Female Tourists Research Articles

Keep your distance: Using Instagram posts to evaluate the risk of anthroponotic disease transmission in gorilla ecotourism

Abstract Mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei trekking is a substantial source of revenue for the conservation of this threatened primate and its habitat. Trekking, however, may pose a threat of human‐to‐gorilla disease transmission that could have disastrous effects on wild gorillas. We used 858 photographs posted on Instagram in 2013–2019 to analyse the proximity of tourists visiting mountain gorillas in the wild. We classified photographs of the encounters according to the distance between the closest gorilla and human, the age class of the gorilla, the trekking location and presence of a surgical face mask on the tourist. We ran a generalised linear mixed model to test whether these variables influenced the distance between the human and the wild gorillas in the photographs, and to test whether these distances have changed over time. Most sampled photographs (86%) showed tourists within a critical 4 m of the gorillas, with 25 incidents of physical contact between a tourist and a gorilla, and only 3% at the recommended distance of 7 m or more. We only were able to record face mask use in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where these were present in 65% of uploaded photos. Tourists and immature gorillas tended to get closer to each other than tourists and adult gorillas, and this is more pronounced in female tourists than male tourists. The mean distance between human and wild gorillas decreased by ~1 m between 2013 and 2019. The results indicate that existing rules are not enforced and raise attention to this unsustainable aspect of mountain gorilla trekking as it is practiced today. These ever‐growing tourist attractions in the range countries pose risks of disease transmission in both directions between tourists and wildlife. The popularity of photograph‐based social media may stimulate closer contacts and influence people into risky behaviours. We advocate the establishment and reinforcement of regulations relating to the distance between animals and tourists in any in situ wildlife ecotourism context, as well as campaigns to raise awareness regarding the risks of anthroponosis, and fines applied in case of non‐compliance. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Restructuring Tourism Industry in the after month of Corona (COVID-19) Pandemic: Sri Lankan Perspective

The tourism industry of the Island economy of Sri Lanka started flourishing in late sixties and has continued amidst extreme ups and downs. Specifically the industry has shown strong resilience and resumed after several calamities in the past few decades. The 30 year civil war which experienced hundreds of bomb blasts around the country and airport attack, devastating Tsunami in 2004, Easter Sunday terrorist attacks in 2019 are few examples from which the tourism industry showed quick come back. The novel Corona pandemic has brought all most all economies into a standstill and tourism industry is one of the critically affected sectors since it was initially identified as one of the key contributor in carrying the virus around the globe. Sri Lanka’s first infected case was a Chinese female tourist from whom later found a local tour guide was infected. Equally, the main mobility hubs of tourism industry or international airports were closed as safety measures to control the rapid outbreak of COVID-19 virus.

Istraživanje zadovoljstva turista gastro ponudom Novog Sada

Vojvodina has long been known as an area of high-quality and varied food. In this regard, gastro tourism in its capital is one of the most attractive tourism products. That is the reason why our research was conducted in Novi Sad, aimed to examine the satisfaction of domestic and foreign tourists with the gastro offer of this city. The results of the research show that the gastro offer of Novi Sad is an important motive in attracting both domestic and foreign tourists, but that foreign tourists are still more satisfied with it. Further, there are differences in attitudes between male and female tourists, because male tourists show a higher degree of satisfaction with the gastro offer compared to female tourists, while other socio-demographic characteristics (education and age) are not related to the degree of their satisfaction. The results of the research can be useful in the development of future strategies for the development of tourism in Novi Sad and Vojvodina. They can also serve as a model for analysing tourists' satisfaction with other forms of tourism offer.

