross-validation procedures. The 223 most important acoustic cues explained 89% and 87% of the variance in the perceived level of femininity and masculinity in the evaluation set, respectively. The median fo was confirmed to provide the primary cue, but other acoustic properties must be considered in accurate models of femininity and masculinity perception. The developed models are proposed to afford communication and evaluation of gender-affirming voice training goals and improve voice synthesis efforts.

One of the most consistent findings reported in the paediatric cochlear implant (CI) literature is the heterogeneity of language performance observed more in grammatical morphology than in lexicon or pragmatics. As most of the corpus studies addressing these issues have been conducted in English, it is unclear whether their results can be generalized to other languages. In particular, little is known about languages known for their grammatical complexity, such as French. The aim of this corpus study was to compare the productive use of function words (FWs) and some agreement features (AGRs) in children with CIs and children with typical development (TD) matched for mean length of utterance in words (MLUwords ), a general index of grammatical complexity, and auditory experience, as measured by hearing age (HA) and chronological age (CA), respectively. Natural speech samples from 116 monolingual French-speaking children, including 40 children with CIs followed longitudinally and 76 TD children, were collected. FWs and AGRs were analysed using a Part of Speech Tagger (POS-T) from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). The two groups differed by 3 years for HA and CA. No effect of family socio-economic status (SES) was found in the CI group. Stepwise regression analyses showed that the two groups did not share the same predictors of MLUwords : plurals and determiners predicted MLUwords in children with CIs, at 2 and 3 years of HA, whereas feminine markers and subject-pronouns were found to best predict MLUwords in TD children at 2 and 3 years of CA. Structural equation models (SEMs), a combination of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis, yielded a different hierarchical structure of grammatical relations (GRs). Selective difficulties affecting verbal clitics and other pronominal forms were found specifically in the CI group (object-pronouns, reflexive, relative and past participles). Dependency grammar analysis confirmed these contrasting developmental profiles in multiword utterances, such as preposition/nouns, subject/verbs, and verb/determiner/nouns. Atypical grammatical patterns in children with CIs reflect a specific architecture of syntactic dependencies of FWs underpinning morphological complexity and syntactic connectivity. Clinical implications are discussed for assessment and intervention planning. What is already known on this subject The productive use of FWs has been identified as a particular area of weakness in children with CIs compared with TD children. In addition, heterogenous grammatical performance has often been found after 1-3 years of CI use, regardless of demographic factors such as age at implantation, duration of deafness or SES. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Assessing the early building of FWs and AGRs in children with CIs helps to understand the syntactic complexity and hierarchical structure of their language. Since most corpus studies on grammatical morphology have been conducted in English, it is not clear whether their difficulties can be generalized to other languages. The French language has a system of FWs and inflections that determine the morphophonological properties of nominal and verbal forms. Early grammar learning in children with CIs born with profound deafness were compared with the two groups of TD children matched both for duration of auditory experience (i.e., HA of CI children, CA of TD children) and for MLUwords . We found a similar profile between groups at 2 years but not at 3 years for HA and CA. The two groups do not share the same predictors of MLUwords : namely, plurals and determiners for CI children versus feminine markers and subject pronouns for TD children. They show a different syntactic organization of GRs. Children with CIs struggle with selective difficulties affecting verbal clitics and pronominal forms (object-pronouns, reflexive, relative and past participles). Consistent with theories of morphophonological richness and syntactic connectivity, our results support the distributional learning hypothesis of language acquisition that infants and toddlers are sensitive to FWs and AGRs at an early age. Specific components of syntactic organization are disrupted in children with CIs. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This work has potential clinical implications because it unravels the limitations of morphophonological processing in children with CIs. Its results highlight a specific difficulty in learning FWs and AGRs in a verbal inflectional morphology context.