A Model of Factors Affecting Domestic Tourist Satisfaction on Eco-Tourism Service Quality in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The objective of the present study is to explore the factors affecting domestic tourists’ satisfaction with the quality of ecotourism services. Survey data collected from 457 visitors visiting Mekong Delta, Vietnam were analyzed to provide evidence. Results from multiple regression analysis using SPSS software have determined that Food and beverage Shopping & entertainment services, Perceived price, Nature destination landscape, Security and Safety, Transportation had positive associations with domestic travelers’ satisfaction. Besides, this research also showed that female tourists tend to be more satisfied than male tourists. The main findings of this study provide practical implications for travel agencies and tourism managers. It implies that they should improve these factors in order to maintain and enhance domestic tourist satisfaction with the quality of ecotourism services in Mekong Delta, Vietnam.

Estimating the Cultural Value of Wild Animals in the Qinling Mountains, China: A Choice Experiment.

Simple SummaryThe presence of wildlife makes an important contribution to ecosystem services, and in the hot spots of biodiversity conservation, the results of wild animal value evaluation can provide a basis for the formulation of ecological compensation standards. Applying the choice experiment method, we assessed the value of wild animals in the surrounding areas of the Changqing National Nature Reserve in China from the tourist perspective. The results of our field survey suggest that the cultural value of wild animals, measured in terms of willingness-to-pay, is significantly higher than that of the infrastructure and other natural landscape features. These findings can provide a basis for the rational allocation of resources for wild animal conservation.In this study, we use the choice experiment method to evaluate the value of wild animals in the surrounding areas of the Changqing National Nature Reserve in China. For areas focused on biodiversity conservation, the results of wild animal value evaluation can provide a basis for the formulation of local ecological compensation standards. We identified wild animals, natural landscape features, infrastructure and facilities, and ticket price as major attributes determining the utility and value of the reserve area. The results of our field survey suggest that the cultural value of wild animals is significantly higher than the value of the infrastructure and other natural landscapes. Tourists indicated a willingness-to-pay of 31.4 Yuan to see wild animals in captivity, compared to 71.9 Yuan to see wild animals in the field. Moreover, tourists with different characteristics have different preferences for the cultural value of wildlife. Female tourists have a higher willingness-to-pay than male tourists. In addition, as age, education, and income level increase, tourists’ willingness-to-pay also increases. These conclusions can provide a reference for local government to formulate wildlife protection compensation and ecotourism ticket pricing.

Beach boys in Galle, Sri Lanka: multiple HIV risk behaviours and potential for HIV bridging

BackgroundThere are limited data globally on HIV in men who engage in casual and transactional sex with female tourists.MethodsIn 2018 we carried out a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey among beach boys in Galle, Sri Lanka, to determine prevalence of HIV and other infections, HIV risk behaviours and utilisation of HIV prevention services. Eligibility criteria included men who cruise in and around beach areas and who had anal and/or vaginal sex with female or male tourists in the 12 months before the survey.ResultsWe recruited 373 beach boys. Approximately 49.6% of the participants were married, while 45.7% were single and 4.7% divorced, separated or widowed. A lower percentage of beach boys reported regular partners in the past 12 months (52.3%) compared to casual partners (95.4%). Condom use at last sex with a casual partner was higher (76.7%) compared to condom use with regular partners (58.3%). Condom use at last sex with a tourist was reported by 75.3%. Ever receiving money, goods or services in exchange for sex was reported by 39.7%. For 85.5% of beach boys who sold sex, the last paying partner was a tourist (85.5%) and a woman (82.0%). In the past 12 months before the survey, 32.3% of beach boys paid money for sex, and 99.5% did so from women.Ever been tested for HIV was reported by 35.3, and 69.1% of those were tested in the 6 months before the survey. In the adjusted multivariate analysis, significant correlates of never testing for HIV were lack of comprehensive knowledge about HIV and unprotected last sexual intercourse with tourists.The prevalent infections were: HIV, 0.3% (95% CI 0.0–0.4%); syphilis, 0.5% (0.0–1.2%); herpes virus type-2, 5.0% (2.5–7.5%).ConclusionsThere are low level HIV and syphilis prevalence among beach boys in Galle but a high level of sexual risk taking. Beach boys may be acting as a bridge for HIV transmission between higher-risk groups (paying female tourists, men who have sex with men) and lower-risk heterosexual female population in Sri Lanka. More research is needed in South-East Asia on men who trade sexual services to female and male tourists.

Demografik Faktörlerin Kriz Yönetim Becerilerine Etkisi: Turist Rehberleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

The responses to crises are not only realized within the scope of crisis preparations made by the business or individuals, but can also be shaped around variables such as individuals' gender, education levels and work experiences. This situation emerges as additional parameters to be taken into account in preparation requirements for crises. The aim of this study is to find out how the demographic factors of tourist guides affect the decision-making process in crisis management. The study was carried out within the framework of data collected from 386 tourist guides via questionnaire. Whether the average of the questions asked in the questionnaires is equal or not is examined with Hotelling T square. Cronbach's Alpha statistics were preferred as a measure of reliability. Normal distribution test was done in Past software, Shapiro-Wilk, Jarque- Bera, Monte Carlo approach and Anderson-Darlik normality tests were applied. In the evaluations of the demographic information of the research, it was seen that the female tourist guides showed a more successful crisis management than their male counterparts in many stages of the crisis. In the examination made according to the duration of experience in the profession, it has been noticed that the duration of experience directly affects the rate of being affected by the crisis, and as the experience of the individual increases, their ability to manage the crisis increases even more. Finally, it has been observed that the education level of tourist guides has no significant effect on crisis management.

Online expression as Well-be(com)ing: A study of travel blogs on Nepal by Chinese female tourists

Abstract Many Chinese female tourists’ travel blogs depict Nepal as an undeveloped destination, while also describe it as a “land of happiness”. This contradiction triggers the question: How can potential tourists interpret their well-being experience from these descriptions? This study concentrates on a thematic analysis of 28 travel blogs based on the adjustment of Goffman’s Dramaturgy. It summarises these well-being features: ① preparations; ② three-act plays of well-being; ③ expressing strategies to approach well-being. It concludes that female tourists have access to well-being by expressing themselves online, instead of using standard valuation for their subjective well-being. These findings benefit aspiring tourists, as well as destination marketing organization or travel operators to improve their promotions of Nepal as a destination. Moreover, “well-being” is no longer a comprehensive noun depicting the static mind/state but be replaced by “well-becoming”, illustrating the enduring process of people’s pursuing happiness.

COVID-19: a pandemic to tourism guest-host relationship in India

PurposeThe emerging situation of pandemic due to COVID-19 has not only influenced the daily life but also the society and travel activities around the world thereby depriving tourists (especially who are already on the move) of facilities and even making them to look for desperate alternatives. Such situation in fact may draw a long-term impact on guest–host relationship while residents’ behavior reflects hostility toward the tourists. Such kind of interactions contributes toward tourists’ perception and experience about the destination and its services thereby affecting their level of acceptance and tolerance for tour and travel activities (Armenski et al., 2011). Moreover, the guest–host relationship has mostly been studied with perspective of and focus on residents/host and not enough on tourists (Skipper, 2009; Vargas-Sánchez et al., 2014). Keeping this in view, this paper aims to analyze the impact of pandemic situation on guest–host relationship and its future impact on travel intentions among the tourists in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study undertakes the help of in-depth interviews and extracting themes to understand the guest–host relationship and the perspective of tourists in challenging times like COVID-19 and its impact on the relationship. The secondary sources have been adopted to retrieve the data related to current status of travel industry in India. In-depth interviews were conducted online to gather data for the qualitative analysis regarding the research. Further, the data has been analyzed for retrieving a dimensional approach to subject area.FindingsThe data from participant observation showed that the hosts displayed panic, mistrust and irresponsible behavior toward the guests, and this clearly indicates that the pandemic situation has a highly negative impact on the image of the community and the destination. This ultimately affects the guest–hosts relationships in the long term. Most of the tourists showed that they were okay with following the rules and respect local culture but were expecting support from local community during distress. It was found that there were two female tourists who were asked to vacate the accommodation, which can be considered as an inappropriate and extreme behavior. Thus, COVID-19 is not only causing a threat to the tourism presently but will have a prolonged influence on guest–host relationship as negative interaction or experiences are supposed to be frequently radiated by the tourists (de Albuquerque and McElroy, 2001).Originality/valueThere is no dearth of studies focusing on travel behavior dimensions, whereas the linkage of residents’ behavior toward it still requires much consideration and analyzing simultaneously. The study looks into the area of guest–host relationship and tries to explore it from the perspective and significance of tourist (guest) rather than the much read and researched resident (host) perception at the center. The findings of the study could be helpful in drawing the strategic framework for the industry to handle and sustain the guest–host relation so as to safeguard the future of tourism and sustain potential travel market reiterating the significance of tourists/guests and their perspective about the hosts, in developing and growing the tourism of a destination.