Although much has been written in recent years on the emergence of non-binary English linguistic innovations, comparatively little has been written on non-binary French forms, especially neo-morphemes marking non-binary gender on nouns. As French is a grammatical-gender language with a traditionally binary (masculine and feminine) system, many non-binary Francophones have circumvented the social connection between grammatical gender and human gender in innovating new, non-binary markers for animate nouns and their modifiers. This study uses a mixed methods approach, combining analysis of non-binary French grammars alongside interview data in order to highlight the divergent morphological approaches underlying non-binary marking systems. Three approaches to the formation of non-binary nouns are identified: A Compounding Approach, which combines masculine and feminine markers; a Systematic Approach, which phonologically conditions the use of non-binary allomorphs, with the markers themselves ranging from phonologically novel within French syllabic structure, to homophonous with masculine and/or feminine variants; and an Invariable Approach, which applies a single non-binary marker across all nouns. Ultimately, this study disentangles both morphological patterns in the formation of non-binary words and some of the motivations behind them in an emerging French subtype well-known to be heterogeneous.

Abstract Attempting to interpret palatalization of the feminine marker -at to -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd, Putten (2017) assumes that such change constitutes evidence that this dialect cannot be derived histori-cally from Classical Arabic, and that its development did not participate in the at > ah change in all positions. In this response, I view this change to follow the same path Classical Arabic came across, but with an additional internal change peculiar to this variety. I argue for an intermediate stage of -at > -ah > -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd. Therefore, I consider this phenomenon an initial stage of imāla (an incipient imāla) wherein palatalization diffuses within certain lexically-conditioned categories.

The article deals with the translation of feminine film titles on the example of English filmonyms of the last decade. The article is aimed at the study of the filmonyms’ translation in the Russian film discourse, which leaves its specific imprint on the translator’s decisions. The paper treats the translation of feminine-marked filmonyms as a topical problem of the linguistics of gender and the theory of translation - the study of the means of translation of feature film titles from English to Russian from the point if view of gender-marked translators’ slant. The application of the method of typological synchronous comparison allows to compare translation from the point of view of the feminine-masculine balance and the presence of feminine markers. The comparison is based on the thesis of adaptation and deformation of the source English film title. If the adaptation focuses on the convergence of the translation to the source culture and its specifics and is oriented on the mutrual cultural dialogue, then the deformation, on the contrary, prioritises the peculiarities of the accepting culture. The author of the article proves the thesis that in many cases the translation is not tolerant, the point of view of the translator affects the translation and therefore women are presented as nervous, obese, mentally different and emotionally unstable.

The article deals with the translation of feminine film titles on the example of English filmonyms of the last decade. The article is aimed at the study of the filmonyms’ translation in the Russian film discourse, which leaves its specific imprint on the translator’s decisions. The paper treats the translation of feminine-marked filmonyms as a topical problem of the linguistics of gender and the theory of translation - the study of the means of translation of feature film titles from English to Russian from the point if view of gender-marked translators’ slant. The application of the method of typological synchronous comparison allows to compare translation from the point of view of the feminine-masculine balance and the presence of feminine markers. The comparison is based on the thesis of adaptation and deformation of the source English film title. If the adaptation focuses on the convergence of the translation to the source culture and its specifics and is oriented on the mutrual cultural dialogue, then the deformation, on the contrary, prioritises the peculiarities of the accepting culture. The author of the article proves the thesis that in many cases the translation is not tolerant, the point of view of the translator affects the translation and therefore women are presented as nervous, obese, mentally different and emotionally unstable.

This study aims at investigating how borrowed nouns from English are inflected for plural and gender in Colloquial Saudi Arabic (CSA). The attempt is also made to account for the possible linguistic factors which may affect this inflection in light of some theories in morphology. The analysis is based on more than 250 loanwords collected from different sources (dictionaries, social, media, and TV series). The results showed that foreign nouns are found to be marked for all types of plural (broken plural (BP), female sound plural (FSP), and masculine sound plural (MSP)). More than 77% of borrowed nouns are inflected for FSP. However, this result disagrees with the plural formation rule operating in native nominal stems, which states that BP is the most common, and SP seldom occurs. Views from morphology theory as proposed by Abd-Rabbo (1990) and McCarthy and Prince (1990a; 1990b) were employed to account for this phenomenon. Another feature which is also peculiar to FSP formation is related to the attachment of –ha:t and –ya:t to singular borrowed nouns to form FSP instead of -a:t. Like plural marking, gender assignment to borrowed nouns is also subject to the CSA rules. All English loan nouns are inflected either for masculine by attaching the f morpheme (the unmarked) or feminine gender by attaching –ah (the marked). Out of the three functions of the feminine marker –ah introduced by Drozdik (1998), the inflectional function is the only function that is found at work within foreign nouns. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on loanword variation with regard to plural formation and other morpho-syntactic processes across the different dialects of Arabic.