Analysis of Domestic Tourist Travel Preferences Post-Covid-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this study was to reveal the travel preferences of domestic tourists post-covid-19 pandemics. Data was collected through questionnaires using purposive random sampling. The respondents were 300 people ranged from 17 to 55 years old. Besides surveys, data was obtained through literature studies. It is analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis. The analysis of tourist characteristics showed most of the age group travel in post-pandemic ranged from 26-45 years old. Observed from gender, as much as 52.2% of female tourists were dominating this criterion. In education level, the majority are undergraduates (49.1%). Based on region, majority of tourist come from Bali (54 %). Private employees dominate as much as 38.07%. The results showed that most respondents made regular trips 1 to 5 times a year (90.5%). They chose to travel immediately after the pandemic, which was between 1-3-month (35.7%). Finances and travel costs were very important concerns for almost 71.3% of tourists.  As much as 63.3% of tourist chose to travel with a partner and airplane were the main choice (71%). They prefer cheap homestays rather than expensive hotels (48.6%).  The type of tourism chosen were dominated by nature tourism (58.7%).  Most tourists preferred to arrange their own trips than the other option (47.7%). It is expected that the results will become a consideration for tourism industry managers to determine the right products and services based on tourists’ preferences who will come in post-pandemic.

Perception, Motivation, and Satisfaction of Female Tourists with Their Visit to the City of Cordoba (Spain)

The cultural and historical heritage of a city is a major resource for attracting tourists. Therefore, determining how to perceive and identify the characteristics of persons visiting a locality attracted by its heritage is relevant for the purpose of better meeting their expectations and needs. This research focuses on understanding the perceptions, motivations, and satisfaction of women visiting Cordoba (Spain). Thus, on the basis of a questionnaire completed by women visiting Cordoba between the months of June and November 2019, statistical analysis was conducted. Using various multivalent case-grouping techniques, segments of tourists holding similar perceptions of cultural heritage were detected. Moreover, non-parametric statistical techniques highlighted significant differences between the valuations obtained in the various segments. This analysis exposed a segment of women who, known as absorptive tourists, are characterized by a high cultural motivation to visit the city of Cordoba linked to the heritage sites they have visited. The conclusions obtained herein should be useful for adjusting the city’s provision of tourism services to satisfy the demand of female tourists visiting the city.

The Impact of Perceived Value on Tourism Satisfaction in Leisure Districts: Focusing on Female Tourists

The Impact of Perceived Value on Tourism Satisfaction in Leisure Districts: Focusing on Female Tourists

Asian solo male travelling mobilities – an autoethnography

PurposeThis study aims to unpack the notion of travelling mobilities from the perspectives of an Asian solo traveller using the context of the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan.Design/methodology/approachAn autoethnography was used for this research, analysing reflective notes drafted on hand-written journals over the duration of six days over three host cities of the sporting event.FindingsAsian solo men appear to be treated very differently from their Western counterparts and solo female tourists. In addition, engaging with a sport that is highly Western-centric exposes the liminal spaces of in-between. Being of Asian appearance and conversant in Japanese further blurred the travelling mobilities of being an unlikely sports fan, an impromptu translator, a presumed local resident and an unconventional wanderer.Originality/valueThese limitations notwithstanding, the research has contributed to the paucity of knowledge surrounding Asian solo male tourists and some aspects of their corresponding travelling mobilities. Such nuanced understanding then inform tourism and hospitality knowledge and practice of offering relevant experiences to such a market.

Awe of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Perspective of ICH Tourists

Emotion is an important motivation and experience for tourists, and awe is one of the most anticipated emotional experiences in the travel sector. Previous studies of awe have focused on the natural environment and cultural landscapes, but little research has been conducted on awe in relation to intangible cultural heritage. The current study constructs a research framework that explores the relationship between involvement, experience quality, and loyalty. We adopted a self-administered questionnaire to survey visitors who engaged with the beliefs and customs associated with the sea goddess Mazu on Meizhou Island, China. A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed, and 393 valid questionnaires were returned. Through analysis of the response data, we established that awe is an outcome variable of involvement and experience quality, as well as an antecedent variable of loyalty. Moreover, our findings verify the mediating role of awe between involvement and loyalty, and between experience quality and loyalty. In addition, through a multigroup analysis of male and female tourists, we found a significant difference in the influence of awe on loyalty between the genders. This study is the first to examine awe in relation to intangible cultural heritage, and its findings have valuable practical implications.

Luxury shopping tourism: views from Chinese post-1990s female tourists

Purpose This study aims to explore how the concept of extended self-influences luxury shopping tourism consumption among Chinese tourists. It explores why luxury shopping is important for Chinese tourists. Specifically, this study focuses on a strategically important emerging market segment: post-1990s female Chinese tourists. Design/methodology/approach To explore the link between the extended self and luxury shopping tourism consumption among post-1990s Chinese female tourists, this study adopted a qualitative and interpretive approach. A total of 22 semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out to collect the data. Findings This qualitative inquiry found that luxury shopping during overseas holidays has some subtle differences from luxury shopping in China, as the conceptualisation of luxury is highly context-based. Through a focus on gender and generational differences, the current study reveals that the idea of individuality has started to influence their luxury purchases. Practical implications The study shows how different selves are associated with luxury shopping. It thus provides empirical evidence regarding the reasons behind their motivation, especially for shopping overseas to get a good price and an exclusive and enjoyable luxury shopping experience abroad. Also, it was found that curiosity about buying luxury products is viewed as less favoured and logical shopping will be a future trend. Individuality is becoming a trend for younger consumers. Originality/value Theoretically, by linking the “extended self” with luxury shopping tourism, this study provides the social-psychological aspects of luxury shopping tourism. Instead of focusing on particular destinations, this study provides compressed but also focused inquiries to explore how the concept of the self-influences post-1990s female Chinese tourists’ shopping consumption while on holiday, and how this luxury shopping experience influences their concept of the self.

Eksperymenty nad tożsamością płciową mężczyzn w twórczości Marka Hłaski

The present article aims to analyse the depictions of male protagonists in the oeuvre of Marek Hłasko. The post-World War Two crisis of hegemonic masculinity resulted in transformations of male and female gender identities in the 1950s. What seems to reflect the said reconfiguration of masculinity model are the changes occurring between the main protagonists of the particular pieces of Hłasko’s prose. In the 1954 short story entitled Baza Sokołowska, the men’s identities are, in the natural way, embedded in biology. In order to join the male community of drivers and gain their respect, it is enough to go through an initiation ritual. In the prose written by Hłasko after 1955, however, more and more often appear the male characters who humiliate the young and thwart them on their way to join masculine community, yet simultaneously some characters are presented who contest forms of patriarchal culture and refuse to participate in it. Hłasko’s Israeli novels, in turn, feature a series of male protagonists for whom gender (or even sexual) identity is merely a social construct. The narrator/protagonist of Drugie zabicie psa (Killing the Second Dog) would even consciously “perform” his masculinity to obtain an affluent female tourist’s trust and, as a result, to cozen her out of her money, which he needs to pay back his debts.The analysis of Marek Hłasko’s selected prose writings focused on the representation of various masculinity models leads the author of the article to a conclusion that male gender identity is consistently shifting towards constructivist concepts.