The article studies the problem of interconnection and interpenetration of semiotic and gender discourses. The main linguistic level of gender representation is the lexical level in combination with the semantic one because the semantic parameters of the linguistic picture of the world are verbalized in the vocabulary. It is proved that with the help of feminine words the online newspaper Kolo solves a number of problems due to the institutional parameters of media discourse, which determine its context and represent four groups: social, cultural, ideological, communicative, semiotic. The general tendencies of the functioning of feminine words both in headings, and in texts are formulated: formation of public opinion (appeal to the formed stereotypes); subordination of plans of expression and content to the conditions of the mass communication environment (the question of interaction of language signs with signs of other types); establishing and maintaining trust in the sender of information by the recipient in order to ensure the reputation of mass media (compliance with the requirements of a gender-sensitive environment); preservation or violation of legal, cultural, ethical norms, worldview paradigm and picture of the world (correspondence and influence on the conceptual paradigm of the world). Gender discourse is presented in materials about the historical past, political, socio-economic, socio-domestic, cultural, sports, family life, criminal chronicle, health. Explicitly marked elements of gender form mainly the following lexical and semantic groups: names of persons by professional activity, occupation, names of persons by ethnicity, nationality, religion and belief, a territory of residence, position, rank, belonging to political groups, parties, character relationships with people of the opposite sex. Modern media realia make new demands on the online newspaper as: the publication of news in the form of a post, so it should be visible in the news feed. This task is realized by influencing through two channels of perception simultaneously: visual (image) and verbal (text). The course of all information processes takes place with the use of signs and sign systems. The visual content of the issues of the online newspaper Kolo includes illustrations – photos of men and women, as well as shared photos, gender accents are shifted to the female component. It is determined that the Ukrainian word-forming formant (-к-, -иц-, -ин-) in nouns of female names is the main feminine marker.

This paper presents a computational morphological model which is capable of generating ‎Arabic diminutives. It consists mainly of two parts: a linguistic analysis and implementation. ‎The linguistic analysis follows the Prosodic Morphology theory to account for the templatic ‎formation of Arabic diminutives. In the implementation part, the model employs pushdown ‎automata (PDA) to model diminutive morphology building on the linguistic analysis. The ‎model consists of two components: a lexicon and transformational rules. The lexicon ‎component contains the lexical entries which are classified according to four criteria: their ‎syllabic structure, the number of consonants they have, vowels length in syllables, and the ‎presence of the feminine marker. The core of the grammar is a set of 11 transformational rules ‎which are capable of generating diminutives from the different classes of stems. The model ‎has been implemented in NooJ tool and has been tested on all classes of stems, biconsonantal, ‎triconsonantal, quadri-consonantal and quinque-consonantal. The paper also shows how the ‎challenging problem of Arabic non-concatenative diminutive formation can be efficiently ‎handled using pushdown automata implemented in NooJ tool

Particle no in Japanese language sentence has some functions as modifier, nominalizer, and feminine marker. In this research, the researcher investigated the function of particle no as modifier and nominalizer in Japanese language sentence. Referring to term used by Shibatani et al. (2017), particle no with such function is called juntai joushi no or nominalizing particle no. This research aims to grammatically elaborate the nominalization process in Japanese language sentence with marker of nominalizing particle no. Research methodology used was qualitative descriptive using data source in form of news published in NHK (2020). Data analysis was conducted using theory as stated by Morita (2013), Shibatani et al. (2017) and Shibatani & Chung (2018). Research shows the result that the nominalizing particle no serves as modifier when attached to noun or noun phrase and nominalizer when attached to verbal clause. Function of the nominalizing particle no as modifier provides additional meaning to main noun with structure which consists of additional noun, nominalizing particle no, and main noun. Additional noun is more than one. Meanwhile, the nominalizing particle no as nominalizer changes the form of verbal clause into noun phrase, so it can be topic, subject, and object in Japanese language sentence with structure of verbal clause, nominalizing particle no, and particles which mark topic, subject, or object.