Taking a walk: The female tourist experience

This feminist, qualitative study explores the experiences of female tourists who like to walk during their holiday. The findings highlight that women’s full access to the benefits of walking while on holiday are constrained by their feelings of vulnerability and their perceptions of possible risk if walking alone, particularly at night and in isolated spaces. In order to cope with perceived risk, participants employed a number of safeguarding and self-surveillance strategies. This study, therefore, supports other research on female tourists that highlight the differences among male and female tourist experiences, and that point to the measures women take to keep themselves safe.

SENIOR TOURISM AND CHANCE FOR TOURISM BUSINESS PLAYERS

Increasing the number of elderly people in the world creates an opportunity for the tourism business. To be in line with this, business players in the tourism sector have to cope with their social demographic factors such as age, gender, income, cultural values, and also promotion methods to promote senior tourism. The objective of this study is to describe the social demographic characteristics and needs of potential elderly people so that business players can utilize the phenomena and collected information as a benefit to promote tourism for elderly people or senior tourism. This study used SWOT analysis to identify strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat of senior tourism business as well as to formulate strategies for senior tourism. The literature review was conducted to collect information about elderly people having senior tourism. It is found that social demographic characteristics influence the needs and motivation of elderly people in senior tourism. Senior tourists from high-income levels need high quality of service, beautiful scenery, and privacy while those from middle-income levels prefer attractions and festivals. Senior tourists with “young at heart” prefer more challenging activities as well as younger and male senior tourists, while those with “old at heart” put higher concern on convenience and security as well as older and female tourists. Leisure, cultural values, and personal achievement motivate elderly people to have senior tourism. Leisure with family and parents motivates senior tourism in Asia but living away from materialistic life is more appropriate for western people. Creating several traveling packages to adapt to various characteristics of elderly people will enlarge the market for the tourism sector. Providing better facilities adopting physical need of elderly people make them confident to travel. Business players can use digital social media to promote senior tourism to elderly people as well as to current adult children since current old parents experience higher technological exposure rather than their previous counterparts.

Exploring the antecedents and consequences of political animosity: the case of millennial female tourists traveling to India

ABSTRACT A growing body of research points to the detrimental effect of animosity on tourist attitudes and behaviours. Previous research suggests political animosity is more likely to bear long-term influence on tourism behaviour. Surprisingly, no previous work explored the relationship between political animosity, its possible antecedents and consequences. The present study attempts to contribute to the literature by investigating unexplored relationships between past travel experience, animosity, perceived cultural dissimilarity, risk perception, and behavioural intentions critical to tourism management. A concurrent mixed method design (QUAN + qual) was employed to collect data for the study. Twenty semi-structured interviews (Study A) and a questionnaire collected from 227 female millennial tourists (Study B) comprise the research design. Findings suggest that animosity is a mediating construct in the relationship between past travel experience, perceived cultural dissimilarity, perceived risk, and behavioural intentions. Conclusions are drawn and directions for future research are provided.

Tourist engagement and loyalty: gender matters?

ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the effects of several dimensions of tourist engagement, including enthusiasm, attention, absorption, interaction, and identification on loyalty across male and female tourists. A total number of 210 questionnaire were completed from tourists visiting Kinabalu National Park in Sabah, Malaysia. This study uses both partial least squares–structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to elucidate further insights. The results showed significant differences between the effects of attention on loyalty, with this effect being much stronger for male tourists. However, the findings demonstrated more complex sufficient configurations and heterogeneity among female tourists for achieving high levels of loyalty. This study makes a significant contribution to the research literature by comparing the engagement and loyalty of male and female tourists toward a destination, having identified greater heterogeneity among female tourists. This study has a number of practical implications for local authorities aiming to improve loyalty among male and female tourists.